高考英语阅读理解题型突破——判断推理类

1、09二轮专题1:阅读理解题型专项突破之三一一推理判断【命题特点】这类题属于主观题，是层次较高的设题。它包括判断和推理题。这两类题常常相互依存，推理是为了得出正确的判断，正确的判断又依赖于合乎逻辑的推理。推理题要求在理解原文表面文字信息的基础上，做出一定判断和推论，从而得到文章的隐含意义和深层意义。推理题所涉及的内容可能是文中某一句话，也可是某几句话，但做题的指导思想都是以文字信息为依据，既不能做出在原文中找不到文字根据的推理，也不能根据表面文字信息做多步推理。所以，推理题的答案只能是根据原文表面文字信息一步推出的答案：即对原文某一句话或某几句话所彳的同义改写(paraphrase)或综合。【常

2、见考法】推理题经常使用的提问方式有：Itcanbeinferred/concludedthat.Whichofthefollowingconclusionscanwedrawaccordingtothepassage?Inwhichofthefollowingpublicationwouldthispassagemostlikelybeprinted?Thepassageimplies,butdoesn'tdirectlystatethat.Thewritersuggeststhat.What'stheauthor'sattitudetoward?Thewriterpr

3、obablyfeelsthat.Theauthorusestheexamplesof.toshowthat.判定推理是一种创造性的思维活动，但它并非无章可循。推理判定题要在阅读理解整体语篇的基础上，把握文章的真正内涵。要吃透文章的字面意思，从字里行间捕捉有用的提示和线索，这是推理的前提和基础；要对文字的表面信息进行挖掘加工，由表入里，由浅入深，从具体到抽象，从非凡到一般，通过分析、综合、判定等，进行深层处理，符合逻辑地推理。不能就是论事，断章取义，以偏概全。要忠实于原文，以文章提供的事实和线索为依据。立足已知，推断未知。立足现在，猜测未来。不能主观臆想，凭空想象，随意揣测，更不能以自己的观点代

4、替作者的观点；要把握句、段之间的逻辑关系，了解语篇的结构。要体会文章的基调，揣摸作者的态度，摸准逻辑发展的方向，悟出作者的弦外之音。一、细节推断题要求考生根据语篇关系，推断具体细节，如时间、地点、人物关系、人物身份、事件等。一般可根据短文提供的信息，或者借助生活常识进行推理判定。【例题】Avisitorvisitsanislandwheretwotribeslive.Onetribealwaystellsthetruthandtheotheralwayslies.Thetruthtellersliveonthewesternsideoftheisland,andthosewholieliveo

5、ntheeasternside.Thevisitorwantstodeterminewhetherthenativebesidehimisatruthtellerornotbyaskingonlyonequestion.Heasksthenative,oandaskthenativeinthedistancewhichsideoftheislandheliveson."Whenthemessengerreturns,hesays,"Hesaidhelivesonthewesternsideoftheisland."Isthemessengeratruthtelle

6、rornot?Howcanthevisitorbesure?1. Accordingtothemessenger'sanswer,thevisitorcanconcludethatA. Themessengerlivesonthewesternsideoftheislandbecausehetellsthetruth.B. themessengerlivesontheeasternsideoftheislandbecausehisanswermaybealie.C. it'shardtodeterminewhetherthemessengerisatruthtellerorno

7、t.D. themessengerprobablylivesinthewesternsideoftheislandbecausehisanswermaybetrue.2. Thenativeinthedistancesayshelivesonthewesternsideoftheisland.Accordingtohisanswer,whichconclusionofthefollowingiswrong?A. Hemayliveontheeasternsideoftheisland.B. Hemayliveonthewesternsideoftheisland.C. Hemaybetelli

8、ngthetruth.D.Hecan'tbetellingthetruth.解析：第1题是推测有关信使（近处的当地人）的情况的。我们知道，讲真话的部落住在岛的西部，撒谎的部落住在岛的东部。这个信使去问远方的当地人住在岛的哪一边（东部还是西部）。远方的当地人只能有两种情况，要么住在岛的西部，要么住在岛的东部。假如他住在岛的西部，他就是一个讲真话的人，他就会如实回答他住在西部。假如他住在岛的东部，他就是一个撒谎的人。他本来住在东部，但在回答时，必须要说谎，他只能回答他住在西部。所以远方的当地人不管是住在东部还是西部，他的回答只有一个：我住在西部”。假如信使告诉参观者远方的当地人住在西部，信

9、使无疑是说了真话，那么信使一定是住在岛的西部。反之，假如信使告诉参观者远方的当地人住在东部，那么信使就说了假话，信使肯定住在东部。故此题答案是A。第2题是推测远方的当地人的情况的。从短文提供的信息来看，我们无法判定远方的当地是住在岛的东部还是岛的西部，两种情况都是可能存在的。此题要留意情态动词的语气。A.他可能住在岛的西部”出.他可能住在岛的东部”；C他可能讲了真话上述A、B、C三种情况都是可能的。D.他不可能讲真话”，语气太绝对。推测错误。故答案为D。二、因果推断题要求考生根据已知结果推测导致结果的可能原因。考生要正确把握文章的内涵，理解文章的真正含义。Whentheyoungwaitres

10、snearmyhousestartedsayinghellotomeeveryday,Iwasveryhappy.ShewasatleastfifteenyearsyoungerthanI.Onedayshesignedmetocomenear.WhenIwalkedover,sheasked,“AreyousingleWh,yes."Ianswered,smilingatherhappily.“Soismymother."shesaid,“Wouldyouliketomeether?"1. Thewritertalkedaboutthewaitress'

11、agebecausehethought.A.shewasyoungB.itapleasuretomakefriendswithherC.shewasbeautifulD.itstrangeforhertofallinlovewithhim2. Thewaitresssaidhellotothewritereverydaybecause.A.shelivednearhishouseB.heoftenwenttovisithermotherC.shewantedtobefriendlywithhimD.shelovedhimverymuch解析：这是两道推测原因的题目。女服务员天天向作者示好，作者

12、产生误解，以为女孩对他有意。考虑到他们年龄相差悬殊，作者认为女孩爱上他有点希奇。故第1题答案是Do女孩问作者是否单身，并提到她母亲也是单身，并邀请他与她母亲见面，可见，女孩天天向他问好，目的是想取得他的好感，进而搓和他和她母亲。第2题答案是CoTheentertainmentprofessionor“showbusmessaaytyoungpeople.Unfortunately,onlyveryfewcanhopetobecomefamousandsuccessful.Talentisnotenough,becauseshowbusinessisascompetitiveasanyother

13、business.Withoutagoodmanager,aperformercanneverhopetosucceed.Fashionisimportantinthisbusiness,too.Thebesttailorintheworldwillneverbeasuccessifhemakesold-fashionedclothes.Inexactlythesameway,aperformermustchangehis"act"inordertofollowthetasteofthemoment.Thisistrueforactors,dancersandcomedia

14、ns,butperhapsmostofallsingers."Pop"standsfor“popular"andapopsingerhastoworkveryhardtobecomepopular.Hemusteithergivethepublicwhattheyalreadywant,orhemustfindanewwayofsingingthatwillattracttheirattention.Evenwhenhehassucceeded,andhisrecordsaresoldeverywhere,hecannotrelax.Thenhemustworkh

15、arderthaneverbecausetherearealwaysyoungersingerstryingtobecomefamousandtostealsomeofthepopularity.Thelifeofasuccessfulpopsingerisnotatalleasy.Hecanonlyrelaxwhenheisalone,becauseeverythinghedoesiswatchedandreportedinthespecialnewspaperwrittenforthe“fansThefansarethemostimportantpeopleintheworldforthe

16、singers.Theybuyhisrecords,theygotohisconcertsandtheymakehimrichandfamous.Buttheycanbeveryannoying,too.Sometimestheirenthusiasmgetsohystericalthattheydoanythingtogetasouvenir"移己念品）.Theystealhandkerchiefs,theytearoffbuttons,andtheyevencutoffpiecesoftheunfortunatesinger'shair.Manysingershavebe

17、enforcedtohide.Apopsingerhastospendalotofmoneyonclothes,becausehemustalwayslooksmartoratanyratedifferent.Hemusthavealuxuriouscar.Andmostimportanthemustalwayskeepsmilinglorthebenelliofliispublic,1. Whymustapopsingerhaveagoodmanager?.A.ToprotecthimfromhisfansB.TolookafterhisbusinessinterestsC.Tohelphi

18、mtochangehisDSTthathecanrelax2. Whymustapopsingerworkevenharderwhenhehasbecomefamous?A. BecausehewantstoattracttheattentionofthepublicB. BecausehewantstosellmorerecordsC. BecausehewantstobecomepopularD. Becausehewantstostaypopular解析：1.答案为Bo因果推断题。根据Talentisnotenough,becauseshowbusinessisascompetitive

19、asanyotherbusiness.Withoutagoodmanager,aperformercanneverhopetosucceed我们可以知道，正因为这个行业竞争激烈，所以表演者需要一个好的经纪人。帮助演员策划和安排商业表演活动，协助他的演艺事业的发展。故B项正确。2.答案为D。因果推断题。Thenhemustworkharderthaneverbecausetherearealwaysyoungersingerstryingtobecomefamousandtostealsomeofthepopularity.一个成名演员要更加努力地工作，直接原因文中已有论述，即，表演行业是个竞争

20、十分激烈的行业，新人不断涌现，对成名演员造成很大的压力。那么间接原因是什么？通过前面的分析我们可以推断出成名演员更加买力地工作，是因为他要保持他的名气，延长他的艺术生命。OnceNapoleonstayedinasmallinn.Thenextmorning,hewenttothanktheinnkeeper."You,haveservedmewell,innkeeper,“saidNapoleon."Iwishtorewardyou.Tellmewhatyouwant.“Sirwewantnothing,“saidheinnkeeper."Butwillyout

21、ellussomething?""Whalisit?"Napoleonasked.“Wehaveheardastory."saidtheinnkeeper,“thatonceduringthewar,asmallvillagewtakenbytheRussians.Youhappenedtobeinthevillage.Youhidwhiletheylookedforyou.Willyoutellushowyoufeltwhentheywerelookingforyou?"Napoleonlookedveryangry.Hecalledintw

22、oofhissoldiers.Thenhepointedtothedoor.Thesoldierstooktheinnkeeperandhiswifeoutintotheyard.Attheendoftheyardwasawall.Theinnkeeperandhiswifewereledtothewall.Thesoldierstiedthehandsoftheinnkeeperandhiswife.Napoleonwatched,sayingnothing.“Please,sir."beggedtheinnkeeper,"Don'tkillus!wemeantn

23、othing!"Thesoldiersmovedback.Theinnkeepersawthemraisingtheirguns.ThenNapoleoncalled:"Ready!Aim!"ThewifeNow, you know the answer tcscreamed."Stop!"saidNapoleon.Hewenttotheinnkeeper,questionyouaskedmejustnow,don'tyou?"I.WhydidtheinnkeeperaskNapoleontotellhimhowNapoleo

24、nfeltwhenhewasbeinglookedfor?A. Hewantedtoknowthedifferencebetweenageneralandanordinarypeople.B. HelookeddownuponNapoleon,forhethoughtagreatmanshouldn'tbedefeated.C. Heshowedhissympathy（同情）toNapoleonintimeofdanger.D. Hewasinterestedinother'sfailure,especiallyNapoleon's.2.WhydidNapoleonor

25、deredhismentotiethecouple?A. Becausehewantedtoteachtheinnkeeperagoodlessonforbotheringhim.B. Becausehewantedtokillthecoupletogetridofhisanger.C. Becausehewantedtoshowthathewassoadmiringageneralthatnobodycouldupsethim.D. Becausehewantedtomadetheinnkeeperknowthatagenerallikehimhadthesamefeelingastheor

26、dinarypeopleinfaceofdanger.解析:1.此题为因果推断题。根据"Sir,wewantnothing,"saidtheinnkeeper."Butwillyoutellussomething?"可以看出来，这个店老板问拿破仑这个问题是出于好奇。他想知道作为将军的拿破仑与普通人到底有什么区别。故答案为Ao2.因果推断题。从最后一句话“Now,youknowtheanswertothequestionyouaskedmejustnow,don'tyou?"可以看出拿破仑并不想杀这个店老板，他这样做的目的是想让他体验一下

27、他当时的感受。故可推出面对危险像拿破仑这样的将军与普通人没有什么两样。故答案为D。三、人物性格、态度及观点判定题高考阅读测试中有些是考查考生对作者的主导思想、被描写人物语气、言谈话语中流露的情绪、性格倾向和作者或文中人物态度、观点等方面的理解题。做这一类题时一定要留意：1）由表及里的正确把握字里行间的意思，切勿用自己的主观想法或观点代替作者的思想观点。2）特殊留意那些描写环境气氛的语言，以及表达感情、态度观点的词语。要特殊留意作者在文章中的措词，尤其是表达感情色彩的形容词。风俗习惯等背景知识来识别评价。3）能结合自己平时积累的有关英语国家的文化传统、Awell-knownoldmanwasbe

28、inginterviewedandwasaskedifitwascorrectthathehadjustcelebratedhis99thbirthday,"That'sright,"saidtheoldmaniineyearsold,andNhavtyn'tanenemyintheworld.They'realldead."“Wellsir,"saidtheinterviewer,“Ihopeverymuchtohavethehonorofinterviewingyouonyourhundredthbirthday."

29、The01dman100ksattheyoungmanclosely,andsaid,"Ican'tseewhyyoushouldn't.Y（100kfitandhealthytome!"1. Whatkindofmanwouldyousaytheoldmanwas?A.Hewassilly.B.Hewasunpleasant.C.Hewasveryproudandsureofhishealth.D.Hewasveryimpolitetoyoungpeople.解析：记者希望在老人100岁生日时能再访老人，希望他能活到100岁。而老人故意歧解记者的话（我看不

30、出你明年为什么不能采访我？你似乎还很健康呀！）表现了老人对自己健康状态的自信。答案为CoThreemenwerediscussinghowtodonate（捐献）moneytoGod.Atfirsttheycouldn'tagreewitheachother,thentheyeachtoldhisownidea.Thefirstmansaid:"Let'sdrawasmallcircleonthegroundandthrowcoinshtoground.ThemoneyoutofthecirclebelongstoGod."Thesecondmanadded

31、,“WewilldonatethecoinsinsidethecircletoGodbecauseGodisinourhearts."Thethirdmansaid:"Yourideasarenotbad,butIhaveabetterideathanyours.Let'sthrowcoinsintothesky.ThecoinsthatGodacceptsbelongtohim.SoGodcanacceptasmuchmoneyashecan."Atlast,theyagreedtothelastidea,andtheybegantothrowcoins

32、totheskyhappily.1. Accordingtothepassage,wecandrawaconclusion:A. Allthethreemenwerekindhearted.B. Thethirdmanismoregenerousthantheothertwo.C. NoneofthembelievedinGod.D. Threemenareallstingy（吝啬）people.解析：从三人提的建议看，他们三人都不乐意给上帝捐钱，三人都是吝啬的人，故选Do四、猜测想象推理题有些内容文章中没有明确说明，要求考生根据语篇，对事件可能的结局或下段可能涉及的内容等进行猜测推理。做这类

33、题时应把握作者的写作思路（如文章可能按事件发展的经过描写，也可能按因果关系、对比关系来叙述），从而作出比较科学的、合情合理的猜测。Weareinthecomputerage.Weoftenseecomputersatwork.Theyareespeciallyusefulinautomaticcontrol,dateprocessing（数据处理）andsolvingcomplicatedproblems.Andtheyarefindingtheirwayintothehome.Thepartplayedbycomputersisbecomingevenmoreimportantwitheac

34、hpassingday.Moreandcleverercomputerswillcontinuetoappear.Theywillrunfaster,havemorefunctionsandworkmoreskillfully.Theywilltakeovermoretasksfromus,helpingtochangethefaceofourworld.Somepeopleeventhinkthatsoonerorlatercomputerswillreplaceus.However1. Whichofthefollowingstatementsismostlikelytobetalkeda

35、boutinthethirdparagraph?A. Computerswillsoonstopdeveloping.B. Computersareascleverasman.C. Manypeoplelikecomputersverymuch.D.Idon'tthinkcomputerswillreplaceuscompletely.解析：本文采用了对比关系来描写。前面描写了计算机的优势，但作者用however一词预示将引出相反的观点，答案为DoTherewasiceontheroad,andthedoctor'scarhitatreeandturnedoverthreeti

36、mes.Tohissurprise,hewasnothurt.Hegotoutofthecarandwalkedtothenearesthouse,hewantedtotelephonethegarage（汽车修理厂）forhelp.Thedoorwasopenedbyoneofhispatients.“Oh,Doctor."shesaid,“Ihaveonlyjusttelephonedyou.Youmusthaveaveryfastcar.Youhavegothereveryquicklyindeed.Therehasbeenaverybadaccidentintheroadou

37、tside.Isawitthroughthewindow.Iamsurethedriverwillneedyourhelp".1 .Whichofthefollowingisthemostlikelyreplythedoctorgavethewomanpatientattheendofthestory?A. ”Yes,hedoesneedhelpyourhelp,notmine."B. ”Anotheraccident?I'vejusthadanaccidentmyself?"C. ”Igotyourcallandrushedver.IhopeI'

38、mnottoolate."D. ”Ididn'tgetyourcall.ButI'mhereandhopeIcanhelp".解析：出事故的车恰恰是医生的车，当他听他的病人说出事司机需要帮助时，他会不失幽默地说：是的，他需要帮助，是你的帮助，而不是我的帮助一一他要借用病人家的电话给修车厂打电话。答案是Ao五、写作意图推测题此题型要求考生根据文章的论述，推测作者的写作意图及运用某种写作手法的目的。作者一般不直接陈述自己的意图，而是通过文章所提供的事实和形象，客观地使读者信服某种想法或意见。这种题型要求同学们不但能理解文章的内容，同时还要具备对作者阐述问题的写作

39、方法进行归纳总结和分析的能力。Imaginethatthegenome（基因组）isabook.Thebookconsistsof23chapterswiththousandsofstoriesmadeupofparagraphs,wordsandlettersondifferentlevels.Thereareonebillionwordsinthebook,whichmakesitlongerthan5,000volumesthesizeofthisbook,oraslongas800Bibles.IfIreadthegenomeouttoyouattherateofonewordpers

40、econdforeighthoursaday,itwouldtakemeacentury.IfIwroteoutthehumangenome,oneletterpermillimeter,mytextwouldbeaslongastheRiverDanube.1. Therealpurposeoftheauthor'scomparisonofthegenometoabookis.A. tofocusonthedifferencesbetweenthetwoB. tolayemphasisonthesimilaritiesbetweenthetwoC. tosimplifytheconceptofthehumangenomeD. togiveanexactdescriptionofthehumangenome解析：基因组”是一个非常抽象难懂的科学术语。作者在这里把基因组”比作一本书，使一般读者能通俗形象地了解基因组”的概念。故答案为CoBeldonandCanfieldaretwoseashoretowns,notfarapart.Bothtownshavemanyhotels,andinsummerthehotelsarefullofholidaymakersandothertourists（观光者）.LastAugusttherewasafireatthe