Nations Week 13课件

1、WEEK 13THE ABORIGINALSABORIGINAL FLAGBlack represents the Aboriginal people of AustraliaRed represents the red earth and the spiritual relationship with the land.Yellow represents the sun, the giver of live and protector.ABORIGINAL CULTUREReverence for the land and oral traditions are emphasized. Th

2、e Aboriginals have not developed a writing system for their languages.They have developed some unique musical instruments.They have a unique form of art called dot painting. There are a few practices and ceremonies that are very important to the Aborigines.ABORIGINAL CULTUREA BoraBora is the initiat

3、ion ceremony in which boys become men.A CorroboreeCorroboree is a ceremonial meeting among Aborigine people where they sing, dance and interact with DreamtimeDreamtime.Fire-stickFire-stick farmingfarming is the practice of regularly burning patches of vegetation used to facilitate hunting.A Walkabou

4、tWalkabout is another rite of passage in which adolescences would live in the wilderness alone for 6 months.THE DREAMTIMEAccording to the Aboriginals the world was created and is still created during the Dreamtime.It is a sacred era in Aboriginal history when ancestral totemic spirit beings created

5、the world.It is part of Aboriginal spirituality.It is expressed through stories and art.DREAMINGDreamings are stories passed down orally or with non-permanent materials.They are also painted by Aboriginal Artists.There are many stories, some are major stories, some are minor stories. These stories e

6、xplain an individual or a groups beliefs and spirituality. For example, an Aborigine might say that they have a Kangaroo Dreaming or a Shark Dreaming.A DREAMINGA Dreaming is a story owned by different Aboriginal tribes that explains the creation of life, people and animals. Dreaming is a common term

7、 to explain a complex idea of creation and perpetual creating.EXAMPLES OF DREAMING STORIESThe creation of the world.The creation of all animals.Why people and animals are the way they are.How the geography of Australia was created.Things that will affect the society, good or bad. Things that are hap

8、pening or are about to happen.DREAMING STORIESWATCH AND ENJOYEUROPEAN ARRIVAL1400-1500During the 1400s some Spanish and Portuguese ships passed by Australia.None are known to have: Landed on Australia Mapped the coastline of Australia.During the 1500s the Dutch began to explore the South PacificDUTC

9、H EXPLORATIONIn 1606 Willem Janz was the first known European to land on Australia.He charted the coastline for approximately 320 km.DUTCH EXPLORATIONThen he landed with some of his men near the modern town of Weipa on the western coast of Cape York.Upon landing he met the Aborigines who promptly ki

10、lled 9 of his men. He quickly returned to New Guinea and reported that “no good was to be done”.DUTCH EXPLORATIONIn 1611, a new sailing route was discovered that stretched all the way from Cape of Good Hope, South Africa to the west coast of Australia.It was pioneered by Dutch explorer Hendrik Brouw

11、er. The new sailing route reduced the trip to the West Indies from 12 months to 6 months.1600-1700The Dutch exploited the Roaring Forties.These were strong winds between the 40th and 50th latitudes south.They would blow ships all the way to the coast of Australia, often shipwrecking them.DUTCH EXPLO

12、RATIONIn 1616, Dirk Hartog was sailing to the East Indies when his ship was blown to far and he landed on a small island off the west coast of Australia.He is the second known European to land on Australia.Hartog continued north along the coast, mapping it while he sailed to his final destination. A

13、BEL TASMANNEW HOLLANDIn 1642, Abel Tasman was the first European to reach what is now the island of Tasmania.During his voyage he discovered that Australia did not extend to the South Pole, which was the thought at the time.He also claimed all of Australia for Holland, thus it became known as New Ho

14、lland. THE BRITISH ARE COMING!WILLIAM DAMPIERWILLIAM DAMPIERHe was a buccaneer a sailor who was allowed to rob ships from other countries as long as he shared the money and goods that he obtained with his country.He was the first Englishman to land on Australia and actually meet the Aborigines.He tr

15、ied to communicate with them and went into their camp. He recorded his encounters in his journal.DAMPIERS JOURNALBased on Dampiers journal entries, what was the British impression and opinion of the Aboriginals?Surely he had heard of Willem Janz experience with the Aboriginals killing 9 of his men.

16、Why do you think he still went out to meet them?Would you have gone out to meet them?In your opinion, why do the Aboriginals act as they do?CAPTAIN JAMES COOKCAPTAIN JAMES COOKHe was a British explorer, cartographer and navigator. In 1770, he was the second European to set foot on Australias eastern

17、 coast. The first was Isaac Smith, just before him.He also charted the eastern coast of Australia.He recommended Australia to the U.K. for colonization, particularly Botany Bay and Port Jackson.BRITISH COLONIZATIONFIRST FLEETIn January 1788, the First Fleet of British ships with convicts arrived.The

18、y arrived at Botany Bay.However, after finding it difficult to settle there they moved to Port Jackson.FIRST FLEETThere were 11 ships in the First Fleet. 2 naval ships 6 convict ships 3 store ships 1,403 men, women and children left Portsmouth on May 13, 1787. 1,332 men, women and children landed at

19、 Port Jackson January 27, 1788. 48 people died and 12 children were born during the journey.SECOND FLEETOnly six ships were in the Second Fleet.They arrived in Sydney Cove in 1789.During the voyage 278 people died because the voyage was contracted out to a private company that did not spend enough m

20、oney for them to make it. They did not care about the convicts onboard.PENAL COLONYEventually, the British brought 160,000 prisoners to Australia.The penal colony lasted for about 60 years. Eventually colonies were established in: New South Wales 1788 Tasmania 1803 Queensland 1824 King George Sound,

21、 later Albany 1826 Swan River Colony 1829 South Australia 1836 FROM AUTONOMY TO FEDERATIONSOUTH AUSTRALIAFREE COLONYIn 1836, the first free colony called South Australia, was established on Kangaroo Island.They were promised a representative government once the population reached 50,000 people.Other

22、 colonies in New South Wales, Tasmania and Victoria would also become self governing from 1855-1856FOUNDATIONS OF THE COMMONWEALTHNATIONALIST AND FEDERALIST MOVEMENTSBy 1880, most people living in Australia were native born.However, 90% were of British or Irish decent.With the immigration of Europea

23、ns, the Aboriginal populations were shrinking due to: Disease Encroachment upon lands Murder and minor squabblesNATIONALIST AND FEDERALIST MOVEMENTSDuring this time period distinctly Australian music, art and literature began to appear.All 3 types of art found inspiration in the Australian bush.The

24、development of the arts helped to create a national identity.NATIONALIST AND FEDERALIST MOVEMENTSAs early as 1889 the colonies began to discuss forming there own federal government and thus a new country.They saw what happened in America and thought they could do the same only through peace.At this

25、time there were approximately 3 to 4 million people of European descent in Australia.NATIONALIST AND FEDERALIST MOVEMENTSBy the end of 1899 the citizens of 5 of the 6 Australian colonies had voted in favor of a constitution to form a Federation. The 6th colony would do the same in July 1900.The “Com

26、monwealth of Australia Constitution Act (UK)” was passed on July 5, 1900 and given Royal Assent by Queen Victoria.The Commonwealth of Australia came into being on January 1, 1901.The first Federal Elections were held in March 1901.BREAKNATIONAL SYMBOLSAUSTRALIAN FLAGAUSTRALIAN FLAGThe Union Jack sho

27、ws both Australias history and loyalty to the British crown.The Commonwealth star represents the 7 federating colonies that formed Australia.The Southern Cross is one of the most visible constellations in the Southern Hemisphere and has been used to represent Australia since the early days of Britis

28、h settlement.The 4 stars also represent 4 moral virtues:JusticePrudenceTemperanceFortitudeCOAT OF ARMSNATIONAL FLOWER: GOLDEN WHITEUNOFFICIAL NATIONAL ANIMAL: RED KANGAROOUNOFFICIAL NATIONAL BIRD: EMUMODERN AUSTRALIAVITAL STATISTICSThe Commonwealth of Australia was formed on January 1, 1901.It is a

29、federal parliamentary democracy and a constitutional monarchy.The federation is made up of 6 states and several territories.It has no official languages, but its national language is English.VITAL STATISTICSIt is the 6th largest country by total area. It is not usually considered the largest island

30、in the world because it is a continent, but it is bigger than Greenland.The population of Australia is approximately 23 million people. The population is highly urbanized and most people in the eastern states.VITAL STATISTICSCapital city is Canberra. Population 411,609Largest cities are:1.Sydney 4.6

31、 million people2.Melbourne 4.2 million people3.Brisbane 2.1 million people4.Perth 1.8 million people5.Adelaide 1.2 million peopleVITAL STATISTICSAustralia is a developed country. It boasts the worlds 12th largest economy. It has the worlds 5th highest per capita income.Its currency is the Australian

32、 dollar.Australia ranks highly in many national comparisons including: Quality of life Health Education Economic freedom Protection of civil liberties and human rightsGOVERNMENTGOVERNMENTAustralia is a constitutional monarchy with a federal division of powers.It uses a parliamentary system.It has a

33、written constitution. The federal government has 3 branches:1.The Legislative branch2.The Executive branch3.The Judiciary branchGOVERNMENTThe structure of the Australian government has two distinct concepts:1.Federalism2.Separation of powers into 3 branchesThe Australian federal system is a unique b

34、lend of the Westminster and U.S. systems of federal representative democracy.LEGISLATIVE BRANCHThe Australian parliament is bicameral.It consists of:1. The Queen (represented by the Governor-General)2. A 76 member Senate3. A 150 member House of RepresentativesLEGISLATIVE BRANCHThe Senate (upper hous

35、e) 12 Senators are elected from each of the 6 states. 2 Senators are elected to represent the Northern Territories. 2 Senators are elected to represent the Australian Capital Territory.LEGISLATIVE BRANCHThe House of Representatives (lower house)150 members elected based on population from each of th

36、e 6 states. Each state is guaranteed at least 5 seats.The constitution states that the lower house must have as close to twice as many members as the upper house at all times. LEGISLATIVE BRANCHBoth the Senate and the House of Representatives have the same power.They can both write and vote on laws.

37、The only difference is that the Senate cannot propose a money bill or amend any bills, they can only vote on them. PRIME MINISTERThe highest minister of the Crown.He is the leader of the Cabinet and Head of the Government.He is always the leader of the party or coalition that has majority support in

38、 the House of Representatives.TONY ABBOTTPrime MinisterPrime MinisterEXECUTIVE BRANCHIn practice the role of “Head of State” is split between:1.The Queen of Australia, Queen Elizabeth2.The Governor-General of Australia This position is appointed by the Queen on the advice of the Prime Minister.Howev

39、er, the constitution does not recognize anyone as “Head of State”.QUENTIN BRYCEGovernor-GeneralGovernor-GeneralCABINETThe Cabinet is made up of: The Prime Minister The Governor-General The Ministers of each of the different parts of the government, such as: Foreign Affairs Employment Agriculture Edu

40、cation Social ServicesJUDICIAL BRANCHThe High Court of Australia is the supreme court in the country.It has the power of: Judicial review over laws passed by Parliament and the parliaments of each State Interpreting the Constitution of AustraliaECONOMYECONOMYAustralia has the worlds 12th largest economy.The worlds 5th largest per capita GDP at $66,984.In terms of average wealth, it is ranked second behind Switzerland only.It was identified as the nation with the highest median w