2019-2020年高考英语二轮复习语法专讲精品教案

1、2019-2020年高考英语二轮复习语法专讲精品教案知识扫描：英语的动词时态有四种：一般时态、进行时态、完成时态和完成进行时态。现在完成时的构成公式为：have/has+过去分词；现在完成进行时的构成公式为：have/has been +现在分词。现在完成时的基本例句：1) We have lived here since1995.2) I have been to Japan twice.3) Joan has just finished her homework其中，(2)(3)描述的是过去发生而与现在情况有关的事物或状态，(1)描述的是从过去某时到现在为止这一段时间中发生的情况。总之，现

2、在完成时表现的是从过去到现在的事情。一、现在完成时的形式Af现在完成时的肯定句句型：主语(I、we you第三人称复数)+have+过去分词主语(第三人称单数)+has+过去分词例：1) I have been busy all the day.2) My father has read today ' s paper.3) I have just written the letter.Bf现在完成时的否定句句型：主语 + have/has + not +过去分词例：1) The concert hasn ' t/has not started yet.2)They haven

3、 ' t gotten to London yet.8现在完成时的一般疑问句例：1) Has the concert started?4) Have you friend your homework?A现在完成时的特殊疑问句，分两种情况a.疑问句词作主语时句型：疑问句(主语)+have/has+过去分词+例：1) Who has/have bought these apples?2)Who has made her so sad?B-疑问词作主语以外的成分时句型：疑问词+have/has+主语+过去分词+?例：1)How long have you live here?2)How ma

4、ny times have you been to Spain?二、现在完成时的用法1、概述形式have/has过去分词用法意义继续表示从过去继续到现在的动作或状态经验表示过去某一是可到现在的经验完成表示现在刚完成的动作成果表示现在是“做了”的结果例：1) 继续 He has been sick since last week.2)经验 I have visited Tokyo twice.Have you ever been to Hawaii?5) 完成 I have just finished my homework.Has he finished his work yet?6) 结果

5、My father has bee a lawyer.I have lost my dictionary.下面分别阐述其用法2、表示继续的现在完成时例：1) 肯定句： Li Ming' s elder brother has studied in Beijing university for about three years.2) 否定句： We haven' t seen each other all this month.3) 疑问句： How long have you know your boy friend?Ae基本用法表示继续意义的现在完成时，说明过去的动作一直延

6、续到现在，也就是说从过去某时开始 的动作、状态一直持续到现在。此时，往往用和现在有关的表示一段时间的时间状语。过去试)例：1) I began to study English three years ago.(2 ) I still study English now.( 现在式)3 ) I have studied English since three years ago.因小：现在完成时Have+过去分词过去某时现在时1牢记：表继续的动词have known 已经认识了have studied 已经学习了have worked ; have been to ； have used ;

7、have taught ； have stayed;have wanted to; have lived Bf常用的时间状语表示继续的现在完成时，常和下列时间状语连用for+时间段 since+过去某时 all this weekoften today recently all dayup to now直到现在 so far 到目前为止lately always till/until nowin the past yearsthese daysthis weekduring the past(years、month)3、表示经验的现在完成时例：1) 肯定句：I have seen the fi

8、lm three times.2) 否定句：I ' ve never seen the film.3)疑问句：Have you ever been to U.K.?Ae基本用法表示经验的现在完成时，说明从过去起到现在的经验，即从过去到现在之间曾经经历过或做过的事情。B一常用的时间状语Often, ever, before, never, once, twice, times, many times8 have/has been 的用法形式意义用法Have/has been to表示“曾经去过”经验表示划去过了”完成Have/has been in近F”经验“一”继续例：a. have

9、been toI have been to the summer palace twice.（经验）I have been to the museum to see the exhibition完成）b. have been inHave you ever been in America?（ 经验）We have been in home for the whole day.（ 继续） 插曲：be动词的过去分词Be动词的过去分词不管主语的人称和数都要用been表示例： We have been tired these days区别：I am happy.（一般现在时）I was happy.（

10、一般过去时）I have been happy.（现在完成时）4.表不完成，结果的现在完成时例：1） My father has just gone out.（ 结果）2 ） I have closed the window.（ 完成）3 ） Mr.Li has gone to Australia.（ 结果）A一表不完成的用法I ' ve just finished my homework.They have gone to GuiLin.B一表示结果的用法例 1、（1）I opened the door.（2）The door is open now.(3)I have opened

11、 the door.例 2、臼)John bought a dictionary.(2)Now John has a new dictionary.(3)John has bought a new dictionary.牢记：表结果的现在完成时常见动词。make bee go e lose grow sell buy fall8常见的时间状语(副词)already just yet句末三、现在完成时的注意事项1、just now 和just的区别 just now 用在一般过去时 just用在现在完成时例：1) We had an English lesson just now.2) We h

12、ave just had an English lesson.2、today等时间状语的运用运用today , this morning , this afternoon 等时间状语时，时态要根据说话的具体情况而定。例：1) He didn ' t do his homework this afternoon.他今天下午没有做功课。He hasn ' t done his homework this afternoon.他今天下午还没有做功课呢。2 ) He arrived here a little late today,because he got up late and

13、didn ' t catch the bus.3)He has been very busy today.(截至到说话时，仍是在今天，他们很忙)3、几种时态表示同一意思例：1)He left china two years ago.2)It is two years since he left china.3)He has away from china for 2 years.四、现在完成进行时区别：现在完成时侧重于动作的结速或完成；而现在完成进行时侧重于动作的未结束和继续进行。例：1)I have opened the can.2） I have been writing the

14、letter since then.1、现在完成进行时的形式：1）主动语态：主语+have/has+ 现在分词（doing ）2）被动语态：主语+have/has been+ 过去分词（done）例： Have you been waiting for him all the day?2、用法a. 在强调动作还未结束，还要继续下去时，不能用现在完成时，而要用现在完成进行时。例： I ve been writing the position for two hours,but I haven t finished it yet.b. 动作不包含持续意思的动词，要用现在完成进行时，表示延续到现在的

15、动作。例： The artist has been painting the painting.c. 现在完成进行时也用来表示一种在现在以前这个阶段反复发生的事。例： He has promsing me to help you.Hasn t he done it?d. 有些动词不能用于现在完成进行时，但可用于现在完成时。1）表状态的动词be ， have ， exist2）表感情的动词like ， love ， hate ， detest3）表示感觉的动词see ， hear， know， feel ， sound例：1） He has had a cold for a week.2）I h

16、ave heard the news since last week.3、常用的时间状语：（与表继续的现在完成时相同）for+ 时间；since; these years; recently; all the time; how long例：1） They have been talking all the night.2） How long has it been raining?第 2 讲 被动语态一、语态的基本概念和种类语态是动词的一种形式，用来表明主语与谓语动词之间的关系。英语动词有两种语态：主动语态和被动语态。主动语态表示主语是动作的执行者，被动语态表示主语是动作的承受者。谓语动词为

17、主动语态的句子叫主动句，谓语动词为被动语态的句子叫被动句。如：主动句：They built this bridge.被动句：This bridge was built by them.二、被动语态的构成被动语态由“be +及物动词的过去分词”构成，助动词be 有人称、数和时态的变化，其变化规则与be 作为系动词的变化完全一样。英语主动语态的时态共有十种，而被动语态只有八种。三、八种常用时态的被动语态举例1. 一般现在时A lot of books are kept in our school library.我们学校图书馆有许多藏书。2一般过去时A thief was caught last

18、night.一个小偷昨晚被抓了。3现在进行时The watch is being repaired.这块表正在修理。4过去进行时The door was being painted at that time.那时门还在油漆。5一般将来时The class meeting will be held next Saturday afternoon. 班会下周六下午召开。6过去将来时They said the work would be finished the next day.他们说这项工作第二天就能完成。7现在完成时My bag has been stolen. 我的包被偷了。8过去完成时Sh

19、e said this airport had never been used.她说这个机场没有使用过。四、情态动词的被动语态例： 1) 主动句：You must hand in your homework this afternoon.被动句：Your homework must be handed in this afternoon.2) 主动句：I have to do the job myself.被动句：The job has to be done by myself.3) 主动句：All of us ought to obey the rule.被动句：The rule ought

20、 to be obeyed.(by all of us)五、被动语态的用法1当不知道谁是动作的执行者时，用被动语态。例如：His bike has been stolen. 他的自行车被热偷走了。2. 在没有必要或不想指出谁是动作的执行者时，用被动语态。例如：China was librated in 1949. 中国是一九四九年解放的。3. 强调或突出动作的承受者时，用被动语态。例如：The plan has already been made. 计划已经制订好了。用被动语态时，如需同时指出动作的执行者，可用“介词by + 动词执行者(宾格)第 3 讲 情态动词一 .情态 动 词 的 定 义

21、情态动词是一种本身有一定的词义，表示说话人的情绪、态度或语气的动词，但不能单独作谓语，只能和其他动词原形构成谓语。We can be there on time tomorrow. 我们明天能按时去那儿。May I have your name? 我能知道你的名字吗？Shall we begin now? 我们现在就开始吗？You must obey the school rules. 你必须遵守校规。情态动词数量不多，但用途广泛，主要有下列：can (could), may (might), must, need, oughtto, dare (dared), shall (should),

22、 will (would) .二 .情态 动 词 的 位 置情态动词在句中放在谓语动词之前，谓语动词前若有助动词，则在助动词之前，疑问句中，情态动词放在主语之前。I can see you. e here. 我能看见你，过来吧。He must have been away. 他一定走了。What can I do for you? 你要什么？How dare you treat us like that! 你怎么敢那样对待我们!三 .情态 动 词 的 特 点情态动词无人称和数的变化，情态动词后面跟的动词需用原形，否定式构成是在情态动词后面加“not。”个别情态动词有现在式和过去式两种形式，过去

23、式可以用来表达更加客气、委婉的语气，时态性不强，可用于过去，现在或将来。He could be here soon. 他很快就来。We can't carry the heavy box. 我们搬不动那箱子。I'm sorry I can't help you. 对不起，我帮不上你。四 . 情态动词的语法特征：1) 情态动词不能表示正在发生或已经发生的事情，只表示期待或估计某事的发生。2) 情态动词除 ought 和 have 外，后面只能接不带to 的不定式。3) 情态动词没有人称，数的变化，即情态动词第三人称单数不加-s。4) 情态动词没有非谓语形式，即没有不定式，

24、分词等形式。五 .情态 动 词 的 用 法1. can (could) 表示说话人能, 可以 , 同意 , 准许 , 以及客观条件许可, could 为 can 的过去式。Can you pass me the books? 你能给我递一下书吗?Could you help me, please? 请问 , 你能帮助我吗?What can you do? 你能干点什么呢?Can you be sure? 你有把握吗?can 和 could 只能用于现在式和过去式两种时态，将来时态用be able to 来表示。He could help us at all. 他完全可以帮助我们。With th

25、e teacher ' s help, I shall be able to speak English corr蒯y师的帮助,我将能准确地讲英语。2. may (might) 可以 “”，表示说话人同意，许可或请求对方许可。You may take the book home. 你可以把书带回家去。May I e in? 我可以进来吗?May I use your dictionary? 我可以用你的词典吗?You may put on more clothes. 你可以多穿点衣服。He said he might lend us some money. 他说他可以借给我们一些钱。m

26、ay 否定式为may not, 缩写形式是maynt 。 might 是 may 的过去式，有两种用法，一种表示过去式，一种表示虚拟语气，使语气更加委婉、客气或对可能性的怀疑。He told me he might be here on time. 他说他能按时间来。Might I borrow some money now? 我可以借点钱吗?He might be alive. 他可能还活着。3. must 必须；应该；一定；准是 “”，表示说话人认为有必要做某事，命令、要求别人做某事以及对事物的推测。must 用来指一般现在时和一般将来时，过去式可用have to 的过去式代替。I mus

27、t finish my work today. 我今天必须完成我的工作。You mustn't work all the time. 你不能老是工作。Must I return the book tomorrow? 我必须明天还书吗?After such a long walk, you must be tired. 走了这么长的路, 你一定累了。He must be the man I am looking for. 他一定是我要找的人。He had to go because of somebody ' s calling him thOdayil走，因为有人叫他。值得注意

28、的是：（ 1 ） must + have + 过去分词，表示现在对过去事物的推测。He must have told my parents about iti他一定把这件事情告诉我父母亲了。He must have received my letter nowi他现在一定收到我的信了。It's six o'clock already, we must have been late againi已经六点钟了，我们一定又迟到了。不得不 ,必须 ”，表示need 还可当作实后面加带to 的动词（ 2） must 和 have to 的区别 : must 表示说话人的主观思想, hav

29、e to客观需要、客观条件只能如此。You must do it nowi 你必需现在就干。（说话人认为必须现在干）I have to go nowi 我得走了。（客观条件必须现在走）You must be here on time next timei 你下次一定要按时来。I have to cook for my childi 我得给孩子做饭。4i need 需要 “ ”，多用在否定式或疑问句中iNeed I attend the meeting tomorrow? 我需要明天参加会议吗?You need not hand in the paper this weeki 这一周你不必交论文

30、。need 是一个情态动词，他的用法完全和其他情态动词一样，但义动词使用，这时need 就象其他动词一样，有第三人称，单复数，等特性。I need a bike to go to schooli 我上学需要一辆自行车。Do you need a dictionary? 你需要词典吗?She needs a necklacei 她需要一条项链。注意： “ needn t + have 过去分词+” 表示过去做了没必要做的事情。You needn't have taken it seriouslyi 这件事情你不必太认真。5i dare 敢 “”，多用在否定或疑问句中。The little

31、 girl dare not speak in publici 小女孩不敢在公众面前说话。Dare you catch the little cat? 你敢抓小猫吗?dare除用作情态动词外，更多的是当实义动词使用，用法同实义动词一样，要考虑人称，单复数，时态等。Do you dare to walk in the dark?你敢黑夜走路吗？He doesn't dare to tell the teacher what happened that day. 他不敢告诉老师那天发生的事。6. ought应当；应该"，后面跟带有to的动词不定式。You ought to rea

32、d these books if you want to know how to repair the motorcar.如果你想知道如何修理汽车，你应该读这些书。You ought to bring the child here.你应该把孩子带来。ought + to have done句型。指过去动作，表示一件事情该做而未做。You ought to have been here yesterday.你昨天就应该来。ought not to have done句型。表示一件不该做的事情却做了。You ought not to have taken the book out of the r

33、eading-room.你不应该把书带出阅览室。7. will (would) 表决心、愿望。 would为will的过去式，可用于各人称。1) will表示经常性、习惯性、倾向性，would表示过去的习惯行为。e.g. a. He will sit there hour after hour looking at the traffic go by.b.He would e to see me when he was in Beijing.2)表示意志，决心或愿望。e.g. a. Surely we will support all the people in the world in th

34、eir struggle for peace.b. He would not let me try it .3)表示对对方的请求，用于第二人称作主语的疑问句中，would的语气比will委碗，疑问句中一般用 some,而不是any。e.g. a. would/will you kindly tell me the way to the station?b. Would you like some cake?4) would like=want to 想要Would like to do =want to 想要e. g. a Would you like to go with me?8. sha

35、ll, should表示命令，警告，允诺，征求，劝告，建议，惊奇。shall的用法用于第一，第三人称征求对方的意愿e.g. a. What shall I wear on the journey?b. When shall he be able to leave the hospital?should的用法1)用于第一人称疑问句中询问对方的意愿，但语气较委婉温和e.g. a. What should we do now?我们现在该怎么办？2)表示应该、必须，常与 must换用。e.g. a. We should (must) master a foreign language at least

36、.3) .should表示劝告，建议，命令，此时也可用oughtto.在疑问句中，通常用 should代替ought to.4) should have done 表示过去应该做而实际没有做should not have done 表示过去不该做而实际做了.9. have to& must1)两词都是必须的意思，have to表示客观的需要，must表示说话人主观上的看法，既 主观上的必要。e.g. a. My brother was very ill, so I had to call the doctor in the middle of the night. （ 客观上需要做这件

37、事）b. He said that they must work hard. （主观上要做）2） have to 有人称、数、时态的变化，而must 只有一种形式。但must 可用于间接引语中表示过去的必要或义务。e.g. a. He had to look after his sister yesterday.3） 在否定结构中：dont have to 表示 “不必 ” mustn t 表示 “禁止 ”e.g. a. You don t have to tell him about it.b. You mustn t tell him about it.10.need&dare这两

38、词既可做实义动词用，又可做情态动词用。作为情态动词，两者都只能用于疑问句，否定句和条件句。need作实义动词时后面的不定式必须带to,而dare作实义动词用时,后面的 to 时常可以被省略。1） 实义动词:need+ n. / to do sth2）情态动词：need,只用原形need后加do,否定形式为need not。e.g. a. Need you go yet?Yes, I must.No, I needn't.3） need 的被动含义：need, want, require, worth （形容词）后面接doing 也可以表示被动：need doing = need to

39、be done11.should 和 ought to 都为 “应该 ”的意思，可用于各种人称。-Ought he to go?-Yes. I think he ought to.表示要求，命令时，语气由 should （应该）、had better最好）、must （必须）渐强。12.had better 表示 "最好 "had better 相当于一个助动词，它只有一种形式，它后面要跟动词原形。had better dosth .had better not do It is pretty cold. You'd better put on my coat.Sh

40、e'd better not play with the dog.had better have done sth 表示与事实相反的结果，意为"本来最好"。You had better have e earlier.六 . 情态动词的回答方式问句肯定回答否定回答Need you ？Yes, I must. No,I needn 'tMust you ?Yes, I must. No, I needn' t./don' t have to.May I ? Yes, of course. No, you mustn ' t.Could y

41、ou ? Yes, you can. No, you can' t.七 . 情态动词表猜测must用于肯定句can用于否定句或疑问句May 用于肯定句或否定句should用于肯定句八 . 表示推测的用法can, could, may, might, must 皆可表示推测，其用法如下：1)情态动词+动词原形。表示对现在或将来的情况的推测，此时动词通常为系动词。I don't know where she is, she maybe in Wuhan.2)情态动词+动词现在进行时。表示对现在或将来正在进行的情况进行推测。At this moment, our teacher mu

42、st be correcting our exam papers.这时，我们老师想必在批改试卷3)情态动词+动词完成时。表示对过去情况的推测。We would have finished this work by the end of next December. 明年十二月底前我们很可能已完成这项工作了。The road is wet. It must have rained last night. 地是湿的，昨天晚上一定下雨了。4)情态动词+动词的现在完成进行时。表示对过去正在发生事情的推测。Your mother must have been looking for you. 你妈妈一定

43、一直在找你。5) 推测的否定形式，疑问形式用can't, couldn't 表示。Mike can't have found his car, for hecame to work by bus this morning. 迈克一定还没有找回他的车，因为早上他是坐公共汽车来上班的。注意： could, might 表示推测时不表示时态，其推测的程度不如can, may。九 .情态动词+ have +过去分词1) may(might) have + done sth, can (could) have + done sth 表示过去，推测过去时间里可能发 生的事情。Phi

44、lip may (might) have been hurt seriously in the car accident.Philip can (could) have been hurt seriously in the car accident.2) must have +done sth,对过去时间里可能发生的事情的推测，语气较强，具有"肯定"，"谅必 "的意思。-Linda has gone to work, but her bicycle is still here.-She must have gone by bus.3) ought to

45、have done sth, should have done sth.本应该做某事，而事实上并没有做。否定句表 示 " 不该做某事而做了" 。 You ought to (should) have been more careful in this experiment. Heought not to have thrown the old clothes away. (事实上已扔了。)ought to 在语气上比should 要强。4) needn't have done sth 本没必要做某事I dressed very warmly for the trip

46、, but I needn't have done so. The weather was hot.5) would like to have done sth 本打算做某事I would like to have read the article, but I was very busy then.十 . 带 to 的情态动词带 to 的情态动词有四个：ought to, have to, used to, be to, 如加上 have got to ,(=must), be ableto 为六个,它们的疑问，否定形式应予以注意：Do they have to pay their

47、bill before the end of the month?She didn t use to play tennis before she was fourteen.You ought not to have told her all about it.Ought he to see a heart specialist at once.?例： Tom ought not to _ me your secret, but he meant no harm.A.have toldB.tellC.be tellingD. having told第 4讲：定语从句 用来说明主句中某一名词或代

48、词(有时也可说明整个主句或主句中一部分)而起定语作用的句子叫作定语从句。一词引导的定语从句1 . 关系代词用来指代先行词是人或物的名词或代词例 1 : This is the detective who came from London.例 2 : The book which I am reading is written by Tomas Hardy.例 3 : The desk whose leg is broken is very old.例 4 : This is the room that Shakespeare was born in.2 .关系代词的用法(1) 如果先行词是al

49、l, much, anything, something, nothing, everything, little,none等不定代词，关系代词一般只用that ,不用which。例如：All the people that are present burst into tears.(2) 如果先等词被形容词最高级以及first, last, any, only, few, mush, no, some,very等词修饰，关系代词常用that,不用which, who ,或whom例如：(3) 非限制性定语从句中，不能用关系代词that, 作宾语用的关系代词也不能省略。例如：There are

50、 about seven million people taking part in the election, most of whom、 are well educated.(4) which 还有一种特殊用法，它可以引导从句修饰前面的整个主句，代替主句所表示的整体概念或部分概念。在这种从句中，which 可以作主语，也可以作宾语或表语，多数情况下意思是与and this 相似，并可以指人。例如：He succeeded in the petition, which made his parents very happy.(5) that可指人或物，在从句中作表语，(指人作主语时多用who

51、)仅用于限制性定语从句中。(6) which 可作表语，既可指人，以可指物。指人时，一般指从事某种职业或是有种特征.品性或才能的人。Which引导的定语从句可以限制性的，也可以是非限制性的。(7) 如果作先作词的集体名词着眼于集体的整体，关系代词用which; 若是指集体中的各个成员，则用who。(8) 先行词有两个，一个指人，一个指物，关系代词应该用that 。例如：The boy and the dog that are in the picture are very lovely.(9) 如果先行词是anyone, anybody, everyone, everybody, someon

52、e, somebody,关系代词应该用 who或whom不用which 。例如：Is there anyone here who will go with you?3 . “介词+关系代词"是一个普遍使用的结构(1) “介词关系代词“可以引导限制性定语从句，也可以引导非限制性定语从句。“介词关系代词“结构中的介词可以是 in, on, about, from, for, with, to at, of, without 等，关系代词只可用 who做which,不可用that 。(2) from where 为“介词关系副词“结构，但也可以引导定语从句。例如：We stood at t

53、he top of the hill, from where we can see the town.(3) 像 listen to, look at, depend on, pay attention to, take care of等固定短语动词，在定语从句中一般不宜将介词与动词分开。例如：This is the boy whom she has taken care of.二关系副词引导的定语从句1. 关系副词也可以引导定语从句关系副词在从句中分别表示时间.地点或原因。关系副词whe子E从句中充当时间状语，where充当地点状语，why充当原因状语。2. that 可引导定语从句表示时间

54、地点或原因That有时可以代替关系副词when, where或者why引导定语从句表示时间.地点或原因，在that 引导的这种定语从句中，that 也可以省去。三限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句1 二者差异比较限制定语从句紧跟先行词，同先行词这间一般不加逗号，仅修饰先行词，可以由关系代词关系副词或that 来引导。非限制性定语从句仅作补充或说明，用逗号与主句隔开，既可修饰先行词，又可修饰整个主句，不可用that 引导。2关系代词和关系副词的选择依据(1) 弄清代替先行词的关系词在从句中作什么成分, 作状语的应选用关系副词，作主语宾语或表语的可选用关系代词。3. 先行词与定语从句隔离定语从句一般

55、紧跟在先行词之后，但定语从句与先行词之间有时也会插入别的成分，构成先行词与定语从句的隔离。例如：1) This is the article written by him that Is poke to you about.2) He was the only person in this country who was invited四.As在定语从句中的用法1. 引导限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句(1) as多与such或the same连用，可以代替先行词是人或物的名词。(2) as也可单独使用，引导非限制性定语从句，作用相当于which。例如：The elephant s nose

56、is like a snake, as anybody can see.(3) the same that与the same as在意思上是不同的。2. As引导的非限制性定语从句的位置as引导的非限制性定语从句位置较灵活，可以位于主句前面.中间或后面，一般用逗号与主句隔开，但which 所引导的非限制性定语从句只能放在主句之后。例如：(1) As is expected, the England team won the football match.(2) The earth runs around the sun, as is known by everyone.五学习定语从句的几个问题定语从句又称为关系从句，是最常见的从句之一，每年高考题对之均有考查。（ 一 ） 、定语从句中关系代词与先行词的一致性定语从句中关系代词一般应与它所指代的先行词的单复数保持主谓一致。例如：The students who were here just now are fr