徐绽考研阅读理解与作文讲义

1、 讲义提前看暑期强化徐绽考研阅读理解第一部分 十大解题思路一、细节题标志：1、题干上有五W一H提问，2、题干中明确的会提到时间、地点、人物或者事物等细节信息。3、有可能针对文章中的一句话或者几句话发问。4、题干和选项有可能考察一种因果关系。5、解题关键：返回原文，准确定位。做题：做题依据一定要紧扣文章本身返回原文：1、可以根据题干所列的地点、时间、人物、事物返回原文。2、根据出题的顺序返回原文。3、根据题干中或四个选项中的重点词，或同义词返回原文。4、通过长难句返回原文。二、句子理解题1、标志：题干中明确指出是原文中的某句话，重要的不是上下文，而是句子本身。2、步骤：（1）重点是返回原文，对该

2、句子进行语法、句法、词法的精准解析。正确（不能推）理解该句子的深刻含义。（2）若该句话的含义不能确定，则适当依据上下文进行判断。局部含义有整体含义决定。（3）一般来说，选项中的正确答案与原句是同义关系，只不过用其他短语表达。3、错误选项特征：推的过远，做题时注意把握理解度。4、正确选项不包含过于绝对化的词语。三、主旨大意题1、标志：best title main idea main problem conclusion mainly disguss mainly deal with或者问作者的写作目的purpose the author intends to do sth a digest o

3、f利用宏观阅读技巧作主旨题，不管是出现在什么位置，都把他作为最后一题来做。2、方法：（1）段落少，用串线法。(2）快速作文法：两个选项难以分辨的时候，用这两个选项做作文，快速给出纲。3、选项不能选择局部信息，也不能选范围过宽的信息。四、态度题1、标志：题干中出现attitude believe consider deam regard2、作者态度可以分为三大类：（1）正态度：支持，乐观，赞同（2）客观、中立、公正（3） 反对、批评、怀疑3、等价选项都不选4、有些选项一定不是正确答案（永陪选项）：indifferent（漠不关心）；subjective（主观的）biased（有偏见的）；puzz

4、led（迷惑不解的）5、识别作者态度：方法一：可以根据作者论述的主线及举例的方式进行判断。方法二：当作者态度没有明确提出时，找文章中有褒贬含义，含有感情 色彩的词。6、特别注意作者的态度一般与文章中心相联系。做题时不要把自己的态度纳入其中，而且要注意区分作者的态度和作者引用别人的态度。五、态度题的新趋势：1、现在题目的考察不仅仅局限于作者的态度，也开始考察文章中某人的观点和态度，做题时特别应该注意看清楚题目考察的是谁对谁的态度。2、选项可能不在是态度明确的肯定或者否定的词，而是改为带有程度限制的词语，带有如下词语的选项往往是正确的：quarded慎重的，qualified有条件的，temper

5、ed缓和的，因为带有保留态度的观点比较客观，一般带有绝对化或者过于强烈的刺绣是的选项必然是错误的，如：strongly completely entirely六、推理题1、标志：往往出现infer imply learn2、解题关键：（1）绝大多数推理题答案是文章中心或原文某句话的同义表达。正确答案与原文之间基本上不存在推理关系。（2）做题时看是否可以通过题干返回原文，或者依据选项返回原文，一般围绕文章中的一两个重点句进行思考，特别注意文章中含义深刻或者结构复杂的句子。因为对作者所表达的意思不能一下子理解的长难句是命题所在。尤其注意：做题时不能想的太多，推的太远，是否能把原文看懂才是关键。七、

6、例证题的解题思路1、标志：example exemplify illustration demonstration 2、解题关键：不在于是否看懂了例子，而在于是否找到了例子所支持的观点。3、步骤：（1）返回原文，找出该例子支持的观点。80%向上，20%向下（2）在四个选项中寻找与找到的论点表达最一致，意思最接近的一个。注意：有时候例证题所支持的观点需要归纳总结。4、错误答案的论述方式：混淆论点与论据；列举无关常识。八、判断题1、标志：which of the following statement is not ture? All of the following is ture except

7、.2、 思路：（1）首先判断是三对一错还是三错一对，所谓对是符合原文或者符合作者态度的。所谓错是指原文有矛盾或者原文未提及的概念，或者与作者态度相反的内容。（2）每个选项力争返回原文，与原文信息进行一一比较排除（3）注意这种题目的选项，有时候会集中于某段的信息或者各具一些共同特征，所以做题时可以先对比一下四个选项，找出其中可能存在的共同点，再回到原文定位。九、词汇题1、标志：在题目中明确指出某处的单词或者词组，要求辨别其意思。2、关键：该单词并不重要，重要的是上下文。3、如果该单词认识，并且不超纲，那么他的字面意思绝对不是正确答案。其正确答案是根据上下文推出的更深层的含义，该含义也许与原单词表

8、面意思没有关系。4、方法借助上下文理解，在上下文中寻找同性词或词组，利用上下文中逻辑关系将四个选项代入替换，看语义是否通顺。十、指代题1、标志：在题干中明确指出某个代词要求辨别it that one they2、步骤：（1）返回原文，定位代词，并且准确理解分析该句话。（2）向上搜索离其最近的名词、短语、句子。（3）将找到的词，短语，句子带入替换，看是否通顺。（4）在四个选项中，找与找到的词最接近的选项。第二部分 八大宏观阅读技巧一、花开两朵，各表一枝写作的模式一般是开始提出两个核心概念，随后分段论述。阅读这种类型的文章，关键是要把握两个概念的定义以及它们的区别于联系。二、问题答案型改写作模式往

9、往是在第一段出现一个问题，在随后的各段提供该问题的答案。阅读时重点理解该文章的中心，其中心就是该问题的最直接最主要的答案三、时文特点：耸人听闻，吸引眼球；貌似客观，内涵态度；抛砖引玉，一起争论阅读时文时，把握时文的中心出现在手段的末句，或者二段的首句。四、独句段出现一个句子单独成段，特别是其出现在文章开始或者结尾，一般其表达的是文章的中心思想。若位于文章中间部分一般是承上启下的作用。五、开门见山文章的写作特点是：直接给出观点，摆出事实论据，进行推理论证，每段都紧扣文章的主题。六、启承传合阅读时要抓住论点，区分论点合论据的关系，因为题目设计往往围绕论点进行，并要注意把握文章首尾的前后呼应关系。七

10、、平铺直叙事实合观点交叉出现，在字里行间达到阐明观点的目的，需要大家综合各段内容，通过分析和归纳判断。八、层层递进一篇文章的整体，或者几个段落论述的问题，由从抽象到具体，从初级到高级，从简单到复杂的过程，且各段从开始都出现递进词，阅读时注意把握这种文章的中心，或几段的核心。观点必然出现在层层递进各段的最后一段。第三部分 五大微观阅读技巧一、虚拟语气1、作者写作时采用虚拟语气，一般表示建议、态度、和观点，用来表达一种反事实的假设。2、阅读时，重点要体会作者利用反话正说，正话反说所传递的言外之意。二、长难句1、主句，从句多又长，一个主句带多个从句，从句又含从句2、方法：（1）先抓整句话的主干，从前

11、向后读句子，找出独立的谓语部分，把握复杂句中，最核心的主谓宾语，再根据从句的连接词，区分主从句，层层扩展进行理解。3、分词短语、to do结构，独立主格的干扰注意理解主句最完整的特征就是有完整的主谓结构，尤其是独立的主谓语部分，一个看似句子的结构，如果没有独立的诸位部分，它不是句子，而是分词短语、to do结构，独立主格。三、长难句基本语法结构1、形式主语或宾语2、强调句结构3、非限制性定语从句4、同位语从句5、倒装结构6、省略句四、标点符号的作用1、句号：用来分割句子，以句子为单位把一个长的段落切分成为不同的句型。2、逗号：两个逗号之间，或者一个逗号之后是用是一个补充说明成分，可以先不看。3

12、、冒号：冒号前后是从抽象到具体的过程，后面进一步是具体补充说明前面的内容。4、分号前后是并列关系，包括结构上并列和语义上的并列。5、破折号：两个破折号之间或者一个破折号之后是补充说明成分，可以先不看。6、引号：一种作用是用来引用别人的观点，用来支持作者观点，或者是作为批判的对象。一种是说反话，表示反语。7、括号：补充说明的作用。五、类比关系1、类比，引用，举例都是为了要说明观点，阅读时可以把类比看做特殊的例证，重点是要找出作者所支持的观点。2、阅读的时候注意识别一下类比的核心概念，作者把什么比喻成了什么，也就是类比或者比喻的对象。第四部分 其他一、阅读三个步骤：1、通读全文，把握中心 2、仔细

13、审题，返回原文 3、重叠选项，得出答案二、从五个角度精读：1、抓住文章的中心，和论述的宏观结构。（泛读）2、认真把握各段大意，争取用12个词或者短语概括其意，并把意义相近的段合并成为一个整体。3、以段为单位，对文章进行更加深入的分析，也就是对单词，词组的背诵以及对长句的精确翻译，整文的朗读和背诵。4、佳句摘录，模仿写作。5、换位思考，分析出题人为什么选这样的文章，难度在哪里，论述的结构是什么。并对每一个选项都精确分析，找出正确答案在文中的出处。三、错误选项的十大特征：1、无中生有，乃原文中未提及的概念2、正反混淆3、所答非所问（选项符合原文，但是不符合题干）4、扩大范围5、因果倒置6、常识判断

14、（符合常识的不一定是正确答案，但是不符合常识的一定不是正确答案）7、过分绝对。（never must no+名词，若有缓和就不是错误的）8、推的过远9、变换词性10、偷换概念四、正确答案五大特征：1、正确答案通常与文章中心思想，主旨大意有关。2、正确答案所在位置（1）首段段尾句（2）转折处（3）因果关系处（4）条件关系处3、正确答案设置的特点往往利用同义词的替换，或者正话反说，反话正说。4、正确答案从语义上去理解经常含有不肯定的语气词和委婉表达的词：can may might尤其是推理题的答案常这样设置，以显示推理题所论述含义的相对性。5、正确答案具有概括性，深刻性，因为其考查的对象是阅读文章

15、的重点和要点。五、遇到难的单词时：A、如果影响到文章的理解时要要根据上下文进行判断。B、不影响整体理解时可直接跳过，重要的是要相信自己能读懂。六、关键的句子读不懂时关键的句子读不懂时，首先从结构角度进行缩句，找出独立的谓语动词可以帮助理解句子的主干。若连谓语动词都找不到可以借助上下文逻辑关系对这句话意思进行猜测。七、遇到文章完全看不懂时：遇到难的文章时可通读文章第一句话和尾段第一句话看是否能把握住前后呼应的关系猜测文章大意，与此同时快速浏览全文，充分做记号。记号点：1、显示文章结构的信息词：but、even、although、for example。2、显示作者态度的具有感情色彩的词。第一讲&

16、#160;   考研英语写作解剖考研英语写作文章的常规整体构建模式考研英语写作的文章一般包括一个开头段、若干扩展段和一个结尾段。开头段和结尾段一般比扩展段短。各种段落的作用、特点和写作方法如下所示。1.开头段开头段一定要语言精练，并且直接切入主题。开头段一般不对主题进行深入的探讨，具体的论证或叙述应该在扩展段进行。一般在开头段写四、五句即可。考生应注意以下若干要点：1)开头段的作用概括陈述主题，提出观点或论点，表明写作意图。2)写开头段时考生应该避免的若干问题开头偏离主题太远；使用抱歉或埋怨之词句；内容不具体，言之无物； 使用不言自明的陈述。 3)开头段

17、的表达方法使用引语(use a quotation) 使用一段名人名言，或人们常用的谚语、习语，以确定文章的写作范围和方向。例： “Great minds must be ready not only to take the opportunity, but to make them.”Colton, a great writer once remarked. But it still has a profound significance now. To a person, in whose lifetime opportunities are not many, to

18、make opportunities is more essential to his success.使用具体详实的数字或数据(use figures or statistics)引用一些具体详实的数字或数据，然后作出概括性分析，指明问题的症结所在。 例：In the past 5 years there has been a marked decline in the number of young married couples who want to have children, coupled with a growing trend toward delayed chil

19、dbearing. According to official statistics, in 2003, about 28 percent of married couples with wives under 35 gave no birth to children, compared with the 1993 level of 8 percent.提出问题(ask a question) 提出有争议或探讨性的具体问题，然后加以简要回答或展开引导性简短讨论。 例：What do you want from your work? Money? Promotions? In

20、teresting challenges? Continual learning? Work-based friendships? The opportunity to develop your own idea and potentials? Though we are all individuals and so our answers will differ, all agree that work provide more than material things.给出背景(offer relevant background)描述具体事件的时间、地点和发生背景等。 例：Onc

21、e in a newspaper I read of a crowd of people who remained appallingly indifferent to the plea of a mother. As she failed to offer the required amount of cash as a price to save her drowning son, the woman at last watched her son sink to death. The story is not rare in newspapers and on TV, and the c

22、asualness and detachment our people now have developed has aroused nationwide concern.定义法(give definition)针对讨论的主题或问题加以定义，然后进行深入探讨。例：Flexibility is defined as being adaptable to change. In the course of your lifetime, it is essential that you learn to bend and flex around every new circumstance, as r

23、igidity deprives you of the opportunity to see new possibilities. Paradigms change over time, and so must you. Your company may restructure, and you will have to survive. Your spouse may choose to leave the marriage, and you will have to cope. Technology will continue to advance and change, and you

24、must constantly learn and adapt or risk becoming a dinosaur. Flexibility allows you to be ready for whatever curve lies ahead in life instead of getting blindsided by it.主题句法(use of topic sentence)文章一开始就以主题句点明全文主题，然后围绕主题内容进行发展。例：Now people become increasingly aware of the importance of acquiring a m

25、astery of a foreign language. To them, the knowledge of a foreign language, say, English, often means a good opportunity for ones career, even a passport to a prosperous future. Many of them equate success in life with the ability of speaking a foreign language.4)开头段的常用核心句型lThe arguer may be right a

26、bout, but he seems to neglect (fail) to mention (takesintosaccount) the fact that.lAs opposed to (Contrary to) widely (commonly / generally) held (accepted) belief (ideas / views), I believe (argue) thatlAlthough many people believe that, I doubt (wonder)whether the argument bears much analysis (clo

27、se examination).lThe advantages of B outweigh any benefit we gained from (carry more weight than those of / are much greater than) A.lAlthough it is commonly (widely / generally) held (felt / accepted / agreed) that, it is unlikely to be true that.lThere is an element of truth in this argument (stat

28、ement), but it ignores a deeper and more basic (important / essential) fact (reason) that.lIt is true that (True, / To be sure, / Admittedly,), but this is not to say (it is unlikely / it doesnt follow / it doesnt mean / it wont be the case) that.lThe main (obvious / great) problem (flaw / drawback)

29、 with (in) this argument (view / remark) is that it is ignorant of (blind to) the basic (bare) fact that.lIt would be possible (natural / reasonable) to think (believe / take the view) that, but it would be absurd (wrong) to claim (argue) that.lIn all the discussion and debate over, one important (b

30、asic) fact is generally overlooked (neglected).lThere is absolutely (in fact) no (every) reason for us to believe (accept / resist / reject) that. lLogical (Valid / Sound) as this argument and I wholeheartedly agree with it, it appears insignificant (absurd) whenis takensintosconsideration(acco

31、unt).lTo assume (suggest) thatis far from being proved (to miss the point).lA close (careful) inspection (examination / scrutiny) of this argument would reveal how flimsy (groundless /fallacious) it is.lOn the surface (At first thought), it (this) may seem a sound (an attractive) suggestion (solutio

32、n / idea), but careful weighing on the mind (on closer analysis / on second thought), we find thatlToo much emphasis placed on (attention paid to / importance attached to)may obscure (overlook / neglect) other facts.lThe danger (problem / fact / truth / point) is that. lWhat the arguer fails to

33、 understand (consider / mention) is that.lWe dont have to look very far to see (find out) the truth (validity) of this argument (proposition). lHowever just (logical / sound / valid) this argument may be, it only skims the surface of the problem.lAmong the most convincing (important) reasons gi

34、ven (cited / offered / identified) by people for, one should be stressed (emphasized / mentioned).lAs far as I am concerned, however, I believe that.lI believe that the title statement is valid because (of).lI agree with the above statement because I believe that.lAlthough I appreciate that, I canno

35、t agree with the title statement.lThere is a public controversy nowadays over the issue of. Those who object toargue that. But people who favor, on the other hand, argue that.lCurrently (In recent years / In the past few years / For many years now), there is (has been) a(n) general (widespread / gro

36、wing / widely held) feeling towards (concern over / attitude towards / trend towards / awareness of / realization of / illusion of / belief in).lNow it is commonly (widely / generally / increasingly) believed (thought / held / accepted/ felt / recognized / acknowledged) that. But I wonder (doubt) wh

37、ether.lThese days we are often told that (often hear about), but is this really the case?2.中间段中间段是文章的正文，其作用是从不同的层面对文章主题进行具体和详实的解释和论证。1)中间段的一般特征 篇幅一般比开头段和结尾段长。 每段有相应的主题句。包含定义、解释、描写，说明主题思想的扩展句可以采用实例、数据或个人经历等写作手段。 不同种类的段落采用不同的扩展手段。2)中间段的具体特点 所涉及内容应该准确、清楚，颇具说服力； 段落中一定具备主题句；段落内容应

38、该保持完整、统一，没有说明不足之处或多余冗长的细节；内容顺序安排合理，逻辑性较强；段落之间连贯自然；段落中讨论的内容主次分明，材料比例适当；词与句型运用合理并且有变化。3)中间段展开的基本方法列举法例文：There are a number of ways for us to keep fit. First, no matter how busy we are, we should have exercise every day to strengthen our muscles. Second, it is important to keep good hours. For example,

39、 if we are in the habit of going to bed early and getting up early, we can avoid overworking ourselves and get enough sleep. Finally, entertainment is also necessary so that we may have some moments of relaxation. If we follow those instruction. We will certainly be in good health.比较对比法例文：The older

40、form of communication is speech. In the beginning of human history, people could only use direct verbal speech to communicate. But it had many shortcomings. For instance, we could not speak to a person far away when we needed. So distance was a problem. And the spoken word could not be kept secret e

41、asily. So people wanted to invent a new method of communication. The next big step forward in communication was the invention of writing. Writing is one of human beings most important inventions. It solved the problem of distance and keeping secrets, but it too had disadvantages. The written word co

42、uld not be passed on quickly, so people tried to find a new quicker method of communication. The most recent development had been electronic means of communication, including the wireless telegraph, radio, telephone and television. The invention and use of electronic means has solved all the pr

43、oblems mentioned above. They are the most effective methods of communication. People will certainly try their best to invent even more modem and useful methods.因果法例文：The hamburger is the most popular food item in the United States. Every year Americans consume billions of them. They are sold in expe

44、nsive restaurants and in humble diners. They are cooked at home on the kitchen stove or over a barbecue grill in the backyard. Why are they so popular?First, a hamburger is extremely easy to prepare. It is nothing more than a piece of ground beef, cooked for a few minutes. Then it is placed in a sli

45、ced bun. Nothing could be simpler. Even an unskilled cook can turn out hundreds of them in an hour. Besides that, the simple hamburger can be varied in many ways. You can melt some cheese on top of the beef to create a cheeseburger.You can also add some grilled bacon for an interesting flavor contra

46、st. In addition, you can garnish the hamburger with other things such as lettuce, tomato, onion, mushrooms, avocado, pickles, hot pepper, ketchup, relish, mayonnaise, mustard or whatever you wish!例证法例文：The saying“No pains, no gains”is universally accepted because of the plain yet philosophical moral

47、 it teaches: if one wants to achieve something, he has to work and tolerate more than others. The saying is true of any pursuit man seeks. A case in point is boxing. While we heap cheers on the winner, few happen to imagine that his gold belt is won at the cost of his sweat, tears, blood, even life

48、over years before the arrival of that exciting moment. 发展过程法 例文：To build your own sunscope, get a carton and cut a hole in one side, big enough to poke your head through. Paste white paper on the inside surface that you will be facing. Then punch a pinholesintosthe opposite side high enoug

49、h so that the little shaft of light will miss your head. For a sharper image you can make a better pinhole by cutting a one-inch square hole in the carton, taping a piece of aluminum foil over this hole, and then making the pin-hole in the foil. Finally, tape the box shut and cover all light leaks w

50、ith black tape.定义法 例文： Diligence is the key to success. It means persistent work and does not mean that we are to exert ourselves all day and night without rest, without food and without sleep. The true meaning of diligence is the careful use of time for the purpose of improvement, or to w

51、ork persistently without any waste of time.分类法例文：Nowadays the news media mainly consists of radio, television and newspapers. Each type has its own advantages and disadvantages. Newspapers are the oldest form for communicating the news. Today many people still begin their day by reading the morning

52、paper whileshavingsbreakfast, and end their day by reading the evening paper whileshavingsdinner.The invention of the radio has had a tremendous influence on the world. It is able to bring up-to-minute news to distant places in a matter of seconds. Thus the development of the radio has made the worl

53、d a smaller place. Television is the most recently developed device for communication. It allows us to see as well as to hear the news. The fact that it enables people to see visual images has had a considerable effect on our perceptions of world event. 4)中间段的常用核心句型 lAlthough the popu

54、lar belief is that, a current (new / recent) study (survey / poll / investigation) indicates (shows / demonstrates) that.lCommon sense tells us that.lThe increase (change / failure / success) inmainly (largely / partly) results from (arises from / is because of).lThe increase (change / failure / suc

55、cess) inis due to (owing to / attributable to) the fact that.lMany people would claim that.lOne may attribute (ascribe / owe) the increase (decrease / change ) to, butis not by itself an adequate explanation.lOne of the reasons given foris that.lWhat is also worth noticing is that.lThere are many (d

56、ifferent / several /a number of / a variety of)causes (reasons) for this dramatic (marked / significant) growth (change / decline / increase) in. First,. Second,. Finally,.lThere is no evidence to suggest that.lWhy are (is / do / did)? For one thing,. For another,.lAnother reason why I dispute the a

57、bove statement is that.lIt gives rise to (lead to / bring /create) a host of problems (consequences).lThere are numerous reasons why, and I shall here explore only a few of the most important ones.lIt will exert (have / produce) profound (far-reaching / remarkable / considerable / beneficial / favorable / undesirable / disastrous) effect (influence) on. lA multitude of factors could account for (contribute to / lead to / result in / influence) the change (increase / decrease / success / failure /