系统功能语法Functional Approach

1、FUNCTIONAL APPROACHXXX 2022-5-1Outline Introduction about functional approach Representative-Halliday Key points about Systemic Functional Grammar2022-5-1Introduction A functional model of language emphasizes meaning and how language is involved in the construction of meaning. A functional model of

2、language describes how language operates at the text level, not at the level of individual words and sentences in isolation. M.A.K. Halliday (1925- ) has developed the ideas stemming from Firths theories in the London School.2022-5-12022-5-1 His Systemic- Functional (SF) Grammar is a sociologically

3、oriented functional linguistic approach and one of the most influential linguistic theories in the 20th century, having great effect on various disciplines related to language, such as language teaching, sociolinguistics, discourse analysis, stylistics, and machine translation.2022-5-1 Systemic - Fu

4、nctional Grammar has two components: Systemic Grammar and Functional Grammar.2022-5-1 Systemic grammar aims to explain the internal relations in language as a system network, or meaning potential. And this network consists of subsystems from which language users make choices. 2022-5-1 Functional gra

5、mmar aims to reveal that language is a means of social interaction, based on the position that language system and the forms that make it up are inescapably determined by the uses or functions which they are serve.2022-5-1 Halliday defines a functional grammar as “essentially a natural grammar, in t

6、he sense that everything in it can be explained. Halliday interprets language development from a functional point of view and formulates a functional theory of language. 2022-5-1Childrens model of language (1) the instrumental function; (2) the regulatory function; (3) the interactional function; (4

7、) the personal function; (5) the heuristic function; (6) the imaginative function; (7) the informative function.Metafunctions123Ideational functionInterpersonal functionTextual functionIdeational function(概念功能）概念功能） The function in which we conceptualize the world for our own benifit and that of oth

8、ers is called ideational function. We use language to talk about our experience of the world, including the world in our minds, to describe events and states and the entities involved in them. 概念功能就是向听话人传递新信息Ideational functionIdeational functionTransitivity(及物及物性系统）性系统）Voice（语态）（语态） The transitivit

9、y function not only specifies the available options in meaning but also determines the nature of their structural realisations.Ideational functionJohn built a new houseActor(动作者）：动作者）：JohnProcess (过程）：过程）：Material (物质过程）：物质过程）：Creation（创造）：（创造）：builtGoal (目标）：目标）：Affected（受影响者）：（受影响者）：a new houseTra

10、nsitivity（及物性系统）（及物性系统）BDFACEmaterial Process(John kicked the ball.)mental process(John likes Mary.)relational process(John is on the sofa.)behavioural process(John laughed.)verbal process(John said it is cold outside.)existential process( There is a cat on the mat.)Ideational function1 Material pro

11、cess are those in which something is done. Action verb(动态动词）;Actor（动作者）;Goal of the action（动作的目标）2Mental process: perception;reaction;cognition Senser(感觉者）& Phenomenon（被感觉者）3Relational process： Attributive:It express what attributes a certain object has, or what type it belongs to. Identifying: It e

12、xpresses the identical properties of two entities.These two relations can be further classfied into Intensive(内包），Circumstance（环境）, Possessive(所有）。Ideational functionVerbal process are those of exchanging information. Commonly used verbs aresay, tell, talk, praise ,boast, describe,etc.In these proce

13、ss the main participants are Sayer（讲话者）,Receiver（受话者）,and Verbiage（讲话内容）.5 Behavioural process refer to physiological and psychological behaviour such as breathing, coughing, smiling, laughing, crying, staring and dreaming,etc. Generally only one participant, Behaver（行为者）,often a human, is involved

14、in this kind of process, much like the Mental Process.6 Existential Process represent that something exists or happens. In every Existential Process, there is an Existent(存在物）Interpersonal Function(人际功能）人际功能）The Interpersonal Function embodies all uses of language to express social and personal rela

15、tions. This includes the varies ways the speaker enters a speech situation and performs a speech act.人际功能包括了表达社会和个人关系的所有语言使用。包括讲话者进入话语情景并做出言语行为的所有方式。Interpersonal FunctionInterpersonal function is realised by Mood and Modality.MoodSubject:noun;noun phrase;clauseFinite:auxiliary verbs;modal verbsthat

16、 teapotthe dukehasgivento my aunt last yearAdjunct 补足语Subject 主语Finite 限定成分Predicator谓语Adiunct 附加语Residue剩余成分Mood语气Residue剩余成分Interpersonal Function According to Halliday, of the various speech roles, two are the most basic :giving (给予）给予）and taking（求取）（求取）. In interpersonal communications, the comm

17、odities exchanged can also fall into two kinds: good s - & - s e r v i c e s （ 物 品 及 服 务 ）（ 物 品 及 服 务 ） a n d information（信息）（信息）. Thus, speech roles and commodities exchanged make up four principal speech roles: offer（提供）（提供）, command（命令）（命令）, statement（陈述）（陈述）, and question（提问）（提问）.Interpersonal F

18、unction交际角色交际角色 物品及服务物品及服务信息信息给予提供Would you like this teapot?陈述Hes giving her the teapot.求取命令Give me the teapot! 提问What is he giving her?交换物交换物 When the two variables are taken together, they define the four primary speech functions of offer, command, statement and question. These, in turn ,are matc

19、hed by a set of desired responses: accepting an offer, carrying out a command, acknowledging a statement and answering a question, as are in the following table of “Speech Functions and Responses”（言语功能及反映）initiation起始起始expected response期待的反映期待的反映discretionary alternative 自自由选择由选择give goods-&-service

20、s给予物品和服务offer提供acceptance 接受rejection退回demand goods-&-services求取物品和服务command命令undertaking执行refusal拒绝give information给予信息statement 陈述acknowledge-ment认可contradiction驳回demand information求取信息 question 提问answer回答disclaimer拒答Interpersonal FunctionTextual Function(语篇功能）语篇功能）The Textual function refers to t

21、he fact that language has mechainisms to make any stretch of spoken or written discourse into a coherent and unified text and make a living passage different from a randon list of sentences.语篇功能是指语言中有一种机制，可以将任何一段口头或书面的话语组织成连贯统一的篇章，使一个活的言语信息片段区别与一堆随机排列的句子。 Textual Function1The textual function provid

22、es the remaining strands of meaning potential to be woven into fabric of linguistic structure.语篇功能将意义潜势融入语言结构的组织之中。语篇功能将意义潜势融入语言结构的组织之中。2 The textual function can highlight certain parts of the text.语篇功能还可以突出强调语篇的某些部分。语篇功能还可以突出强调语篇的某些部分。Mary had a very bad cold last week. Mary went to the doctor. Th

23、e docto said there was nothing serious.The doctor gave Mary some medicine. The doctor told Mary to take a rest for a few days. Mary took some medicine. Mary took the doctors advice. Mary got better on the third day. Mary atarted to work on the third day.Mary had a very bad cold last week and went to the doctor. The doctor said there was nothing serious, gave her some medicine, and told her to take a rest for a few days. She took the medicine and his advice, got better on the third day, and started to work right away.Authority I respe