跨文化交际--language-and-culture教学提纲

1、跨文化交际-language-and-cultureWhats language?Language is an organized system using signs that carry intentional meaning from one person to another. P.63When we talk about languages, we are usually talking about organized systems rather than common knowledge. And we often follow the rules.I(S) like (V) y

2、ou (O). Is body language a language?-not a formal language.Human mind is unable to communicate directly with others so that we use signs to represent everything we hope to communicate: spoken signs, written signs, Signs by themselves are meaningless until they represent a specific object, action or

3、idea.language are intentional communication systems rather than unintentional ones. Without intention ,communication is not language. eg: body smells (not a language) there are two factors: sender and audience. The sender is usually referred to as the person producing the message while audience usua

4、lly receive the message. HTML (Hypertext Markup Language ) would not be considered a language.Characteristics of Language Language is symbolicRecount experience/ represent abstract idea Language is rule-governed Language is subjective Language is dynamic and has its own life cycle同志/ 小姐Characteristi

5、cs of Language Language is arbitrary. kangaroo Language is conventional.Please choose the correct meaning of 终身大事a. 工作 b. 事业 c. 婚姻 d. 生死Structure of human languageVerbal intercultural communication Relationship between language and cultureVerbal intercultural communication happens when people from d

6、ifferent cultural backgrounds communicate with each other by using language. Mastering all those rules of language，such as phonology（语音体系）, morphology（词态学）, syntax（句法学） and semantics（语义学）, is still not enough for effective communication, for language and culture cannot be separated. They are intertw

7、ined缠结, shaping each other. Verbal Intercultural Communication Language and culturerelationship between language and cultureLanguage is flesh, and culture is blood.Without culture, language would be dead; without language, culture would have no shape.Communication is the swimming motion, language is

8、 the swimming skill, and Culture is water. Without language, communication would remain to a very limited degree (in very shallow water); Without culture, there would be no communication at all.Relationship between Language and Culture Language is part of culture. Language is the carrier and contain

9、er of culture. Language is influenced and shaped by culture. Language also exerts its influence on culture. Language and culture are closely related.Language and thought Our language helps mould our way of thinking and different languages may probably express our unique ways of understanding the wor

10、ld. Two points in his theory: 1) Language may determine our thinking patterns; 2) similarity between languages is relative, the greater their structural differentiation is, the more diverse their conceptualization of the world will be. The Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis (萨丕尔沃尔夫假说) Linguistic determinism(语言决

11、定论):语言决定思维 Linguistic relativity (语言相对论)：思维相对于语言，思维模式随着语言的不同而不同。Example 1 1. If my language has only one term-brother-in-law- that is applied to my sisters husband, my husbands brother, and my husbands sisters husbands, I am led by my language to perceive all of these relatives in a similar way. Voc

12、abulary, through what it groups together under one label and what it differentiates with different labels, is one way in which language shapes our perception of the world.Example 2 Have you read the Chinese classic the Red Chamber Dream? How did Lin Daiyun and Jia Baoyu relate to Grandma Jia? Did th

13、e old lady love both of them? Did she treat them as if they were equally important to her? If differently, why? Can you find the equivalents for 孙 and 外孙？ 印欧语言：严式语言-严式思维轨迹-构造分析-逻辑演绎-智性精神 汉语：宽式语言-宽式思维轨迹-整体领悟-类比联想-悟性精神 More about the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis The strong version(强式说): Emphasizes the decis

14、ive role of language as the shaper of our thinking patterns The weak version (弱式说): Suggest that there is a correlation between language, culture, and thought, the cross-cultural differences produced in our ways of thinking are relative, rather than categorical.Culture and word meaningCulture and Wo

15、rd MeaningwWord differences are obvious in various languages. The relation between word and its meaning is arbitrary任意的. For example, we live in a house in English, we also live in a casa in Spanish and we still live in a ban in Thai. 2. Corresponding Chinese words cannot always explain the English

16、words. a. Words with different associated meanings Language reflects the environment we live in, history, custom, values and so on, which are diverse in different cultures. So words that refer to the same object may have different associated（联想的） meanings. The culturally-loaded words and expressions

17、 are good examples showing the cultural influence on the meanings of words. Verbal Intercultural Communication English Phoenix(凤凰) Chinese Phoenix(凤凰) Verbal Intercultural Communication Chinese Dragon(龙) English Dragon(龙) Verbal Intercultural Communication b. Words without counterpart in another lan

18、guage Language reflects culture, and cultural diversity leads to the lack of vocabulary equivalence, concept equivalence and experience equivalence. Therefore, there are a lot of words that we fail to find the counterparts in another language. For example, the English word “hippies”, “motel”, we can

19、not find exact counterpart in Chinese. NoImageAmerican Hippies in the 1960s American Motel Word meaningsWord meaning终身大事politicianDenotationPrimarySurfaceExplicitConceptualMost important thing in ones lifeWhose business is politicsConnotationSocio-culturalPersonal associationimplicitAttach to marria

20、geNot keep promises, cheatsDialect in different cultureDifferent town has different dialect. If 2 persons coming from different places do not learn Putonghua , they will confused by separate dialect.Dialects Regional dialectsDialect diversity develops when people are separated geographicallyChinese

21、dialects/ British dialects Social dialectsSocial boundaries and class differences Black English Vernacular - corrupted English?Genderlects Standard and non-standard dialect Stereotype and language attitude He workin.He be workinHe be steady workin.se of aint as a general negative indicator.I didnt g

22、o nowhere, Word-final devoicing of /b/, /d/, and /Word-initially, / is dSocial dialectsWilliam Labov (拉波夫): a famous sociolinguistHe conducted a survey in the City of New York in the middle of 1960s. The objective of his survey was to examine the relationship between speakers social status and their

23、 phonological VARIATIONS.The Social Stratification of English in New York City (1966) 纽约英语的社会阶层性Labov explicitly delineated the patterns of stratification by class and style and successfully introduced class as an indispensable sociolinguistic variable. 调查纽约市内不同阶层的人说英语时使用元音后的r音的情况（保留还是脱落）。元音后r音的保留被认

24、为是社会中上层人士说话的标志genderlect Decide which of the following is possibly spoken by a female: 1. I was so naive. 2. My goodness, theres the vice-chancelor! 3. Shut up. 4. You have done it, havent you? 5. Wont you please get me that glass? 6. Ill be damned, theres a friend of mine. 7. Oh, dear, the cup is b

25、roken. *features for woman language: 1. Women use more “fancy” color terms such as mauve (pale purple) and beige (pale brown); 2. Women use less powerful curse words; 3. Women use more tag questions; 4. Women prefer using hedge (e.g. sort of, I guess) and intensifiers (e.g. so, very, really, absolut

26、ely); 5. Womens linguistic behavior is more indirect and, hence, more polite than mens.Standard and non-standard dialect Standard and non-standard dialect: a standardized dialect : supported by institutions, like government, schools, published grammars, dictionaries, and textbooks True or False“One

27、more prestigious, accepted language dialect” - “any language that are different from the standard dialect is corrupted / broken variety”Language attitude in English the Brummie accent -least intelligent accent. It even scored lower than being silent, an example of the stereotype attached to the Brum

28、mie accent(social snobbery, negative media stereotyping, the poor public image of the City of Birmingham, and the north/south geographical and linguistic divide)Language contactSituation in which groups of speakers of different languages come into contact with one another, e.g., ngeographynconquestn

29、trade Language contact Language contact occurs when two or more languages or varieties interact in the same speech community Language contact is the use of more than one language in the same place at the same timeLanguage Contact-OutcomesWhat happens when cultures with different languages come into

30、contact?A. Widespread bilingualism (usually with code-switching)B. Selection of a lingua franca: Any language used to enable communication between groups of people differing with native languages. (natural or constructed languages)Two possible strategies:(1) Employ an already existing languagea. nat

31、ural (e.g., Swahili, English)b. artificial (e.g., Esperanto)(2) Form new language (Pidgin)Lingua Francaoften capitalized : A lingua franca is a language or way of communicating which is used between people who do not speak one anothers native language. Eg. English is rapidly becoming the lingua fran

32、ca of Asia Latin for European scholars in the 18th century;Arabic for Mid-Asians;French for diplomacy;Putonghua for the minor ethnics in China;English for all the people in the world.Pidgin A reduced language that results from extended contact between groups of people with no language in common; it

33、evolves when they need some means of verbal communication, perhaps for trade, but no group learns the native language of any other group for social reasons that may include lack of trust or of close contact. Pidginfeatures Limited functions of use Adjunct language (no one speaks only a pidgin) Lingu

34、istically simplified Develop their own rules and norms of usageExamples West African Pidgin English Chinook Jargon, Native American, British, & French traders in the Pacific Northwest, 19th c. Solomon Island Pidgin, Solomon Islandsno strict word order single set of pronounsx no complex sentences

35、x no determinersx no grammatical genderx no inflectional morphology plurals: noun + 3rd person pronounExamples of Pidgin vocabularytalk - talk talktalk (chatter) looklook (stare)crycry - cry continually san - sun sansan - sandExamples of Pidgin vocabularyIn Cameroon Pidgin f -to, at, in, for and fro

36、mGif di buk f.Dem dei f chs.Du dis wan f me, a beg.Give the book to meThey are in the churchDo this for me , pleaseSuperstrate: EnglishSubstrate: Oceanic languagesWhat does -im mean?Mino luk-im pikipikibulongiuI notsee-HIM?pigbelongyou(“I didnt see your pig.”)*Mino luk pikipiki bulong iu.Example: So

37、lomon Islands PidginSolomons Pidginintransitive transitiveluklookluk-imsee somethingsutshootsut-imshoot somethingKwaio (Oceanic language)agalookaga-sisee somethingfanashootfana-sishoot somethingExample, continuedPidginHab gat lening kum daun.(Have got raining come down)“There is rain coming down”Tum

38、olo mai no kan kum.(Tomorrow my no can come) “Tomorrow I cant come”Mai no hab kachi basket (My no have catch basket) “I didnt bring a basket.”外国主人回家，看见玻璃窗打碎了，便外国主人回家，看见玻璃窗打碎了，便问仆人缘故，仆人很流利地用问仆人缘故，仆人很流利地用“洋泾浜洋泾浜”回回答：答：“inside（里面）吱吱吱，（里面）吱吱吱，outside（外（外面）喵喵喵，面）喵喵喵，glass（玻璃）克郎当！（玻璃）克郎当！”洋主洋主人一听就乐了，原来是猫抓

39、老鼠闯的祸。人一听就乐了，原来是猫抓老鼠闯的祸。洋行老板让中国司机到大光明电影院买洋行老板让中国司机到大光明电影院买电影票，司机空手而归，指手划脚地告诉老电影票，司机空手而归，指手划脚地告诉老板：板：“Man mountain man sea，today no see，tomorrow see，tomorrow see，same see！”老板也听懂了：人山人海，今老板也听懂了：人山人海，今天看不成了，明天看吧，明天看，还是那个天看不成了，明天看吧，明天看，还是那个影片！影片！43 上海话中的洋泾浜英语上海话中的洋泾浜英语 “蹩脚蹩脚”（BILGE，船底污水，引申为肮脏的、，船底污水，引申为肮脏的、下三滥的、劣质的）下三滥的、劣质的） “大兴大兴”（DASHY，浮华的，华而不实的，引申，浮华的，华而不实的，引申为假的、冒牌的、劣质的）为假的、冒牌的、劣质的） “肮三肮三”（ON SALE，二手货贱卖，引申