功能加忠诚理论 诺德 Functionality plus Loyalty

1、functionality plus loyalty Christiane Nord 周莉周莉刘美辰刘美辰Main partsMain partsexamplesBackgroundNords theory123第一代功能派翻译理论1.1. 凯瑟林娜凯瑟林娜赖斯赖斯(Kantharina(Kantharina Reiss)Reiss)的翻译标准的的翻译标准的功能功能 (the(the FunctionalFunctional CategoryCategory ofof TranslationTranslation CriticisCriticism)m) 提出将文本功能列为翻译批评的一个标准，

2、指出翻译批评的依据应是原文和译文两提出将文本功能列为翻译批评的一个标准，指出翻译批评的依据应是原文和译文两者功能之间的关系。者功能之间的关系。 文本类型理论：信息型，表达型，操作型文本类型理论：信息型，表达型，操作型 译文必须连贯一致，而这种连贯性取决于译者对原文意图的理解。译文必须连贯一致，而这种连贯性取决于译者对原文意图的理解。 赖斯的理论总体上是建立在对等理论之上，其实质指的是译文与原文的功能对等。赖斯的理论总体上是建立在对等理论之上，其实质指的是译文与原文的功能对等。-expressiveOperative reference work report lecture biography

3、 play poemoperating instructionstourist brochureofficial speech satiresermonelectoral speechadvertisementReisss text types and text varieties2.汉斯费米尔(HansVermeer)的翻译目的论(Skopostheorie)(Skopostheorie) 三个法则：目的法则，连贯法则，忠实性法则三个法则：目的法则，连贯法则，忠实性法则 以行为理论为基础，提出以行为理论为基础，提出“翻译行为翻译行为”概念概念 所有翻译遵循的首要法则是目的法则，翻译行为所要达

4、到的目的决定整所有翻译遵循的首要法则是目的法则，翻译行为所要达到的目的决定整 个翻译行为的过程，即结果决定方法个翻译行为的过程，即结果决定方法3.3. 贾斯塔贾斯塔赫兹赫兹曼塔利曼塔利(Justa(Justa HolzHolz Mantari)Mantari) 的翻译行为的翻译行为理论理论(theory(theory ofof translationtranslation action)action) 翻译行为理论把翻译视为有目的，重结果的交际活动，把翻译过程视为与翻译行为理论把翻译视为有目的，重结果的交际活动，把翻译过程视为与文化转换相关联的信息传递综合体（文化转换相关联的信息传递综合体（m

5、essage-transmittermessage-transmitter compounds)compounds) 翻译不是单纯地翻译词语，句子或文本，而是引导意向中的合作，跨越文翻译不是单纯地翻译词语，句子或文本，而是引导意向中的合作，跨越文化障碍，促进功能性的交际。化障碍，促进功能性的交际。第二代功能翻译理论Nordstheory功能加忠诚（功能加忠诚（Function plus LoyaltyFunction plus Loyalty） Definition:Definition: the translator should aim at the translator should a

6、im at producing functional target text which conforms producing functional target text which conforms to the requirement of the translation to the requirement of the translation skoposskopos fixed by the initiatorfixed by the initiator, respecting, at the same , respecting, at the same time, the leg

7、itimate interests of both the time, the legitimate interests of both the author of the original and the readers of the author of the original and the readers of the translation. translation. text types and their functionsTypeFunction ExampleReferential指称reference to objects and phenomena of the worl

8、dIts raining.(下雨了)Expressive表情expression of the senders attitude or feelings towards the objects and phenomena dealt with in the textIts bloody pissing down again!(讨厌，又下雨了！)Appellative诉求appealing to the receivers experience,feelings, knowledge, sensibility Wait here till it stops raining!(等雨停了再说吧！)P

9、hatic寒暄establishing, maintaining or finishing contactNasty weather again,isnt it?(见鬼的天气又卷土重来了，你没感觉到吗？)A Translation-oriented Model of Text Functions(Christiane Nord)referentialreferential function functioninformative function( a traffic accident)metalingual function(a particular use of language)inst

10、ructive function( the correct way of handling a washing machine)teaching function( e.g Geography)appellativefunctionTypeIntended reactionillustrative functionrecognition of something knownpersuasive functionadopt the senders viewpointimperative functiondo what the sender is asking forpedagogical fun

11、ction(教育功能)learn certain forms of behavioradvertising functionbuy the productexpressive functionemotive function(expression of feelings)evaluative function(expression of evaluation)Phaticfunction salutational function salutational function small talk function small talk function peg function peg fun

12、ctionTwobasictypesoftranslationprocess Documentary translationDocumentary translation( (文献性翻译文献性翻译) ) An instrumental translationAn instrumental translation（工具性翻译）工具性翻译）DocumentarytranslationT r a n s l a t o r s a s t h e T r a n s l a t o r s a s t h e author of original author of original texttex

13、tthe authorST recipient 纪实型翻译DocumentaryTranslation翻译功能翻译功能为目的语文化读者记录原语文化交际互动翻译类型翻译类型纪实型翻译翻译形式翻译形式逐行对照翻译逐行对照翻译 逐词对应翻译逐词对应翻译 语文学翻译语文学翻译异国情调翻译异国情调翻译翻译目的翻译目的再现原语系统 再现原语形式 再现原文形式+内容 再现原文形式、 内容+情景翻译焦点翻译焦点 原语词汇 结构+句法 原文词汇单位 原文句法单位 原文文本（语篇）单位举例说明举例说明 对比语言学新闻文本中的引语希腊和拉丁经典名著现代文学中小说（散文）AnInstrumentalTranslati

14、ontarget culturetarget culturecommunicationcommunicationA new communicative actionfulfill its communicative purposeEg: A computer manual or software工具型翻译Instrumental Translation工具型翻译工具型翻译功能保存翻译（功能保存翻译（Function-preserving Translation) 或叫等同功能翻译（或叫等同功能翻译（Equi-functional Translation) 例如：科技文献、商务信函、操作手册、电

15、脑说明书例如：科技文献、商务信函、操作手册、电脑说明书翻译等。翻译等。异质功能翻译（异质功能翻译（Heterofunctional Translation) 例如：莎士比亚戏剧被改译成儿童故事读物。例如：莎士比亚戏剧被改译成儿童故事读物。相似翻译（相似翻译（Homologous Translation) 例如：例如：“诗人译诗诗人译诗”的做法。的做法。 忠实（fidelity, faithfulness）与忠诚a. fidelity or faithfulness refers to thea. fidelity or faithfulness refers to therelationshi

16、p between source text and targetrelationship between source text and targettext.text.eg. literal translation (eg. literal translation (直译直译) ) free translation ( free translation (意译意译) )b. loyalty is an interpersonal category referring to b. loyalty is an interpersonal category referring to a socia

17、l relationship between people.a social relationship between people.( (忠诚是一种翻译上的伦理道义的原则。忠诚是一种翻译上的伦理道义的原则。) )author; commissioner translator target author; commissioner translator target readers readers eg. eg. Lady Chatterleys LoverLady Chatterleys Lover ( (查特莱夫人的情人）查特莱夫人的情人） Living HistoryLiving His

18、tory ( (亲历历史：希拉里回忆录亲历历史：希拉里回忆录) ) 1.functinalityandloyaltyinfilmdobbingKung Fu PandaKung Fu PandaSo, you want to get to sleep. 那么 是的你想睡觉了 Yeah.Im keeping you up.你要睡了 我在打扰你 We got big things tomorrow. 我们明天还有大事要干. all right. Youre awesome.Last thing im gonna say. Bye-bye.你很牛！我就说这些啦，OK 拜拜 2.functionali

19、tyandloyaltyinbusinesstranslation安徽大学的刘俊烈在译安徽大学的刘俊烈在译“涡阳苔干涡阳苔干”广告时，有这么广告时，有这么一个句子一个句子:“:“( (苔干苔干) )有清热降压、通经脉、壮筋骨、去有清热降压、通经脉、壮筋骨、去口臭、解热毒酒毒及治疗心脏病、神经官能症、消化口臭、解热毒酒毒及治疗心脏病、神经官能症、消化不良、贫血诸功效。不良、贫血诸功效。”他这样处理的他这样处理的: : Taigan has been believed to be able to produce certain medical effects，namely，to allay a f

20、ever，to reduce hypertension，to strengthen physical and mental functions,to relieve halitosis and to dispel the effects of alcohol. Taigan can also be served as a medical diet for those who are suffering from heart failure，neurosis，indigestion and anemia.References当代西方翻译理论选读，马会娟、苗菊，外语教育与研究当代西方翻译理论选读，马会娟、苗菊，外语教育与研究出版社，出版社，2009200