情态动词的可考用法

1、情态动词的可考用法崔长平 河南遂平一高（463100）在中学英语教材中，情态动词一直是一个相当重要的语法项目，它贯穿于高中英语教学的始终，也是历年高考的必考点，但由于其用法高度情景化，并且取决于说话人彼时彼地的情感和态度，因而显得杂乱无序、难于掌握。本文拟就情态动词的可考点及必考点较为全面地对其进行梳理和归类，以求更加条理化、明晰化。can与could经常用于 “cannot（help /choose）but + 动词原形”短语中，短语意为“不能不”，“不得不”，“只能”，“除之外别无选择”。He couldt(choose)but take the offer.We couldt but b

2、e impressed by their warm concern.He could not but feel annoyed.have no choice but to do（）与there be no choice but to do（）二者意为：“除 之外别无选择”，but后接用带to的动词不定式。Then it has no choice but to lie down and sleep.There is no choice but to give in.He didnt have any choice but to leave.1）经常用于下列句型中，意为“尽可能地”。as as

3、maybe as as possible as as one can/could as as one possibly can/couldpossibly 常与can 或could 连用。- When are you going to see him?- As soon as possible / maybe.There is nothing we can do but wait as calmly as we possibly can.He began to run, as fast as he could.2）经常用于下列短语中，短语意为“禁不住 ”，“不得不 ”，“忍不住 ”，“抵不住

4、”等等。cannot help doing（） cannot resist doing（）cannot keep from doing（） cannot stand doing（）cannot forbear doing（） / to do（） cannot bear doing（） / to do（）When I read the play now, I cannot help thinking of the past.She could not help feeling depressed.He never can resist making a joke.The wounded man

5、could not forbear to cry out.Robbie could not keep(himself)from laughing.I could not stand being talked to like that.He could not bear living alone.3）经常用于下列两个句型：A）cant be （或行为动词） 比较级结构这一句型的基本意义是：再没有比更，是从反面表达“最”的含义，尽管用语颇为含蓄，但表达的肯定语气却是十分强烈的。He cant be more careless. 他太粗心了。I cant thank you a little mor

6、e. 我太感谢你了。上述例句是对现在的情况进行强调。如对过去的情况加以强调，则常常使用：“ couldt have p.p 比较级结构”The job couldt have been easier. 这工作再容易不过的了。这种句型中的谓语动词不只限于一般时态，还可以使用现在完成时和过去完成时，其强调的时间概念与上面的相同。The visit cant have left us a deeper impression.这次参观给我们留下的印象再没有那么深刻了。She couldt have explained the matter more clearly.她把那件事解释得再没有那么清晰了。B

7、）cant 原形动词 too（或enough）这一句型乍一看上去像是否定，实则是表示强烈的肯定，意为：无论怎么样也不过分，not可采用其变体hardly，never等。I cant praise this film highly enough.I cant praise this film too much.I can hardly praise this film too highly.我无论怎样去赞扬这部影片都不为过。may 与 might1）经常用于表示目的或让步的状语从句中；Write to him at once so that he may know in time.However

8、 much they may desire it they cannot express their sympathetic feelings.Try as he may, he will not pass the examination.He swore that, come what may, he would never let her know what he was doing for her sake.No matter how loudly you may shout, you wont be heard.2）经常用来构成倒装句型，表示祝愿；May you have a long

9、 and happy life!May there never be another world war!May all your dreams come true!May God bless you!3）经常用于may / might as well 短语中，短语意为“不妨 ”，用来提出建议等；If that is the case, I may as well try.Since its a fine day we might as well walk.Then you might as well stay with us here.Well, now you are here, you

10、may as well make yourself useful.4）经常用于may but 短语中，短语意为“或许 但是”，前面部分接近一个让步状语从句。He may be poor but he is honest.He may be clear, but he doesnt know everything.must1）经常与进行时连用，表示“必须立即 ”，“将不得不”等含义；I am afraid I must be going.She was nearly grown up and must soon be looking after herself.2）意为“（干吗）偏要，硬要”Mu

11、st you shout so loudly?Of course, after I gave her my advice, she must go and do the opposite.Just when we were ready to go away for the holidays, the baby must catch measles.shall与 shouldshall1）经常用于第一、三人称，构成疑问句，征求对方意见或请求对方允许。用于第三人称时，实质上是替别人征询意见或许可；Shall the boy come in, Mr. Smith?Shall the taxi-dri

12、ver wait outside?Shall he begin to work, director?- Shall we sit here? - We may as well.I will be there at 3:00, shall I?2）经常用于各种人称，表示许诺；I promise you shall see her again before long.If you work hard you shall have a holiday on Saturday.You shall have the money as soon as I get it.You shall hear eve

13、rything directly you come.3）经常用于各种人称，表示命令、威胁或规定；If you children wont do as I tell you, you shant go to the party.He shall suffer for this.She shall do as she is told.Shall he leave tomorrow? Yes, he shall.Each competitor shall wear a number.Houses owners shall keep their gardens in a neat and orderl

14、y state.4）经常用于各种人称，表示决心（表示一定会发生某事），体现一种强烈愿望；That day shall come.It has been decided that he shall be given the job.should1）经常用在某些从句中，表示惊异或不以为然等情绪（有时译为“竟然”）；I cannot think why he should have said that; it was my fault.It seems so unfair that this should happen to me.It was not right that such near ne

15、ighbors should not know one another.Why should you talk to her like that?2）经常用在so that，lest，in case等引起的从句中；She stood away so that he should enter the room first.They trembled lest the father should hear of it.I will keep a seat for you in case you should change your mind.3）经常用来表示估计或推断的情况（可译为“照理应当”，“

16、估计”）；They should be there by now, I think.We neednt get ready yet; the guests shouldnt come for another hour.4）经常用于下列句型中：I should like 我想（做某事）I should have thought 我还以为（表示惊异）I should like a bath.20degrees? I should have thought it was colder than that.will 与wouldwill1）经常用于第二人称疑问句，表示请求；用于疑问结构（可译为“你可否

17、？”，“ 好吗？”）；Will you tape this? Please?If you want help - let me know, will you?Bring the fruits up to the dinning-room, will you?（在含有祈使语气的句子里，其后的修辞性疑问句经常使用：Lets , shall we?Let us , will you?Let me , will you? / may I?其它祈使句之后的修辞性疑问句均使用will you? / wont you?）用于否定疑问结构（可译为“要不要？”，“好吗？”）；Wont you come in a

18、nd have a little whisky?Wont you sit down?Wont you take off your coat,Monse?2）经常用于各种人称表示愿望（可译为“愿意，肯，会”等，也可使用于条件状语从句中）；I will have nothing to do with this matter.I meant to reason with you, but you wont reason.Go where you will.If you will allow me, I will see you home.Ask, if you will, who the owner

19、 is.3）经常用于各种人称，表示：倾向，习惯（可译为“总是会”，“老是”；否定结构可译为“不肯（能）”）A drowning man will catch at a straw.Boys will be boys.A wise man changes his mind; a fool never will.She will sit there for hours, waiting for her son to come home.Oil and water will not mix.This machine wont work.4）决心（可译为“决心（不）”，“一定要”等）；We will

20、never talk about that subject again.I wont have anything said against her.I will make the radio work even if I have to stay up all night.诺言（意思接近“保证（不）”）；We will pay back the money soon.I wont do it any more, I promise.命令、叮嘱、规定（意思接近“必须”，“一定要”等）；You will not go out today; you will stay in and work.No

21、one will leave the examination room before 12：00.4）猜测 （可译为“想必”，“一定是”等）；This will be the house you are looking for.The man with an umbrella will be our new teacher.Sorry to be so late. You will have been waiting for some time.would1）经常用于表示过去习惯性动作（可译为“常常”，近乎used to）；He would sit there for hours someti

22、mes, doing nothing at all.2）表示倾向或能力（作为will过去时形式）；The window wouldnt open.The wound would not heal.That is exactly like Mary - she would lose key!3）表示猜测（可译为“想必是”）；That would be in 1990, I think.I thought you would have finished this by now. ought在情态动词之中，ought有一点比较特殊，其后接带to的动词不定式。与其它情态动词一样，它可以用于各种人称，没

23、有词形变化。ought也没有时态变化。ought to do 的否定形式是ought not to do 或者oughtnt to do。不可以说：ought to not do。ought to do 的疑问形式是把ought 移至主语之前。1）表示（按道理）应该或宜于做的事情（和should接近，只是语气稍重些。）We ought to help each other in our work.Ought he to go? Yes, he ought.Something ought to be done about it.He ought to know what to do，oughtn

24、t he? / shouldnt he?Oughtnt we to give him a chance to try?He said such a thing ought not to be allowed to happen.Well, I think we ought to be starting.不定式可以使用被动式、进行式、完成式。用完成式时表示“原本应该而不曾”或“原本不该反而做了”。Well, I think we ought to be starting.I ought to have helped her but I never could.You ought not to h

25、ave spoken to her in that way.2）表示一种“揣测”。意为“想必一定”，“照理说应该”，相当于should。Jim ought to be up now.We ought to be hearing from him soon, then.Mr. Brown ought to know her address.There is a fine sunset; it ought to be a fine day tomorrow.不定式用完成形式时，表示对过去的情况或完成时情况进行推测。He ought to have been in London by eleven

26、oclock.They ought to have arrived in Hong Kong last week. dare 1）情态动词：（一般用于疑问句、否定句或条件状语从句中。没有数的变化。 只有现在式dare和过去式dared，否定形式是：dare not，darent，dared not。）No one dared speak of it.And I darent ask you, because I thought I must be wrong.How dare you ask me such a question?Dare you ask him?Jump if you dar

27、e.2) 实义动词：（意为“敢于”（vt.）。 可以用于多种时态，有数的变化，后面的动词不定式须带to。）I did not dare to come.And nobody would dare to ask, even my father.He had never dared to ask her to go anywhere with him.He dares to behave like that in my house.除了在I dare say 这种习惯用语中，dare在肯定结构中作情态动词的情形是很少的。作为实义动词用在否定结构中的时候，dare后面的to也可省略。也就是说，其后可

28、以直接使用动词原形。They dont dare show their faces.He does not dare (to) answer.I have never dared (to) disturb him. had betterhad better意为“最好”，其后常接原形动词，体现现在或将来情况，一般不说明过去，有时也使用had best来换用。这个词组并无比较意义，它多用来表示劝告，比should，ought to在语气上婉转一些。注意：只有had better这一形式，没有have better，has better之类的说法。在间接引语中，即使有时指的是过去时间，也没有词形变化

29、。You had better get some sleep.Wed better be off now.有时后面的动词不定式使用进行式，表示立即做某事。Robert：Id better be going, Bye.在非正文体中had可以省略。You better go now.Better try again later.有时为了强调，better可以置于had之前。- I promise Ill pay you back.- You better had!在否定结构中，not置于better之后（一般不说：hadnt better）Wed better not disturb him.Yo

30、ud better not wake me up when you come in.疑问句中经常将had前置；否定疑问时，had应与not合写。What had we better do next?Hadnt you better go with her, John?反意疑问句的简略问句中的助动词，应与had相一致。You had better speak English,hadnt you?“had betterhavep.p.”表示“希望过去那样做了，而实际上并没做”，具有虚拟含义。否定形式表达“希望过去不曾，而实际上那样做了”。You had better have gone alrea

31、dy. 真希望（最好）你过去已经走了。We had better not have met with them yesterday. 我们最好昨天不曾遇到过他们。 would rather （口语中常说成 d rather ）意为“宁可，宁愿”。侧重表示主观愿望或选择。其后接原形动词。would rather 也没有其它词形变化。Id rather not tell you.Which would you rather have, tea or coffee?Id very much rather not leave you here.有时不定式省略，只保留not一词。例如：“Have a d

32、rink ?” “No,thanks.I would rather not.”would rather 的否定形式是“would rather not + 原形动词”。疑问形式是将would 提到主语之前：Id rather not read modern poetry.He said he would rather not do it right now.Would you rather rent the house than buy it?“would rather + have +过去分词” 形式，表示“宁愿已经 ”（而实事上并没有做）。Id rather go to the theat

33、re tonight. 今天晚上我宁愿去看戏。Id rather have gone to the theatre last night. 昨晚我宁可去看戏（而事实上并没有去）。如果表示“宁愿 而不愿 ”就得用“would rather than ”这一形式。在“would rather than ”这一结构中，than后面通常省略与前面相同的动词，而仅保留其余与前面相对应比较的部分。这一结构也常使用“would rather than ”这一替代形式。例如：Id rather have the red one(than the green one).He would rather liste

34、n to others than talk himself.Id rather be alive than dead. Theyd rather play outdoors than indoors.He would rather live in the country than in the city.从以上例句中可以看出，than后被保留的部分可以是一个名词，动词，形容词，副词，或介词短语。若是介词短语时，即使介词与前面使用的介词相同，也不宜省略，以免使句子发生歧义。Rather than get money in such a dishonest way,he would beg in the s