虚拟语气 (2)

1、 虚拟语气虚拟语气The Subjunctive Mood在英语中随着说话人意图的不同，动词需用在英语中随着说话人意图的不同，动词需用不同的形式，称为语气。英语语气有三种：不同的形式，称为语气。英语语气有三种：语气语气(mood)是一种动词形式，用以表示是一种动词形式，用以表示说话者的意图或态度。说话者的意图或态度。祈使语气：祈使语气：表示说话人对对方的请求、表示说话人对对方的请求、邀邀请、命令、警告或劝告等请、命令、警告或劝告等。 Please be careful. 请细心点。请细心点。陈述语气：陈述语气：表示动作或状态是现实的、表示动作或状态是现实的、确定的或符合事实的，用于陈述句、疑问

2、确定的或符合事实的，用于陈述句、疑问句和某些感叹句。句和某些感叹句。 There are two sides to every question. 虚拟语气：虚拟语气：表示动作或状态不是客观表示动作或状态不是客观存在的事实，而是存在的事实，而是表示说话人的一种愿表示说话人的一种愿望、建议、命令、要求、有时是一种非望、建议、命令、要求、有时是一种非真实的假设、料想，或是不可能实现的真实的假设、料想，或是不可能实现的与事实相反的愿望。与事实相反的愿望。 If I were a bird, I could fly in the air.如果我是一只小鸟，我就能在空中飞行。如果我是一只小鸟，我就能在空

3、中飞行。May you succeed! 祝您成功！祝您成功！I wish you were more careful. 但愿但愿你更细心些你更细心些。虚拟语气分三种情况来掌握：虚拟语气分三种情况来掌握：1.1.虚拟条件句虚拟条件句2.2.名词性从句的虚拟语气名词性从句的虚拟语气3. 3. 虚拟语气的其他用法虚拟语气的其他用法。真实条件句（条件状语从句）真实条件句（条件状语从句）虚拟语气虚拟语气What will you do ifit rains tomorrow?I will stay at home surfing on the Internet.Well have music less

4、on instead of PE in the classroom if it rains tomorrow.真实条件句真实条件句IfIf条件句条件句主句主句与现在事实相反与现在事实相反did(be动词动词用用were)would(或或could, should, might) do与过去事实相反与过去事实相反had donewould(或或could, should, might) have done与将来事实相反与将来事实相反或可能相反或可能相反did(were)should dowere to dowould(或或could, should, might) do一、一、虚拟条件句：虚拟条

5、件句：条件状语从句是非真实情况时，要用虚拟语气条件状语从句是非真实情况时，要用虚拟语气。If he werent addicted to QQ games,he would make greater progress in his studies.What would happen if he were not addicted to QQ game?2.What would you do if you won the lottery? If I won the lottery, I wouldIf I had a lot of money, I would .I would .build a

6、 special hospital for HIV/ AIDS patients.If I _busy last night, I _ to see the film with you .had not beenwould have goneIf he more carefully, he the car accident yesterday. would not have had had driven If he _ (not receive) the infected blood transfusion that day,had not receivedhe(not infect) wit

7、h AIDS.could not have been infectedIf I _(know) your telephone number, I _ (telephone) you already.had knownwould have telephoned1）If I were you, I would study hard.2）If it rained, I would not be here now.3）If the doctor had come last night, the boy would have saved.4）If I had not studied hard, I wo

8、uld have failed in the exam last term.注意问题：注意问题：1 、 I f 条 件 句 中 绝 对 不 可 出 现“would”。2、根据句中的时间状语，有时可能出现“混合虚拟”的情况，即主句可能是现在的情况，条件句也许是发生在过去的情况，但都是遵守上述句型。eg: If you had worked hard, you would be very tired now.IfIf条件句条件句主句主句与现在事实相反与现在事实相反did(be动词动词用用were)would(或或could, should, might) do与过去事实相反与过去事实相反had d

9、onewould(或或could, should, might) have done与将来事实相反与将来事实相反或可能相反或可能相反did(were)should dowere to dowould(或或could, should, might) do一、一、虚拟条件句：虚拟条件句：条件状语从句是非真实情况时，要用虚拟语气条件状语从句是非真实情况时，要用虚拟语气。如果他早点出发，他现在已到家了。如果他早点出发，他现在已到家了。If he had set out earlier, he would be home now.假如你接受了我的意见，你现在就会好的多。假如你接受了我的意见，你现在就会好

10、的多。You would be much better now if you had taken my advice.3 3、在条件句中如果出现、在条件句中如果出现were, had, shouldwere, had, should可省去可省去ifif，形成倒装，例如：，形成倒装，例如：Had the doctor come last night, the boy would have saved.Were I to go to the moon one day, I would see it with my own eyes. Should it rain tomorrow, we woul

11、d stay at home1) If the doctor had come last night, the boy would have saved.2) If I were to go to the moon one day, I would see it with my own eyes.3) If it should rain tomorrow, we would stay at home.1) If he _ drunk, he wouldnt have lost control of the car. A. wasnt B. werent C. hasnt been D. had

12、nt been2) I would have gone to the concert, if I _ time. A. had had B. have had C. had D. would have had 4) _ I known it, I would have told you. A. Have B. If C. Had D. Having3) _ to tell us everything, we could try to solve his problem. A. If he is B. Were he C. Had he D. Be he 5) _ to the doctor r

13、ight away, he might have been alive. A. If he went B. Were he gone C. Should he have gone D. Had he gone 6) If we _ here ten minutes earlier, we _ the bus. A. arrived/would catch B. arrived/would have caught C. had arrived/had caught D. had arrived/would have caught 7) If I _ more time, I would have

14、 gone with him. A. had B. had had C. have had D. would have 8) If he _ to the teacher attentively, he _ the answer to the problem now. A. had listened, would have known B. listened, would know C. listened, would have known D. had listened, would know 9)_, I would take an umbrella with me. A. Had I b

15、een you B. I were you C. Were I you D. I had been you 10) If you were older, I _ you to go there yesterday. A. will allow B. should allow C. would have allowed D. had allowed 二、名词性从句中的虚拟语气：二、名词性从句中的虚拟语气：在表示命令、建议、要求、惊叹时的名词性从句中需用在表示命令、建议、要求、惊叹时的名词性从句中需用虚拟语气，基本句型：虚拟语气，基本句型：主语主语(should(should）动词原形，如：）动词

16、原形，如：1). We suggested that the meeting should be held. 2) The suggestion that the meeting should be held was rejected. 3) It was suggested that the meeting should be held.4) The suggestion is that the meeting should be held.5) It was required that the crops should be harvested at once. 6) That is th

17、eir demand that their wages be increased. 虚拟语气在虚拟语气在宾语从句宾语从句中的用法中的用法 （1） 在表示提议、要求、命令、决定等在表示提议、要求、命令、决定等动词动词如如suggest, decide, require, request, demand, propose, insist, order等）等）后的宾语从句中谓语动词常用后的宾语从句中谓语动词常用“should+动词原形动词原形”。Should常被省略。常被省略。一个坚持（一个坚持（insist）,两个命令（两个命令（order, command）,三个建议（三个建议（ suggest

18、, advise, propose）,四个要求四个要求（ ask,demand request, require）They proposed that the prize be given to our monitor.他们建议把奖品给我们的班长他们建议把奖品给我们的班长. .I insist that he give me my money back. 我要求他把钱退给我我要求他把钱退给我。eg: He ordered that the medicine (should) be sent by a special plane.他命令用专机送药品。他命令用专机送药品。注意注意:1) I ins

19、isted that John had done it. I insisted that John (should) do it.eg: Her expression suggested that she was angry.insist1) 1) 表示坚持认为表示坚持认为2）表示坚持要求某人该表示坚持要求某人该真实语气真实语气虚拟语气虚拟语气2) I insisted that the earth moves round the sun.Suggest Suggest 表示暗示，说明的意思时用真实语气表示暗示，说明的意思时用真实语气He suggested that we (should)

20、go to school at once. 虚拟语气在主语从句中的用法虚拟语气在主语从句中的用法 It is desired （suggested requested, ordered, demanded) + that; It is strange (necessary, possible, important, surprising,natural) +that; It is a pity ( no wonder) + that 等结构后的主语从句中的谓语动词用等结构后的主语从句中的谓语动词用should should + +动词原形，动词原形，shouldshould常被省略。常被省略。

21、例例: It is desired that we(should) get everything ready by tonight.他那样说话，令人吃惊。他那样说话，令人吃惊。It is strange that he(should) say so. 真遗憾，你失去了这么好的机会。真遗憾，你失去了这么好的机会。It has been decided that the sports meet(should)be put off till next month.已经决定了把运动会推迟至下个月。已经决定了把运动会推迟至下个月。It is a pity that you(should) miss a

22、good chance.高中学生掌握一门外语很有必要。高中学生掌握一门外语很有必要。It is necessary that a high school student should master a foreign language. 虚拟语气在虚拟语气在表语从句和同位语从表语从句和同位语从句句的用法的用法 在在suggestion, proposal, order, idea, news, request,advice, demand, plan 等名词后面的表语等名词后面的表语,同位语从句中的谓语动词用同位语从句中的谓语动词用should+动词原形动词原形，should常省略。常省略。

23、例例 My suggestion is that we (should) do the experiment again.我的想法是在接受前仔细想想。我的想法是在接受前仔细想想。My idea is that we should think it over before accepting it. My suggestion that we (should) do the experiment again is accepted by them. 我的再做一次试验的建议被他们所采纳。我的再做一次试验的建议被他们所采纳。 1) The secretary suggested that they

24、_ the men in at once. A. had brought B. should have brought C. brought D. bring 2) He demanded that the laboratory report _ immediately after the experiment was done. A.was written B. be written C. must be written D. would be written3) It is required that you _ at six. A. will arrive B. arrive C. ar

25、rived D. would arrive 4) He insisted that he _ me before. A. see B. should see C. had seen D. saw 5) It is really strange that the girl _ so early. A. has been married B. has married C. be married D. would marry 7) It is important that I _ with Mr. Willians immediately. A. speak B. spoke C. will spe

26、ak D. to speak 6) He insisted that John _ it. A. do B. does C. did D. would do 8) The teacher agreed to the suggestion that the students _ two weeks to prepare for the exam. A. give B. should give C. be given D. would be given HOW TO USE “ wish”?三、虚拟语气在一些特殊词中的使用或含蓄条件三、虚拟语气在一些特殊词中的使用或含蓄条件句：句：1. wish1

27、. wish后的宾语从句：后的宾语从句： 1)1)与现在愿望不一致与现在愿望不一致 主语过去时；主语过去时； 2)2)与过去愿望不一致与过去愿望不一致 主语主语hadhad过去分词；过去分词； 3)3)与未来愿望不一致与未来愿望不一致 主语主语wouldwould（could, could, should, mightshould, might）原形。）原形。eg: 1) I wish (that) I were you. 2) I wish I had visited the White House when I was in the States. 3) I wish I could me

28、et you tomorrow at the party.I were as tall as you.my computer were as small as his.I wish every day were my birthday.I wish I were a bird.I wish / wished I hadnteaten so much watermelon.I wish.I wish I had studied harder.I wish I had passed the exam.The party was awful, I wish I had never gone to i

29、t.I wish it would rain tomorrow.2、在、在If only 的句型中的句型中 if only表示一种假设情况，意思是表示一种假设情况，意思是“要是要是就好了就好了”，相当于主语，相当于主语wish。要是今天是星期天就好了。要是今天是星期天就好了。If only it were Sunday today.要是我没有丢掉我的车就好了要是我没有丢掉我的车就好了。If only I _my car.hadnt lost1) If only he could come! 他要能来就好了他要能来就好了2) If only I had known the answer! 我要早

30、知答案就好了。我要早知答案就好了。3) If only I knew the answer!3. as if（though）引导的从句）引导的从句eg: 1) She loves the children as if they were hers. 2) Alan talked about Rome as if he had been there 3)It seems as if it is going to rain.He behaves as if he owned the house.( But he doesnt own it or probably doesnt own it or

31、we dont know whether he owns it or not.)He speaks English as if he were an Englishman.他说起英语来好像他是个英国人似的他说起英语来好像他是个英国人似的。They talked about the city as if they had been there before.他们谈论那座城市好像他们以前真去过那他们谈论那座城市好像他们以前真去过那儿似的。儿似的。注意：如果表示的事情可能会发生，那注意：如果表示的事情可能会发生，那么方式状语从句中的谓语动词可用陈述么方式状语从句中的谓语动词可用陈述语气。语气。（4

32、4） 在主语在主语would rather would rather that that 宾语从句中，从句谓语用过去式宾语从句中，从句谓语用过去式表示表示现在或将来，用过去完成式表示与过现在或将来，用过去完成式表示与过去事实相反去事实相反 。I would rather they went with me.They would rather go with me.I would rather we had the exam tomorrow.I would rather nothing had happened last night. 1. He is not a pilot, but he

33、wishes he _ (be).2. I wish I _(meet)him yesterday.3. I wish it _(be) fine tomorrow.4. He ordered the work _ (start) at once.5. Id rather you _(stay) at home all day today. were had met would be( should ) be started stayed6. It is strange that he _ (make) such a mistake. Thats unexpected.7. It was re

34、quired that each student _ (bring) enough food on the trip.8. My demand is that you _ (get )up at six.9. He speaks as if he _(be) an Englishman.10. They talked as if they _ (be) good friends for years. (should )make(Should)bring (should) get were had been在在It is (high) time (that)的句型中，的句型中，定语从句的虚拟形式

35、定语从句的虚拟形式常用过去式或常用过去式或should动词原形（动词原形（should不能省略）不能省略），表示，表示“现在该现在该”5、在、在It is (high) time (that)的句型中的句型中 eg: 1) Its time that you went to school. 2) Its time that you should go to school.6. without, Otherwise ,or, but, but for, but that 引起的短语或句子常暗含着含蓄条件。这时主句引起的短语或句子常暗含着含蓄条件。这时主句用虚拟用虚拟1) Without you,

36、 I would never know him.2) But for your cooperation, we wouldnt have done the work so well.要不是要不是你的合作，我们不可能把工作做得这么出你的合作，我们不可能把工作做得这么出色。色。3) But that she was afraid, she would have said no.要不是要不是害怕，她会拒绝的。害怕，她会拒绝的。eg: 1) I would be most glad to help you, but I am busy now. 2) I would have come to the

37、party yesterday, but I was working. 3) I am busy now, otherwise I would help you.7. 7. 表示祝愿时表示祝愿时, , 用用May +May +主语主语 + + 动词原形动词原形, , 如如: : 1) May you succeed in your work!2) May you be happy!8.用在含有用在含有If it were not for或或If it had not been for 条件句中。条件句中。If it were not for the rain, the crops would die.If it had not been for your help, we couldnt have finished the work ahead of time.1)The boy acted _ he had neve