一月MBAMPA英语翻译讲义

1、2012一月MBA/MPA英语翻译讲义一 新大纲对翻译的新要求新大纲对翻译的最新要求：翻译分值由20分减为15分，由180字降到150字；考查考生理解所给英语语言材料，并将指定部分译成汉语的能力。译文应准确、完整、通顺。满分为15分。该部分有以下两种形式，每次考试使用其中一种。 (A或B任选一种)A. 要求考生阅读一篇约450词的文章，并将其中5个划线部分(约120词)译成汉语。B. 要求考生阅读一篇约150词左右的一个(或几个)英语段落，并将其全部译成汉语。翻译步骤翻译的第一阶段是理解，通常按照先主后次的过程把握要翻译段落的主旨大意或复杂句子的核心部分。然后才是领会该其他句子或复杂句子其他部

2、分的意思.翻译第二个阶段就是表达了。通常可以遵循先小后大的原则，再一个意群一个意群地完成翻译。这个过程和理解过程恰好相反，即首先解决词汇问题，尤其是要关注熟悉的一些生僻含义。利用语境来猜测词义是可取的做法。在用中文进行表述时应注意一下几点：1 准确性。中文表达不需要华丽的词藻和不着边际的修饰。2 完整性。完整的说完一个句子，根据熟悉词语来判断该句子整体大意。3 通顺性 汉语的译文用地道的汉语再现原文的意思，避免英式汉语的表达。二翻译评分标准及2010年考生答题分析第四档（ 1315分）很好地完成试题规定的任务。理解准确无误；表达通顺清楚；没有错译、漏译“Sustainability” has

3、become a popular word these days, but to Ted Ning, the concept will always have personal meaning. Having endured a painful period of un-sustainability in his own life made it clear to him that sustainability-oriented values must be expressed /through everyday action and choice.Ning recalls spending

4、a confusing year in the late 1990s selling insurance. Hed been through the dot-com boom and burst and, desperate for a job, signed on with a Boulder agency.It didnt go well. “it was a really bad move because thats not my passion,” says Ning, whose dilemma about the job translated, predictably, into

5、a lack of sales. “I was miserable. I had so much anxiety that I would wake up in the middle of the night and stare at the ceiling. I had no money and needed the job. Everybody said, just wait, youll turn the corner, give it some time.”第三档（9-12分）基本完成试题规定的任务。理解基本准确；表达比较通顺清楚；没有重大的错译、漏译2010年一考生这样翻译：考生A：

6、“可持续性”在现在变得非常流行，但对Ted Ning来说，这一词总有特别的意义，在经过一段“不可持续性”人生痛苦后，必须在每天的行动和选择中做到以可持续出发的意念对他来说很清晰了Ning 回想起那段90年代末混乱不堪推销保险的岁月，他经历了网络经济的繁荣和破灭，对工作的绝望，和代理机构的合同这点行不通，Ning说“这是坏的形动，因为这不是我的激情所在可以预见到的这次工作尝试将会缺乏销路。我当时很惨，我当时的非常焦虑，甚至半夜醒来盯着天花板，没有钱而且需要那份工作，但每个人会说等一等，你会熬过去的，留给自己一点时间（注：最后这样份试卷的翻译得分为12分）第二档（5-8分）未能按要求完成试题规定的

7、任务。理解原文不够准确；表达欠通顺；有明显错译现象考生B：如今，“潜力”成为一个流行的单词，但是对于泰德宁来说，它还包含着他个人对它的理解。当他度过了他生命中最痛苦的一段时期后，他越来越清楚地意识到潜力会在每个机会中爆发宁说他在九十年代末期做过保险公司的电话回访员。他经历过事业的低潮期，然后坚持不懈下去，最终签了一家Boulder的中介结构。这一切得之不易，“这真是我不敢想象的糟糕的往事。”Ning说，由于工作的转换，一度陷入了销售的匮乏期。“我真的很迷惘，我是如此焦虑以至于我每天半夜都被惊醒。我没有一分钱，而且我很需要一份工作。每个人都对我说：坚持，总有一天你会转运的”（注：最后这样份试卷的

8、翻译得分为7.5）考生C：稳定在这些年已经成为一个很流行的词汇，但对Ted Ning而言，这个词将会一直有他个人的理解和感悟。在他自己经历了一段很不稳定的痛苦时期后，他清晰地认识到稳定感最根本价值要通过每天的日常的行为和选择体现出来。Ning 回忆起在上世纪90年代末卖保险的痛苦的一年，他在最低潮，崩溃的边缘和一家保险机构签约，从事一项令人沮丧的工作。这真的很遭。“这根本就不是我的志向和兴趣，对我来说是沉重的打击！”Ning说。他的工作就是翻译，预期，但缺乏销售额。我很绝望，我非常难过，我会在午夜惊醒然后对着天花板发呆。我没钱，我需要工作。每个人都对我说，耐心等待，会有转机的，给自己一点时间（

9、最后这位考上实际分数为8分）第一档（0-4分）未能完成试题规定的任务。不能理解原文；表达不通顺；文字支离破碎。考生D：如今，“忍耐能力”逐渐成了一个大众化的语言。但对泰宁来说，尤其私人意义。1990年前，宁花了若干年的时间卖保险。他必须穿过每家每户，并且去介绍他的工作，推销他的计划。事情进展并不好，“这确实不是一个好的事，因为这不是我想象的，”宁说，“我很悲哀，我有很多疑惑，我要每天半夜起床，站在柜台前。我没有钱，我需要工作。每个人都说：不要急，你会转好的，多给一些时间就行”（注：这位考生第一段落只翻译了这些，最后这样份试卷的翻译得分为3.5）标准答案：最近，“承受力”成了一个流行词，但对Te

10、d Ning来说，他对其涵义有自己亲身的体会。在经历了一段无法承受的痛苦生活之后，他清楚地认识到，旨在提高承受力的价值观只有通过每日的行为和抉择才能得到体现。Ning回忆气九十年代后期销售保险那困惑的一年。在经历了网络泡沫的膨胀和破灭后，他急需要找到一份工作，因此就与Boulder公司签了约。但情况并不顺利。“这的确是糟糕的一步，因为它激不起我的工作热情，”Ning说。不出所料，工作上的进退维谷造成他销售业绩不佳。“我很痛苦，愁肠百结，常常在半夜惊醒，望着天花板。我身无分文，需要这份工作。大家都说，等等看，过一段时间情况会有好转的” 翻译精讲翻译需背住的五个关键点：翻译的标准概括起来就是：理解

11、基本准确-表达一定通顺1. 翻译遇到长句子如何办？1. Having endured a painful period of un-sustainability in his own life made it clear to him that sustainability-oriented values must be expressed /through everyday action and choice.2. Behaviorists suggest that the child who is raised in an environment where there are many

12、stimuli(刺激因素) which develop his or her capacity for appropriate responses will experience greater intellectual development3. For a family of four, for example, it is more convenient as well as cheaper to sit comfortably at home, watching TV, with almost unlimited entertainment available, than to go

13、out in search of amusement elsewhere.总结：如果翻译时遇到长句子一定要翻译策把长句子中意思相对独立的地方翻译成几个简短的小中文句子。断长句子方法：一定要在关系词之前，介词引导的名词之后断2. 英语句子和汉语句子的语序有先后之分 1. Getting a proper amount of rest is absolutely essential for building your energy resources. 2. It is probably easier for teachers than for students to appreciate the

14、 reasons /why learning English seems to become increasingly difficult/ even though the basic structures and patterns of the language have been understood。3. It therefore becomes more and more important that, if students are not to waste their opportunities, there will have to be much more detailed i

15、nformation about courses and more advice.4. Now " growth" industries are being looked on with suspicion(怀疑) if their side effects damage the environment and disrupt the relationships of different forms of life.5. It is no accident of history that the first Earth Day, in April 1970, came so

16、 soon after color photographs of the whole earth from space were made by homesick astronauts on the Apollo 8 mission to the moon in December 1968.6. Companies now spend as much as 10% of their technology budgets on energy, says Rakesh Kumar of Gartner, a consultancy. 注意：英语核心都在前，从属在后；而中文恰恰相反。如果一个句子里有

17、介词引导，一定要把它们放在主语和谓语部分之间来翻译；如果一个句子有关系词引导的就要把它们提前翻译。3. 翻译时很多单词的意思要依据上下文a. 如果碰到不熟悉的词语，上下文基本上都有提示1. Hed been through the dot-com boom and burst and, desperate for a job, signed on with a Boulder agency. I had no money and needed the job.2. Taking a good rest is essential to your health. For sometimes tak

18、ing a nap is the perfect way to recharge your batteries.3. It is just one example of the growing concern over the increasing power consumption and environmental impact of computers, and in particular the warehouses full of corporate machines known as data centres. A study found that the power consum

19、ption of data centres doubled between 2000 and 2005, and now accounts for 1.2% of American electricity consumption, though other estimates put the figure at 4%.4. IT industry produces CO2, rougly 3% of all CO2 emissions. IT leaks CO2 between 0.2 and 7 grams.5. There are two basic ways to see growth;

20、 one a product, the other as a process. People have generally viewed personal growth as an external result or product that can easily be indentified and measured. By contrast, the process or journey of personal growth is much more difficult to determine, since by definition it is a journey and not t

21、he specific signposts or landmarks along the way. The process is not the road itself, but rather the attitudes and feelings people have.注意：如果一上来翻译遇到不熟悉的词语，后面或许会有提示其意思，一定要看其前后搭配是否相同。b. 遇到不熟悉的词语有时采取依据上下文推断或模糊翻译1. We all want to buy that new piece of technology, treat ourselves to an expensive night on

22、 the town, or take out a loan for the flashy car we can't afford. It might feel great at the time but rash spending hurts a lot later on2. But things are now starting to change and the computer industry has been seized with enthusiasm for “green computing”.3. With the nations financial system te

23、etering(蹒跚) on a cliff, the compensation arrangements for executives of the big banks and other financial firms are coming under close examination again.( 由于国家金融体制处于危机动荡边缘,一些大银行和金融机构中的高级管理人员的补偿金计划就受到密切关注.) 对于不熟悉的词语，是在无从翻译，也不要放弃,宁可漏译或者采取模糊翻译4. 英汉语态对比a. Every students must be helped to understand that

24、 only by painstaking study can they master English well.b. Not too much can be said about the significance of learning Chinese.c. A Google search can leak between 0.2 and 7.0 grams of CO2, depending on how many attempts are needed to get the “right” answer.d. so the centres need to be well air-condi

25、tioned, which uses even more energy.英语的被动语态应该翻译为中文的主动语态。因为英语强调的动作承受者，而中文喜欢强调动作的执行者。5.翻译时词义的增减，记住：并不是英文句子中每个单词都要翻，上面没有的也可增加些词语使自己表达更通顺a. Before the spreadsheet, business planning usually meant producing a single forecast. (空白表格程序出现之前，商业规划往往意味着就某种情况提出一种简单的预测)b. If you have been lacking energy, try goi

26、ng to bed earlier at night.如果你一直缺乏精力，请尝试晚上早些就寝。C. In spite of difficulties, we still overcame them 几种常见的长句子翻译一定语从句（that, which, where, why, who, whom, whose）1. 如果定语从句较为简短，可以将原句进行换序翻译，即将定语从句译成带“的”的前置定语，放在其所修饰的先行词之前a. Today, growing number of men and women are changing careers or getting second starts

27、 in careers that have greater appeal to(吸引力) them.b. There was nothing that interested him at the show2. 反之，如果定语从句过长，对该句中的that, which, who, where, when等进行重复先行词He made the sound of sympathy(同情) which comes so readily from those who had independent incomes. 3. 注意非限定定语从句的译法：which 一般翻译成“这”，“这种情况”1. Yout

28、hs often have a great deal authority in store-selection decision, which means that stores must attract them with an effective appeal.2. I believe that rising complexity of scientific research is now urgently demanding new steps, which can ensure that international involvement moves to more organized

29、 and better planned structures.二，状语从句的译法有时间，地点，原因，条件，让步，目的，结果等状语从句（，并且里面有这些关系词：when, as, while, because, since, because of, in view of, considering that, owing to, due to, if, provided that, supposed that, before（在.前）, after（在.后），as soon as（一.就），once（一旦.），the moment, in case/in case of（如果），only if（只

30、要），if only=how I wish（但愿，要是.就好了, though（虽然），although（虽然），even if=even though（即使）so that（为了，以便），lest（以防），in case（以防，以免）/in case of=in the event of，for fear that（以防）in order that（为了）等等，whatever（无论什么），wherever（无论哪里），whoever（无论谁），however（无论怎样），no matter how/which/what（不论，不管）whether., according to=based

31、on, by）a. The Greeks assumed that the structure of language had some connection with the process of thought, which took root in Europe long before people realized how diverse languages could be.(人们意识到语言的千差万别之前)b. We can not start the job until we have the approval(批准) from the authority concerned.c.

32、 The crops failed because the season was dry.d. No matter what I say or how I say it, he always thinks Im wrong.e. We worked hard in order that we could pass this exam.三It 作形式主语的句子a. It is vital that our government pass the strict laws and regulations to ban and restrict environmental pollution.b. I

33、t is a matter of common experience(常识) that bodies are lighter in water than they are in the air.c. It is generally acknowledged that the common mind can by no means be compared with these processes(过程).四，宾语从句Some philosophers argue that rights exist only within a social contrast, as a part of an ex

34、change of duties and entitlement(权益).这里注意的是：如果要是一个人或很多人的名词后面出现了动词和that 从句，这里就要理解为，。认为。(1). I imagine that an able surgeon can derive greater pleasure from the exquisite precision of his operation.(2). I will argue that a line can be drawn and should be drawn to use gene transfer only for the treatme

35、nt of serious disease, and not for any other purpose. Gene transfer should never be undertaken in an attempt to improve human beings.五，同位语从句The scientists have been looking for evidence that the dolphin(海豚) understands more complicated ideas.The fact that they are doing more shopping may result in t

36、heir spending more money in stores they go to.六，被动语态The decision to attack was not taken lightly.The first explosive(炸药) in the world was made and used in China.It is asserted thatIt is generally accepted thatIt can be said without the fear of exaggeration thatIt must be pointed out thatIt must be s

37、een from this that七，插入结构The dilemma of the job translated, predictably, into a lack of sale.Who would have thought that, globally, that IT industry produces as much as 3% of co2.Internet has, undoubtedly, been playing a significant role in our life as well as our work.八翻译时首先翻译自己看得懂的句子，然后再来推测前后句子之间的意

38、思1. In the universe of atoms, as a resource is consumed it becomes more expensive to produce. As gold is mined, nuggets at first may be easy, and therefore cheap, to find. But when particles of ore must be squeezed out of tons of rock, the price of gold becomes more dear. But in “the new order”, the

39、 law of plentitude kicks in, leading to a promising company such as Netscape to distribute its Web browser for free in order to sell auxiliary services and products. Similarly, expensive cell phones are offered as freebies to gain contracts for phone services.The qualities needed to succeed in the n

40、etwork economy can be reduced to this: a facility for charging into the unknown.九 By 的两种理解途径(a). we may distinguish construction from destruction by the following criterion(b). frequently he will conceal this from himself by the belief that he is only sweeping away in order to build afresh.十不认识的名词应该

41、如何表达？表示人的名词或表示物的名词！遇到不会翻译的名词看是否是表示人物（看根据上下文是否可以翻译成有人(the specialist maintains that)或很多人(some behaviorists)等）；如果不是指人的名词，是指事物名称的等-看能否翻译成事情，东西，情况，方面等。根据上下文来选择合适的表达。1. A man who can do stunts in an aeroplane finds the pleasure so great that for the sake of it he is willing to risk his life.不认识的形容词在考场里应该

42、考虑其是褒义词或贬义词；或肯定意思或否定意思来理解。2. The father wants to find a husband from a well-to-do background for his daughter.3. He is a very mean person; whatever he does is always actuated by some low and selfish motives. 不认识的动词是否可以结合上下文不翻译或翻译个大概意思呢？1. His pleasure was impaired by worry about money.2. And as a re

43、sult, our lives and society have begun to echo with creative ideas.翻译练习：1. There is a difference in understanding and definition of creativity between the East and West. Although Asian traditions are conservative in comparison, and the social climate and ideological make-up of the West are more libe

44、ral, each of them has valid contributions towards creativity. Prof. Yang Chen-ning ( 杨振宁 ) has more than once mentioned the fact that he was an amalgamation ( combination ) of Eastern and Western cultures. His new scientific ideas and theories are a result of the clash of Eastern and Western culture

45、s and the resolution of this conflict. Whether it is Hegel's idealism or Engel's materialism, they all converge at a common point: the resolution of conflict. Creativity is a multi-level and complex thought process, involving many different factors. Prof. Yang's idea to combine the best

46、from both the East and the West to resolve the conflict is something we should think seriously about.2. There will always be temptation to forsake the future for immediate gratification. We all want to buy that new piece of technology, treat ourselves to an expensive night on the town, or take out a

47、 loan for the flashy car we can't afford. It might feel great at the time but rash spending hurts a lot later on. Enjoy lifes simple pleasures and save as much as you can. Expensive things dont create lasting happiness and security. Careful spending will bring you greater leisure and enjoyment i

48、n the long run.3. We believe now that management is all about change. One hopes there will be some of that in the relationship between management and science within industry, currently causing concern and which is overdue for attention. No one doubts that we need more scientists and innovation to gi

49、ve us an edge in an increasingly competitive world. If scientists feel themselves undervalued and underused, working in industrial ghettos, that is not a promising augury for the future. It seems we have to resolve these misapprehensions between science and industry. Above all, we have to make sure

50、that management is not itself smug about its status and that it does not issue mission statements about communication without realizing that the essence of it is a dialogue. More empowerment is required-and we should strive to achieve it.4. Liberals (in the American sense) are so protective of gover

51、nment that they can not concede the great power of Smiths “invisible hand” Self-interest is not simply greed, selfishness or narcissism. If properly constrained, it is an immense force for social good, and much human progress stems from the independent exertions and creative energies of individuals

52、and enterprises. Liberals recoil at this notion because it deprives them of the power, social status and psychological gratification of seeming to deliver (through government) all the trappings of the good society.5. The closeness of scientific problems to political problems is from that scientific

53、workers are not far from it, protected from socio-economic vicissitudes. So much so that they sometimes express the same needs as all other workers and join them in this context; but they also call for specific measures. Like everyone else we need freedom but we especially need of expression for our

54、 scientific and technological ideas; we need this even if it is only to put them forward for criticism. We dont ask for any particular privilege but we would like the effort made to be evaluated at their actual worth, in their interests of society.The rights that scientific workers should have and t

55、he campaigns to win these rights are all the more justified in view of the responsibilities and the actual exercise of responsibilities that falls to scientific workers. The social implications of science, result in a balance of rights and duties for scientists, which they must face collectively and

56、 internationallyPart One Cloze Test一、英语知识运用（完形）考察内容 （1）篇章副词（上下文语义关系）However/yet/nevertheless/ unfortunately therefore/consequently/ As a result /besides /furthermore/moreover/In additionFor instance/for exampleln brief/As a whole/in one wordIn other words/Put another way/That is;E.g. 1. A rose can b

57、e crossed with a different kind of rose, but a rose will never cross with a potato._29_, Genetic engineering does involve taking genes from on species and inserting them into _30_an attempt to transfer a desired characteristic.29 A ThereforeB HoweverC. Besides D. furthermore30. A.others B. someC. an

58、other D. eachE.g.2. The IOC a1so considers which parts of the world have not yet hosted the Games. _30_,Tokyo, Japan, the host of the 1964 Summer Games and Mexico City, Mexico, the host of the 1968 Summer Games, were chosen to popularize the Olympic movement in Asia and in Latin America30. A.For instance B. As a result C.In briefD.On the whole(2)从句引导词（主从句语法和语义关系）主语/宾语/表语从句: what/that定语从句: which/as状语从句：when/while/once/until/as if/unless/Although/though/whileN