系解笔记四肢骨 颅骨

1、教学内容：四肢骨目的要求：1. 掌握四肢骨的组成、位置。2. 熟悉腕骨、跗骨的名称和排列，髋骨的组成，四肢骨的重要骨性标志。3. 了解四肢骨各骨的一般形态。四肢骨 The Bones of Limbs一、上肢骨 Bones of upper limbsComposition:上肢带骨Should girdle 锁骨Clavicle 2×1 肩胛骨Scapula 2×1自由上肢骨Bones of free upper limbin arm： 肱骨Humerus 2×1 in forearm： 桡骨Radius 2×1 尺骨Ulna 2×1in h

2、and： 腕骨Carpal 2×8 掌骨Metacarpals 2×5 指骨Phalanges 2×141.锁骨 Clavicle锁骨骨折多在中、外1/3交界处2.肩胛骨Scapula喙突Coracoid process 关节盂Glenoid cavity 肩峰Acromion 肩胛冈Spine of scapula下角：平对第7肋或第7肋间隙，是计数肋的标志3.肱骨HumerusThe upper end ：肱骨头Head of humerus 大结节Greater tubercle 小结节Lesser tubercle The shaft ：桡神经沟Sulcu

3、s for radial nerve 三角肌粗隆Deltoid tuberosity The lower end ：肱骨小头Capitulum of humerus 肱骨滑车Trochlea of humerus外上髁Lateral epicondyle 内上髁Medial epicondyle 尺神经沟Sulcus for ulnar nerve 鹰嘴窝Olecranon fossa 4.桡骨Radius和尺骨Ulnar桡骨粗隆Radial tuberosity 茎突Styloid process 鹰嘴Olecranon冠突Coronoid process 滑车切迹Trochlear not

4、ch 尺骨粗隆Ulnar tubersity尺骨茎突Styloid process 5.手骨Bones of the hand(腕骨Carpal bones+掌骨Metacarpal bones+指骨Phalanges of fingers)腕骨Carpal bones：舟月三豆, 大小头钩Proximal row (lateral to medial)： 手舟骨Scaphoid 月骨Lunate 三角骨Triquetral 豌豆骨PisiformDistal row (lateral to medial)： 大多角骨Trapezium 小多角骨Trapezoid 头状骨Capitate 钩骨

5、Hamate掌骨Metacarpal bones指骨Phalanges of fingers近节指骨Proximal phalanx 中节指骨Middle phalanx 远节指骨Distal phalanx二、下肢骨 Bones of Lower limbsComposition:下肢带骨Pelvic girdle 髋骨Hip bone 2×1 自由下肢骨Bones of free lower limbin thigh：股骨Femur 2×1 髌骨Patella 2×1 in leg： 胫骨Tibia 2×1 腓骨Fibula 2×1in f

6、oot： 跗骨Tarsal bones 2×7 跖骨Metatarsal bones 2×5 趾骨Phalanges of toes 2×141.髋骨Hip bone: 由髂骨ilium 、耻骨pubis和坐骨ischium组成髋臼Acetabulum 闭孔Obturator foramen髂嵴Iliac crest 髂前上棘Anterior superior iliac spine 髂前下棘Anterior inferior iliac spine 髂结节Tubercle of iliac crest坐骨大、小切迹Greater/Lesser sciatic n

7、otch 坐骨棘Ischial spine 坐骨结节Ischial tuberosity 耻骨结节Pubic tubercle 耻骨嵴Pubic crest 耻骨联合面Symphysial surface2.股骨Femur Upper end: 大转子Greater trochanter 小转子Lesser trochanter 转子间线Intertrochanteric line 转子间嵴Intertrochanteric crest Shaft: Lower end: 内、外侧髁Medial / Lateral condyles 内、外上髁Medial / Lateral epicondy

8、les 收肌结节Adductor tubercle 3.髌骨Patella4.胫骨Tibia 胫骨粗隆Tibial tuberosity 内踝Medial malleolus 5.腓骨Fibula 外踝Lateral malleolus 6.足骨Bones of the foot (跗骨Tarsal bones+跖骨Metatarsal bones+趾骨Phalanges of toes)跗骨Tarsal bones: 距上跟下，舟连三楔，骰在外Posterior row: 距骨Talus 跟骨Calcaneus Intermediate row: 足舟骨Navicular boneAnter

9、ior row (medial to lateral):内侧楔骨Medial cuneiform bone中间楔骨Intermediate cuneiform bone 外侧楔骨Lateral cuneiform bone骰骨Cuboid bone思考题：简述上、下肢骨的组成。说出腕骨的排列和名称。名词： 桡神经沟 髂结节 坐骨结节教学内容：颅骨分论目的要求：1. 掌握颅骨的区分，脑颅骨的组成。2. 熟悉面颅骨的组成，颅骨的重要骨性标志。3. 了解颅骨各骨的一般形态。颅骨 Bones of the skull (cranium)组成: 脑颅骨Cerebral cranium (8)： 形成颅腔

10、，容纳脑. 面颅骨 Facial cranium (15)：形成面部支架.一、脑颅骨Cerebral cranium Composition:Unpaired bones: 额骨Frontal bone 筛骨Ethmoid bone 蝶骨Sphenoid bone 枕骨Occipital bone Paired bones: 颞骨Temporal bone 顶骨Tarietal bone 前额(1)后枕(1)中央蝶(1) ，上盖顶骨(2)两侧颞(2) ，筛骨(1)额中切1.额骨Frontal bone：分为额鳞、眶部和鼻部2.筛骨Ethmoid bone：分为筛板、垂直板和筛骨迷路(筛窦)垂直

11、板Perpendicular plate 筛板Cribriform plate上鼻甲Superior nasal concha 中鼻甲Middle nasal concha3.蝶骨Sphenoid bone分为蝶骨体sphenoid body、大翼greater wing、小翼lesser wing和翼突pterygoid process.视神经管Optic canal 垂体窝Hypophysial fossa 眶上裂Superior orbital fissure圆孔Foramen rotundum 卵圆孔Foramen ovale 棘孔Foramen spinosum翼管Pterygoid

12、 canal4.颞骨Temporal bone：分为鳞部squamous part 、鼓部tympanic part和岩部petrous part .弓状隆起Arcuate eminence 三叉神经压迹Trigeminal impression内耳门Internal acoustic pore 乳突Mastoid process 茎突Styloid process 下颌窝 Mandibular fossa 关节结节Articular tubercle 外耳门External acoustic pore5.枕骨Occipital bone：分为基底部、枕鳞和两侧部 枕骨大孔Foramen magnum 枕髁Occipital condyle6.顶骨Parietal bone二、面颅骨Facial craniumComposition:Paired bones： 上颌骨Maxilla 腭骨Palatine bone 颧骨Zygomatic bone鼻骨Nasal bones 泪骨Lacrimal bones 下鼻甲Inferior nasal conchaUnpaired bones： 犁骨Vomer 下颌骨Mandible 舌骨Hyoid bone上颌鼻泪颧甲腭，