材料科学与工程专业英语教材课件汇总完整版ppt全套课件最全教学教程整本书电子教案全书教案合集课件

1、课程简介 共20学时（课堂14学时，课后6学时） 考试：开卷，当堂完成 教材：材料科学与工程专业英语第二版主要内容和课时安排 Introduction to materials science and engineering(4学时) Metallic materials and alloys（4学时） Ceramics（2学时） Polymer（2学时） Composites（2学时） Nanostructured materials（2学时）Part 1 Introduction to materials science and engineering Unit 1 Physical an

2、d chemical properties of materials Unit 2 Mechanical properties of materialsUnit 1 Physical and chemical properties of materials Physical properties are those that can be observed without changing the identity of the substance. The general properties of matter such as color, density, hardness, are e

3、xamples of physical properties. Properties that describe how a substance changes into a completely different substance are called chemical properties. Flammability and corrosion/oxidation resistance are examples of chemical properties. In general, some of the more important physical and chemical pro

4、perties from an engineering material standpoint include phase transformation temperatures, density, specific gravity, thermal conductivity, linear coefficient of thermal expansion, electrical conductivity and resistivity, magnetic permeability, and corrosion resistance, and so on.磁导率磁导率Phase Transfo

5、rmation Temperatures When temperature rises and pressure is held constant, a typical substance changes from solid to liquid and then to vapor. Transitions from solid to liquid, from liquid to vapor, from vapor to solid and visa versa are called phase transformations or transitions. Since some substa

6、nces have several crystal forms, technically there can be solid to another solid from phase transformation. Melting point: the phase transition temperature where a solid changes to a liquidBoiling point: the temperature at which the vapor pressure of a liquid equals 1 atm (101.3 kPa) Some materials,

7、 such as many polymers, do not go simply from a solid to a liquid with increasing temperature. Instead, at some temperature below the melting point, they start to lose their crystalline structure but the molecules remain linked in chains, which results in a soft and pliable material. The temperature

8、 at which a solid, glassy material begins to soften and flow is called the glass transition temperature.Density Mass can be thinly dsitrbuted as in a pillow, or tightly packed as in a block of lead. 质量可以像枕头似地稀疏地分布，也可以像铅那样紧紧地堆积在一起。 The space the mass occupies is its volume, and the mass per unit of v

9、olume is its density. Mass (m) is a fundamental measure of the amount of matter. Weight (w) is a measure of the force exerted by a mass and this force is produced by the acceleration of gravity. Therefore, on the surface of earth, the mass of an object is determined by dividing the weight of an obje

10、ct by 9.8 m/s2 (the acceleration of gravity on the surface of the earth).因此，在地球表面，物体的质量由物体的重量和重力加速度因此，在地球表面，物体的质量由物体的重量和重力加速度所决定。所决定。Since we are typically comparing things on the surface of the earth, the weight of an object is commonly used rather than calculating its mass. The density (r) of a ma

11、terial depends on the phase it is in and the temperature (the density of liquids and gases is very temperature dependent). Water in the liquid state has a density of 1 g/cm3 at 4 . Ice has a density of 0.917 1 g/cm3 at 0 , and it should be noted that this decrease in density for the solid phase is u

12、nusual. For almost all other substances, the density of the solid phase is greater than that of the liquid phase. Water vapor has a density of 0.051 g/cm3. Specific Gravity Specific gravity is the ratio of density of a substance compared to the density of fresh water at 4 . At this temperature the d

13、ensity of water is at its greatest value and equal to 1 g/mL. Since specific gravity is a ratio, so it has no units. An object will float in water if its density is less than the density of water and sink if its density is greater than that of water. Similarly, an object with specific gravity less t

14、han 1 will float and those with a specific gravity greater than 1 will sink. Specific gravity values for a few common substances are Au, 19.3; mercury, 13.6; alcohol, 0.7893; benzene, 0.8786. Note that since water has density of 1 g/cm3, the specific gravity is the same as the density of the materia

15、l measured in g/cm3.Magnetic Permeability Magnetic permeability or simply permeability is the ease with which a material can be magnetized. It is a constant of proportionality that exists between magnetic induction and magnetic field intensity.磁感应强度磁感应强度磁场强度磁场强度 This constant is equal to approximate

16、ly 1.25710-6 Henry per meter (H/m) in free space (a vacuum). In other materials it can be much different, often substantially greater than the free-space value, which is symbolized 0 . 其他材料却截然不同，通常远大于真空值。其他材料却截然不同，通常远大于真空值。 Materials that cause the lines of flux to move farther apart, resulting in a

17、 decrease in magnetic flux density compared with a vacuum, are called diamagnetic. Materials that concentrate magnetic flux by a factor of more than one but less than or equal to ten are called paramagnetic; materials that concentrate the flux by a factor of more than ten are called ferromagnetic. T

18、he permeability factors of some substances change with rising or falling temperature, or with the intensity of the applied magnetic field.Exercises Translate the following into Chinese Phase transformation temperaturesSpecific gravityThermal conductivityThe melting pointThe acceleration of gravityMa

19、gnetic permeabilityMagnetic lines of fluxferromagnetic Translate the following into English 相对密度相对密度 沸点沸点 磁感应磁感应 热导率热导率 玻璃转变温度玻璃转变温度 有色金属有色金属 线性热膨胀系数线性热膨胀系数 单位体积质量单位体积质量Unit 2 Mechanical Properties of Materials The mechanical properties of a material are those ones that involve a reaction to an appl

20、ied load. The common properties considered are strength, ductility, hardness, impact resistance, and fracture toughness. 强度、延展性、硬度、冲击强度、断裂韧性强度、延展性、硬度、冲击强度、断裂韧性 Most structural materials are anisotropic, which means that their material properties vary with orientation. The variation in properties can

21、 be due to directionality in the microstructure (texture) from forming or cold working operation, the controlled alignment of fiber reinforcement and a variety of other causes. Mechanical properties are generally specific to product form such as sheet, plate, extrusion, casting, forging, and etc. Ad

22、ditionally, it is common to see mechanical property listed by the directional grain structure of the material. In products such as sheet and plate, the rolling direction is called the longitudinal direction, the width of the product is called the transverse direction, and the thickness is called the

23、 short transverse direction. longitudinal lnditju:dinl 轴向轴向 Transverse trnsv:s 横向横向 The mechanical properties of a material are not constant and often change as a function of temperature, rate of loading , and other conditions. For example, temperatures below room temperature generally cause an incr

24、ease in strength properties of metallic alloys; while ductility, fracture toughness, and elongation usually decrease. Temperatures above room temperature usually cause a decrease in the strength properties of metallic alloys. Ductility may increase or decrease with increasing temperature depending o

25、n the same variables It should be also be noted that there is often significant variability in the values obtained when measuring mechanical properties. Seemingly identical test specimen from the same lot of materials will often produce condsideralbe different results. Therefore, multiple tests are

26、commonly conducted to determine mechanical properties and values reported can be an average value or calculated statistical minimum value. Also, a range of values is sometimes reported in order to show variability.loading The application of a force to an object is known as loading. Materials can be

27、subjected to many different loading scenarios and a materials performance is depent on the loading conditions. There are five fundamental loading conditions: tension, compression, bending, shear, and torsion. scenarios:情况情况 情节情节 Tension is the type of loading in which the two sections of material on

28、 either side of a plane tend to be pulled apart or elongated. Compression is the reverse of tensile loading and involves pressing the material together. Loading by bending involves applying a load in a manner that causes a material to curve and results in compressing the material on one side and str

29、etching it on the other. Shear involves applying a load parallel to a plane which caused the material on one side of the plane to want to slide across the material on the other side of the plane. Torsion is the application of a force that causes twisting in a material. If a material is subjected to

30、a constant force, it is called static loading. If the loading of the material is not constant but instead fluctuates, it is called dynamic or cyclic loading. The way a material is loaded greatly affects its mechanical properties and largely determines how, or if, a component will fail; and whether i

31、t will show warning signs before failure actually occurs.Stress The term stress (S ) is used to express the loading in terms of force applied to a certain cross-sectional area of an object. From the perspective of loading, stress is the applied force or system of forces that tends to deform a body.

32、From the perstective of what is happening within a material, stress is the internal distribution of forces within a body that balance and react to the loads applied to it. The stress distribution may or may not be uniform, depending on the nature of the loading condition. For example, a bar loaded i

33、n pure tension will essentially have a uniform tensile stress distribution. However, a bar loaded in bending will have a stress distribution that changes withDistance perpendicular to the normal axis.垂直的Strain Strain is the response of a system to an applied stress. When a material is loaded with a

34、force, it produces a stress, which then causes a material to deform. Engineering strain is defined as the amount of deformation in the direction of the applied force divided by the initial length of the material. The results in a unitless number, although it is often left in the unsimplified form, s

35、uch as inches per inch or meters per meter.工程应变可定义为：所施加力方向上的材料的改变工程应变可定义为：所施加力方向上的材料的改变量与材料原始长度的比值量与材料原始长度的比值 For example, the strain in a bar that is being stretched in tension is the amount of elongation or change in length divided by its original length. As in the case of stress, the strain distr

36、ibution may or may not be uniform in a complex structural element, depending on the nature of the loading condition. If the stress is small, the material may only strain a small amount and the material will return to its original size after the stress is released. This is called elastic deformation,

37、 because of liking elastic, it returns to its unstressed state. Elastic deformation only occurs in a material when stresses are lower than a critical stress called the yield strength. If a material is loaded beyond it elastic limit, the material will remain in a deformed condition after the load is

38、removed. This is called plastic deformation.Tensile properties Tensile properties indicate how the material will react to forces being applied in tension. A tensile test is a fundamental mechanical test where a carefully prepared specimen is loaded in a very controlled manner while measuring the app

39、lied load and the elongation of the specimen over some distance. Tensile tests are used to determine the modulus of elasticity, elastic limit, elongation, proportional limit, reduction in area, tensile strength, yield point, yield strength and other tensile properties.拉伸试验是一种基本的力学测试，它是对所制备好的拉伸试验是一种基

40、本的力学测试，它是对所制备好的样品施加一种可以控制的负荷，来测量所施加的负荷样品施加一种可以控制的负荷，来测量所施加的负荷和在一段距离内样品的拉长。和在一段距离内样品的拉长。Hardness Hardness is the resistance of a material to localized deformation. The term can apply to deformation from indentation, scratching, cutting or bending. In metals, ceramics and most polymers, the deformatio

41、n considered is plastic deformation of the surface. For elastomers and some polymers, hardness is defined at the resistance to deformation of the surface. The lack of a fundamental definition indicates that hardness is not be a basic property of a material, but rather a composite one with contributi

42、ons from the yield strength, work hardening, true tensile strength, modulus, and other factors. Hardness measurements are widely used for the quality control of materials because they are quick and considered to be nondestructive tests when the marks or indentations produced by the test are in low s

43、tress areas.Toughness The ablity of a metal to deform plastically and to absorb energy in the process before fracture is termed toughness. The emphasis of this definition should be placed on the ablity to absorb energy before fracture. Recall that ductility is a measure of how much something deforms

44、 plastically before fracture, but just because a material is ductile does not make it tough. The key to toughness is a good combination of strength and ductility. A material with high strength and high ductility will have more toughness than a material with low strength and high ductility. Therefore

45、, one way to measure toughness is by calculating the area under the stress strain curve from a tensile test. This value is simply called “material toughness” and it has units of energy per volume. Material toughness equates to a slow absorption of energy by the material. Exercises Translate the foll

46、owing into Chinesethe service life the longitudinal directionthe transverse directiondynamic or cyclic loadingthe initial length of the material elastic deformationplastic deformationlocalized doformation Translate the following into English实验样品实验样品 静负荷静负荷 作用力作用力垂直轴垂直轴 工程应变工程应变 临界应力临界应力屈服强度屈服强度 应力面积

47、应力面积 应力应力-应变曲线应变曲线Part Metallic Materials and AlloysUnit 3 Metals and Their ApplicationsIntroduction to Metals and Alloys In chemistry, a metal is defined as an element that readily loses electrons to form positive ions (cations) and forms metallic bonds between other metal atmos (forming ionic bond

48、s with non-metals). The metals of the periodic table are formally defined as lithium, beryllium, sodium, magnesium, aluminium, potassium, calcium, scandium, titanium, vanadium, chromium, zirconium, niobium, molybdenum, technetium, ruthenium, rhodium, palladium, silver, cadmium, indium, tin, antimony

49、, caesium, barium, lanthanum, hafnium, tantalum, tungsten, rhenium, osmium, iridium, platinum, gold, mercury, thallium, lead and bismuth.berilim 铍铍liim 锂锂sudim 钠钠mgni: zim 镁镁.ljuminim 铝铝ptsim 钾钾klsim 钙钙skndim钪钪taiteinim 钛钛vneidim 钒钒krumim 铬铬z:kunim 锆锆naiubim 铌铌mlibdinm钼钼tekni:im 锝锝 Tcru:i:nim 钌钌rudi

50、m 铑铑pleidim 钯钯silv 银银kdmim 镉镉indim 铟铟tin 锡锡ntimni 锑锑si:zim 铯铯brim 钡钡lnnm镧镧hfnim铪铪tntlm 钽钽tstn 钨钨ri:nim 铼铼zmim 锇锇airidim 铱铱pltinm 铂铂m:kjuri 汞汞lim 铊铊li:d 铅铅bizm 铋铋 Metals are sometimes described as a lattice of positive ions surrounded by a cloud of delocalized electrons. Metals are one of the three g

51、roups of elements as distinguished by their ionization and bonding properties, along with the metalloids and nonmetals. ionization：.ainaizein,.ainzein离离子化，电离子化，电离 metalloid: metlid,metl.id 类金属类金属 An alternative definition of metals is that they have overlapping conduction bands and valence bands in

52、their electronic structure. This definition opens up the category for metallic polymers and other organic metals, which have been made by researchers and employed in high-tech devices. These synthetic materials often have the characteristic silvery-grey reflectiveness (luster) of elemental metals.Ca

53、tegories Base metal In chemistry, the term “base metal ” is used informally to a metal that oxidizes or corrodes relatively easily, and reacts variably with dilute hydrochloric acid (HCl) to form hydrogen. Examples include iron, nickel, lead and zinc. Copper is considered a base metal as it oxidizes

54、 relatively easily, although it does not react with HCl. It is commonly used in opposition to noble metal. In alchemy, a base metal was a common and inexpensive metal, as opposed to precious metals, mainly gold and silver. A longtime goal of the alchemists was the transmutation of base metals into p

55、recious metals. In numismatics, coins used to derive their value primarily from the precious metal content. Most modern currencies are fiat currency, allowing the coins to be made of base metal. Ferrous metal: The term “ferrous” is derived from the latin word meaning “containing iron”. This can incl

56、ude pure iron, such as wrought iron, or an alloy such as steel. Ferrous metals are often magnetic, but not exclusively. wrought r:t iron: 熟铁熟铁 Noble metal: Noble metals are ones that are resistant to corrosion or oxidation, unlike most base metals. They tend to be precious metal, often due to percei

57、ved rarity. Examples include tantalum, gold, platinum and rhodium. Ta, Au, Pt, Rh Precious metal: A precius metal is a rare metallic chemical element of high economic value. Chemically, the precious metals are less reactive than most elements, have high luster and high electrical conductivity. Histo

58、rically, precious metals were improtant as currency, but are now regarded mainly as investment and industrical commodities. The demand for precious metals is driven not only by their pratical use, but also by their role as investments and a store of value. Palladium was, as of summer 2006, valued at

59、 a little under half the price of gold, and platinum at around twice that of gold. Silver is substantially less expensive than thses metals, but is often traditionally considered a precious metal for its role in coinage and jewelry.Extraction Metals are often extracted from the Earth by means of min

60、ing, resulting in ores that are relatively rich sources of the requisite elements. Ore is located by prospecting techniques, followed by the exploration and examination of deposits. Mineral sources are generally divided into surface mines, which are mined by excavation using heavy equipment, and sub