初中英语语法全解

1、初中英语语法归纳总结规则般情况在词尾加-s例词map-maps, sea-seas, girl-girls, day-days以s, x, ch, sh结尾的名词后加-esclass-classes, box-boxes, watch-watches dish-dishes变-f和-fe为v再加以-f或-fe结尾的词-esleaf-leaves, thief-thieves,kni fe-k ni ves,loaf-loaves, wife-wives加-sbelief-beliefs, chief-chiefs, proof-proofs roof-roofs, gulf-gulfs以辅音字

2、母加y结尾的名词，变y 为i加-es以元音字母加y结尾的名词，或专 有名词以y结尾的，加-sparty-parties, family-families, story-stories city-citiestoy-toys, boy-boys, day-days, ray-rays Hen ry-He nrys以辅音字6母加-o结尾的 名词般加-eshero-heroes, Negro-Negroes, potato-potatoes, tomato-tomatoes不少外来词加-spia no-pia nos,photo-photos, auto-autoskilo-kilos, solo-

3、solos名词I.名词的种类:专有名词普通名词国名.地名.人名，团体.机构名称可数名词不可数名词个体名词集体名词抽象名词物质名词II.名词的数：1.规则名词的复数形式： 名词的复数形式，一般在单数形式后面加-s或-es。现将构成方法与读音规则 列表如下：两者皆可以元音字母加-o结尾的名词加-s以-th结尾的名词加-szero-zeros/zeroes, volca no-volca no es/ volca nos radio-radios, bamboo-bamboos, zoo-zoostruth-truths, mouth-mouths, mon th-m onths path-path

4、s,2.不规则名词复数：英语里有些名词的复数形式是 不规则的，现归纳如下:规则例词e,li,*改变名词中的元音字母或其他形 式man-men, woma n-wome n, foot-feet, goose-gees mouse-mice2?单复数相同sheep, deer, series, means, works, fish, species yua n, jin,33只有复数形式ashes, trousers, clothes, tha nks, goods, glasses compasses, contents4一些集体名词总是用作复数people, police, cattle,

5、staff£部分集体名词既可以作单数（整 体）也可以作复数（成员）audierce, class, family, crowd, couple, group committee, goverrmert, populatior, crew, team public, er emy, party复数形式表示特别含义customs（海 关）,forces（军 队）,times（时 代） spirits（情绪）,drirks（饮料）,sards沙滩）,papers文件 报纸）,manners礼貌）,looks（外表）,brairs（头脑智力）, greers 青菜），rui rs（废墟）表

6、示 “某 国人”加-sAmerica rs, Australia rs, Germa rs, Greeks Swedes, Europea rs单复数同形Swiss, Portuguese, Chir ese, Japa rese以-mar或-womar结尾的 改为-me r,-wome rEr glishme r, Frer chwome r合成名词将主体名词变为复数sor s-i r-law, lookers-or, passers-by,story-tellers boy frie rds无主体名词时将最后一部 分变为复数grow r-ups, housewives, stopwatch

7、es将两部分变为复数wome r sir gers, mer serva rtsIII.名词的所有格:名词在句中表示所有关系的语法形式叫做名词所有格。所有格分两种：一是名词词尾加构成，二是由介词of加名词构成。前者多表示有生命的东西，后单数名词在末尾加sthe boy s father, Jack s bookjrheaw6rs photo,复数名词一般在末尾加the teachers room, the twins mother,不规则复数名词后 加sthe childrer s toys, womer s rights,以s结尾的人名所有格加或者Dickers rovels, Charle

8、s s job, the Smiths表示各自的所有关系时，各名词末 尾均须加sJapar ard America problems, Jare srd Mary' bikes表示共有的所有关系时在最后一 词末加sJapar ard America s problems, Jare ard Mary表示"某人家""店铺"，所有格 后名词省略the doctor s, the barber s, the tailor shouses's fath（,my un cle者多表示无生命的东西。1'所有格的构成:1表示时间today s

9、rewspaper, five weeks holiday2表示自然现象the earth s atmosphere, the tree s brar ches3表示国家城市等地方 的名词the country s pla r, the world s populatio r, China4表示工作群体the ship s crew, majority thesteOmw, s victory5表示度量衡及价值a mile s jourrey, five dollars worth of apples6与人类活动有特殊关 系的名词the life s time, the play s plot

10、2.'所有格的用法:'s ir7某些固定词组s eia bird ' s eye view, a stone ' s throw, at one 不知所wit 措）3. of所有格的用法：用于无生命的东西： the legs of the chair, the cover of the book用于有生命的东西，尤其是有较长定语时：the classrooms of the first-yearstude nts用于名词化的词：the struggle of the oppressed二冠词冠词分为不定冠词（a, arj）,定冠词（the）,和零冠词。 I.不定

11、冠词的用法：指一类人或事，相当于a kind ofA pla ne is a machi ne that can fly.2!第一次提及某人某物，非特指A boy is wait ing for you.3>表示 每一 相当于 every, oneWe study eight hours a day.4表示 相同 相当于the sameWe are n early of an age.5.用于人名前，表示不认识此人或与某名人有类似性质的人或事A Mr. Smith came to visit you whe n you were out That boy is rather a Lei

12、Feng.6i用于固定词组中A couple of, a bit, once upon a time, in a hurry, have a walk, many a time7,用于 quite, rather, many, half,what, such 之后This room is rather a big one.8用于so（as, too, how）+形容词之 后She is as clever a girl as you can wish to meet.II.定冠词的用法:1表示某一类人或物The horse is a useful ani mal.2用于世上独一无二的事物名词前

13、the uni verse, the moon, the Pacific Ocea n3表示说话双方都了解的或上文提到过 的人或事Would you mind ope ning the door?4用于乐器前面play the violin, play the guitar5用于形容词和分词前表示一类人the reach, the liv ing, the woun ded6表示一家人”或失妇”the Gree ns, the Wangs7用于序数词和形容词副词比较级最高 级前He is the taller of the two childre n.8用于国家党派等以及江河湖海，山川 群岛的

14、名词前the Un ited States, the Com mun ist Party of China, the French9用于表示发明物的单数名词前The compass was inven ted in China.10在逢十的复数数词之前，指世纪的某 个年代in the 1990' s11用于表示单位的名词前I hired the car by the hour.12用于方位名词，身体部位名词，及表 示时间的词组前He patted me on the shoulder.III.零冠词的用法:专有名词，物质名词，抽象名词，人名 地名等名词前Beijing Universi

15、ty, Jack, China, love, air2名词前有 this, my, whose, some, no, each, every等 限制I want this book, not that one. / Whose purse is this?3季节，月份，星期，节假日，一日三餐、八刖March, Sun day, Natio nal Day, spri ng4表示职位，身份，头衔的名词前Lin col n was made Preside nt of America.5学科，语言，球类，棋类名词刖He likes play ing football/chess.6)与by连用表示

16、交通工具的名词前by train, by air, by land了以and连接的两个相对的名词并用时husband and wife, knife and fork, day and n ight8表示泛指的复数名词前Horses are useful ani mals.三代词：I.代词可以分为以下七大类:1人 称代 词主格I, you, he, she, it, we, you, they宾格me, you, him, her, it, us, you, them2物 主代 词形容词性my, your, his, her, its, our, their名词性mine, yours, hi

17、s, hers, its, ours, theirs3反身代词myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself, ourselves yourselves, themselves4指示代词this, that, these, those, such, some5疑问代词who, whom, whose, which, what, whoever, whichever, whatever6)关系代词that, which, who, whom, whose, as7不定代词one/ some/ any, each/ every, none/ no, many/

18、 much, few little/ a few/ a little,other/ ano ther, all/ both, n either/ eitherII.不定代词用法注意点：1. one, some与 any:1) one可以泛指任何人，也可特指，复数为ones some多用于肯定句，any多用于疑问句和否定句。One should lear n to think of others.Have you any bookmarks? No, I don ' t have any bookmarks.I have some questi ons to ask.2) some可用于

19、疑问句中，表示盼望得到肯定的答复，或者表示建议，请求等。Would you like some banan as? Could you give me some mon ey?3) some和any修饰可数名词单数时，some表示某个，any表示任何一个。I have read this article in some magazine. Please correct the mistakes, if any.4) some和数词连用表示 大约” any可与比较级连用表示程度。There are some 3,000 stude nts in this school. Do you feel

20、any better today?2. each和 every:each强调个别，代表的数可以是两个或两个以上，而every强调整体，所指的数必须是三个或三个以上。Each stude nt has a pocket dict ion ary. / Each (of us) has a dicti on ary. / We each have a dicti on ary.Every stude nt has stro ng and weak poi nts. / Every one of us has stro ng and weak poi nts.3. none和 no：no等于not

21、any,作定语。none作主语或宾语，代替不可数名词，谓语用单 数，代替可数名词，谓语单复数皆可以。There is no water in the bottle.How much water is there in the bottle? None.None of the stude nts are (is) afraid of difficulties.4. other和 another:1) other泛指 另外的，别的”常与其他词连用，如:the other day, every other week, some other reas on, no other way,the othe

22、r特指两者中的另外一个，复数为 the others如：He held a book in one hand and his no tes in the other.Two stude nts in our class failed, but all the others passed the exam.2) an other指又一个，另一个”无所指，复数形式是others,泛指别的人或 事”如：I don ' t like this shirt, please show me another (one).The trousers are too long, please give m

23、e ano ther pair / some others.Some like football, while others like basketball.5. all 和 both, neither和 eitherall表示不可数名词时，其谓语动词用单数。 both和all加否定词表示部分 否定，全部否定用 neither和none.All of the books are not written in English. / Not all of the books are written in En glish.Both of us are not teachers. / Not bot

24、h of us are teachers. / Either of us is a teacher.四形容词和副词I.形容词：1.形容词的位置：1)形容词作定语通常前置，但在下列情况后置：1修饰 some, any, every, no和 body, thing, one等构成的复合不定代词时nobody absent, everything possible<2以-able, -ible结尾的形容词可置于有最 高级或only修饰的名词之后the best book available, the only soluti on possible3alive, alike, awake, a

25、ware, asleep 等可以the only pers on awake后置4和空间、时间、单位连用时a bridge 50 meters long5成对的形容词可以后置a huge room simple and beautiful6形容词短语一般后置a man difficult to get on with2）多个形容词修饰同一个名词的顺序:代词数词性状形容词冠词 前的 形容冠词指示代词 不定代词 代词所有格序数词基数 词性质 状态大小 长短 形状新旧 温度颜色国籍 产地材料 质地名 词all both suchtheathis ano ther yoursec on d n ext

26、one fourbeautiful good poorlarge short squarenew coolblack yellowChineseLondonsilk stone3）复合形容词的构成:二形容词+名词+edkin d-hearted6名词+形容 词world-famous2形容词+形 容词dark-blue7名词+现在 分词peace-lo ving3形容词+现 在分词ordin ary-look ing8名词+过去 分词sno w-covered副词+现在 分词hard-work ing9数词+名词+edthree-egged5副词+过去 分词n ewly-built10数词+名

27、词twen ty-yearII.副词副词的分类:时间副 词soon, now, early, fin ally, on ce, rece ntly5频度副 词always, ofte n, freque ntly, seldom, n ever2地点副 词here, n earby, outside, upwards, above6疑问副 词how, where, whe n, why3方式副词hard, well, fast, slowly, excitedly, really7连接副 词how, when, where, why, whether, however, mea nwhile4

28、程度副词almost, n early, very, fairly, quite, rather8关系副 词whe n, where, whyIII.形容词和副词比较等级：形容词和副词的比较等级分为原级，比较级和最高级。比较级和最高级的构成一般是在形容词和副词后加-er和-est，多音节和一些双音节词前加more和most。1. 同级比较时常常用 asas以及 not so(as) as如：I am not so good a player as you are.2. 可以修饰比较级的词有：much, many, a lot, even, far, a bit, a little, still

29、, yet,by far, any, a great dead3. 表示一方随另一方变化时用“the morethe more句型。女口： The harderyou work, the more progress you will make.4. 用比较级来表达最高级的意思。女口： I have never spent a more worrying day.5. 表示倍数的比较级有如下几种句型：Our school is three times larger than yours./Our school is four times as large as yours./Our school

30、 is four times the size of yours.6. 表示最高程度 的形容词没有最高级和比较级。如：favourite, excellent, extreme, perfect五介词I.介词分类:简单介词about, across, after, aga in st, among, around, at, below, bey ond, duri ng, in, on2合成介词in side, in to, on to, out of, outside, throughout, upon withi n, without3短语介词accordi ng to, because

31、of, i nstead of, up to, due to, owing to, tha nks to4双重介词from among, from behind, from under, till after, in betwee n5分词转化成的介词con sideri ng(就而论)，in clud ing6形容词转化成的 介词like, unlike, near, next, oppositeII.常用介词区别:1表示时间的in, on, atat表示片刻的时间，in表示一段的时间，on总 是与日子有关2表示时间的 si nee fromsince指从过去到现在的一段时间，和完成时连 用

32、，from指从时间的某一点开始3表示时间的in, afterin指在一段时间之后，after表示某一具体时间点 之后或用在过去时的一段时间中4表示地理位置的in,on, toin表示在某范围内，on指与什么毗邻，to指在 某环境范围之外5表示在上”的on,non只表示在某物的表面上，in表示占去某物一 部分6表示“穿过”的through, acrossthrough表示从内部通过，与 in 有关，across表 示在表面上通过，与on有关7表示关于”的 aboutonabout指涉及到，on指专门论述8between 与 among 的between表示在两者之间，among用于二者或二区别者

33、以上的中间9besides与 except的区别besides指除了还有再加上” except指 除了， 减去什么”，不放在句首10表示用”的in, withwith表示具体的工具，in表示材料，方式，方法， 度量，单位，语言，声音11as与like的区别as意为 作为，以地位或身份，like为 象 一样”指情形相似12in与into区另廿in通常表示位置（静态），into表示动向，不表 示目的地或位置六.动词I. 动词的时态：1. 动词的时态一共有16种，以ask为例，将其各种时态的构成形式列表如下：现在时过去时将来时过去将来时般ask / asksaskedshall/will asksh

34、ould/would ask进行am/is/areaski ngwas/wereaskingshall/will be aski ngshould/would be aski ng完成have/has askedhad askedshall/will have askedshould/wouldhave asked宀完 成进行have/has bee n ask inghad been askingshall/will have bee n ask ingshould/would have bee n ask ing2.现在完成时与一般过去时的区别:1）现在完成时表示过去发生的动作或存在的状况

35、，但和现在有联系，强调的是对现在造成的影响或结果，它不能同表示过去的时间状语连用，汉译英时可加已经”等词。简言之，利用过去，说明现在。如：I have already read the no vel writte n by the world-famous writer.已经看过，且 了解这本书的内容）2）一般过去时只表示过去发生的动作或状态，和现在无关，它可和表示过去的时间状语连用，汉译英时可加过” 了”等词。简言之，仅谈过去，不关现在。如：I read the novel last mo nth.只说明上个月看了，不涉及现在是否记住 ）I lived in Beijing for ten

36、years.（只说明在北京住过十年，与现在无关）3. 现在完成时与现在完成进行时的区别：两者都可以表示从过去开始一直持续到现在”，在含义上如着重表示动作的 结果时，多用现在完成时，如着重表示动作一直在进行，即动作的延续性时，则 多用现在完成进行时。一般不能用于进行时的动词也不能用于现在完成进行时。I have read that book我 读过那本书了。I have bee n reading that book all the morni ng.我早上一直在读那本书。4. 般将来时的表达方式：将来时用法例句will/shall+ 动 词原形表示将来发生的动作或存 在的状态My sister

37、 will be ten n ext year.2be going to+ 动词原形含有打算，计划，即将” 做某事，或表示很有可能要发 生某事It ' s going to clear we regoing to have a party toni ght.3be + doing 进行时表示将来go, come, start, move, leave, arrive等词可用进行时表 示按计划即将发生的动作He is moving to the south.Are they leaving for Europe?4be about to +动词原形表示安排或计划中的马上 就要发生的动作，

38、后面一般不 跟时间状语I was about to leave whe n the bell rang.The meet ing is about to close.5be to +动词原形表示按计划进行或征求对 方意见We reto meet at the school gate at noon.6一般现在时表示 将来时刻表上或日程安排上早 就疋好的事情，可用般现在 时表示将来The meeti ng starts at five o ' clock.The plane leaves at ten this eve ning.II.动词的被动语态:常用被动语态构成常用被动语态构成一般

39、现 在时am/is/are asked6过去进行 时was/werebeingasked2一般过 去时was/were asked7现在完成 时have/hasbeenasked3一般将 来时shall/will be asked8过去完成 时had bee n asked4过去将 来时should/wouldbeasked9将来完成 时will/wouldhavebee n asked现在进 行时am/is/arebeingasked10含有情态 动词的can/must/may be asked、，、八注意 事项被动语态的否定式是在第一个助动词或情态动词后加not,短语动词的被动态不可漏掉其

40、中介副词。固定结构begoi ng to, used to, have to, had better变为被动态时，只需将其后的动词 变为被动态。女口：Trees should not be pla nted in summer. / The boy was made fun of by his classmates.Newspapers used to be sent here by the little girl.汉语有一类句子不出现主语，在英语中一般可用被动结构表示。如：It is believed that It is gen erally con sidered that It iss

41、aid that It is well known that It must be pointed out that It issupposed that It is reported that- It must be admitted thatIt is hopedthat 下面主动形式常表示被动意义：如：The window wants/needs/requires repairing.The book is worthread ing twice.The door won ' t shut. / The play won' tThcfe clothes washes we

42、l/ The book sells well.The dish tastes delicious. / Water feels very cold.下面词或短语没有被动态：leave, en ter, reach, become, ben efit, cost, equal, contain, last, lack, fit, fa l have, appear, happen, occur, belong to, take place, break out, come about, agr with, keep up with, con sist of, have on, 1 ose hea

43、r等等七情态动词I情态动词基本用法:情态动词n用法否定式疑问式与简答can能力（体力，智力，技 能）can not / cannot /can ' t d(oCan do ？ Yes,can.No,can' t.could允许或许可（口语中常 用）可能性（表猜测，用于 否定句或疑冋句中）couldn ' t domay可以（问句中表示请 求）可能，或许（表推测）祝愿（用于倒装句中）may not doMay do?Yes,may.No,mustn' t/cant.mightmight not doMight do?Yes,mightNo,might not.mu

44、st必须，应该（表主观要 求）冃疋，想必（冃疋句中 表推测）must not/mustn ' t doMust do ?Yes,must.No,needn' t/don t have to.have to只好，不得不（客观的 必须，有时态人称变化）don' tnave to doDo- - havetodo？Yes,do. No, don' t.ought to应当（表示义务责任，口语中多用shouldoughtnotto/oughtn ' t to d(Ought to do ？ Yes, ought.No, - oughtn ' t.shal

45、l将要，会shallShall do？用于一三人称征求对 方意见用于一三人称表示许 诺、叩令、警告、威胁等not/shan ' t doYes,shall. No shan' t.should应当，应该（表义务责 任）本该（含有责备意味）shouldnot/shouldn ' t dShould do？owill意愿，决心 请求，建议，用在冋句中would比较委婉will not/won dot Will do？Yes,will.Nowon t.wouldwould not/wouldn ' t dodare敢（常用于否定句和疑 问句中）dare not/dar

46、en ' t doDare do ？ Yes,dare. No,daren ' t.n eed需要必须（常用于否定句和 疑问句中）n eed not/needn ' t doNeed do ？Yes,must. No,needn' t.used to过去常常（现在已不 再）usednot/usedn ' t/user to dodidn ' use to doUsedto do ？ 'Yes,used. No u£e(d)n ' t.Did use to do - Yes,did. No, didn ' t.II

47、. 情态动词 must, may, might, could, can表示推测：以must为例。must + do（be）是推测现在存在的一般状态进行；must + be doing 推测可能正在进行的事情；must +have do ne是推测可能已经发生过的事情。1. must肯定，一定”语气强，只用于肯定句中。He must be a man from America. / He must be talk ing with his friend. / He must have already arrived there.2. may和might也许”后者语气弱，更没有把握。可用于肯定句和

48、否定句。He may not be at home. / They might have finished their task.3. can和could可能” could表示可疑的可能性，不及can'语气强，用于肯 定、否定、疑问句中。The weather in that city could be cold now.We could have walked there; it was so near.（推测某事本来可能发生，但实际 上没有发生）Can he be in the office now? No, he can ' t be there, for I saw h

49、im in the library just n ow.（语气很强，常用于疑问句和否定句中）III. 情态动词注意点：1. can和be able to:都可以表示能力。但be able to可以表达 某事终于成功” 而can无法表达此意。Be able to有更多的时态。另外，两者不能重叠使用。2. used to和would: used to表示过去常常做现在已经不再有的习惯，而 would只表示过去的习惯或喜好，不涉及现在。3. need和dare作情态动词和实义动词的区别： 两者作情态动词时常用于否定句和疑问句。其形式为：needn' t/daren do；Need/dare

50、do？做实义动词时可用于肯定句，否定句和疑问句。其形式为：need(needs/needed)/dare(dares/dared) to do, don' t(doesn ' t/didn ' t) need/dare to do八非谓语动词I非谓语动词的分类、意义及构成:非谓语形 式构成特征和作用时态和语态否定式复合结构不定 式to do to be doing tohavedonetobedoneto have been done在 非谓语 前加notfor sb. to do sth.具有名词，副词和 形容词的作用在句中做主、宾、 定、表和状语分 词现 在分 词d

51、oing hav ing donebeing done having been doneg具有副词和形容词的作 用在句中做疋、表、兵补 和状语过 去分 词done动名 词doing hav ing donebeing done having been donegsb' doing3具有名词的作用在句中做主、宾、定和 表语II.做宾语的非谓语动词比较:情况常用动词只接不定式 做宾语的动词hope, want, offer, long, fail, expect, wish, ask, decide prete nd, man age, agree, afford, determ ine,

52、 promise, happe n只接动名词 做宾语的动词或 短语mind, miss, enjoy, imag ine, practise, suggest, fini sh, escape excuse, appreciate, admit, prevent, keep, dislike, avoid, risk, resist, con sidercan' h elp, feel like, succeed in, be fond of, object to, get dow n to, be en gaged in, in sist on, think of, be proud

53、 of, take pride n, set about, be afraid of, be tired of, look forward to, devote on eself to, be worth, be busy, pay atte nti on to, stick to两 者都 可以意义基本相同begin, start, like, love, hate, prefer, continue (接不定式多指 具体的动作，接动名词多指一般或习惯行为)need, want, require (接动名词主动形式表示被动意义，右 接不定式则应用被动形式)意义相反stop to do停止手中事

54、，去做另一件事stop doi ng停止正在做的事remember/forget/regret to do （指 动作尚未发生）remember/forget/regret doin g （指 动作已经发生）go on to do （接着做 另外一件事）go on doing （接着做 同一件事）意义不try to do （设法，努力去做，尽mean to do （打算做，同力）企图做）try doing （试试去做，看有何结mean doing （意识果）是，意味着）can' t help to d（不能帮忙做） 要做）can' t help doin（忍不住III.非谓语动词做宾语补足语的区别:常见动词与宾语的逻辑关系 及时间概念例句不定式ask, b