人教版高中英语选修十 Unit 1 Nothing venturednothing gained语法篇学生版

1、Unit 1 Nothing ventured, nothing gained-语法篇_1. 掌握定语的定义及运用；2. 掌握常考定语从句的运用；3. 掌握非谓语动词作定语的运用；一. 定义及构成定语用来修饰名词或代词等，可用作定语的有形容词、名词、名词所有格、代词、数词、副词、词组或合成词、动词不定式、动词-ing形式、过去分词、介词短语和从句。二. 分类讲解（一）形容词作定语 一般考查形容词辨析。如：The little boy needs a blue pen.(little修饰名词boy；blue修饰名词pen.）小男孩需要一支蓝色的钢笔。 Tom is a handsome boy.

2、(handsome修饰名词boy)Tom是个英俊的男孩。 There is a good boy.(good修饰名词boy)有个乖男孩。当几个形容词同时出现在名词短语之前,我们要注意其次序。其形容词遵循的词序为：限观形龄色国材，指：限定词（一般指数量）；外观（美丽等）；形状（大小，高矮，肥瘦）；年龄；颜色；国籍；材料；用途。*“县官行令杀国才”。该谐音语中的“县”指前位“限定词”，“官”指冠词，“行”指表示事物形状(大小、长短、高矮等)的词，“令”指表示人或事物的年龄、新旧的词，“杀”为“色”的谐音，指表示色彩的词，“国”指国家、地区(产地)的词，“才”指(制作的)材料。如： 1限定词 2 外

3、观 3形状 4年龄 5颜色 6国籍 7材料 8用途 A famous American university. An interesting little red French oil painting. A new plastic bucket. A purple velvet curtains An elegant German clock 另外,有些形容词也有特殊的次序: (1) 描述身体特征的形容词先于表示情感和性格特征的形容词 例如:a small lovely girl , a long patient queue , a pale anxious patient ; (2) 表示

4、颜色的形容词放在表示情感和性格特征的形容词之后 例如:a kindly black teacher ,an inquisitive brown dog ; (3) little ,old 和young 有时可以作为名词短语不可分割的一部分,所以可以直接放在名词之前, 例如:a lovely little girl (4) 表示性格特征的形容词可以放在old young 之前,也可放在old young 之后,例如: a young ambitious man (强调年龄) ,an ambitious young man(强调雄心勃勃) 。 当然,三个以上形容词连用作定语,就显得累赘,因此上面所

5、说的情况一般较少出现. （二）数词作定语相当于形容词Two boys need two pens.（two修饰名词boy：two修饰名词pen）两个男孩需要两支钢笔。 The two boys are students.（two修饰名词boy）这两个男孩是学生。 There are two boys in the room.（two修饰名词boy）房间里有两个男孩。（三）代词或名词所有格作定语His boy needs Tom's pen.（his修饰名词boy；Toms修饰名词pen）他的男孩需要Tom的钢笔。 His name is Tom.（his修饰名词name）他的名字是汤姆

6、。 There are two boys of Tom's there.（two修饰名词boy；of与物主代词连用做定语修饰名词boy）那儿有Tom家的两个男孩。（四）介词短语作定语The boy in the classroom needs a pen of yours.（in the classroom 修饰名词boy；of yours修饰名词pen）教室里的男孩需要你的一支钢笔。 The boy in blue is Tom.（in blue修饰名词boy）穿蓝色衣服的孩子是汤姆。 There are two boys of 9,and three of 10.（two boys

7、 of 9和,three of10修饰名词boy）有两个9岁的，三个10岁的男孩。 （五）名词作定语 The boy needs a ball pen.（ball修饰名词pen）男孩需要一支圆珠笔。 It is a ball pen.（ball修饰名词pen）这是一支圆珠笔。 There is only one ball pen in the pencil box.（the pencil box修饰名词ball pen ）这铅笔盒里只有一支圆珠笔。 1）名词用做定语时，通常以单数形式出现(即使这个作定语的名词有复数意义也是这样)。例如： book store(书店) tooth brush(牙

8、刷) newspaper reporter traffic lights(交通灯) coffee cup(咖啡杯) gold watch(金表) stone bridges (石桥) winter vacation(寒假) night school(夜校) friend(女朋友) work plan(T作计划) 2）有些总是以复数形式出现的名词，在用做定语时，也往往用其单数形式。例如： trouser pocket(裤兜) trouser legs裤腿 a trouser factory裤子工厂 shoe shop(鞋店) shoelace鞋带 shoemaker制补鞋工人, 鞋铺老板 3）但

9、是sports，goods，customs，arms，savings和accounts等名词做定语时，仍用复数形式。例如： sports meet运动会 customs officer 海关官员 goods-train 货车 savings bank储蓄银行 4）一些以 cs结尾的单数名词做定语时，词尾不变；一些以一S结尾的单数名词用做定语时，仍用原来形式，词尾不变。例如： politics professor 政治教授 physics teacher物理教师 news reporter新闻指导员 5）当数词与单位名词一起用做定语时，单位名词应用单数形式。例如： five miles-a fi

10、ve-mile walk two hours- a two-hour plan fifteen yearsa fifteen-year-old boy thirty poundsa thirty-pound note 注意：名词做形容词表示单位用单数形式。例如： a ninestorey building一座九层大楼 two twenty-inch rulers两把二英尺长的尺子 6）man和woman作定语 若将man, woman置于名词前作定语，则man, woman的数应与其后名词的数一致。如： a woman teacher 一位女教师 two women teachers 两位女教

11、师 a woman doctor女医生 two women doctors两位女医生 a woman athlete; 女运动员；two women athletes; 两位女运动员； a woman electrician. 女电工技师 two women electricians. 两位女电工技师a man cook (men cooks) 男厨师 （六）副词作定语 The boy there needs a pen.（there修饰名词boy）那儿的男孩需要一支钢笔。 The best boy here is Tom.（best修饰名词boy）这里最棒的男孩是Tom。（七）非谓语动词作定

12、语1. 不定式作定语 动词不定式作定语，必须后置，表示将要发生的动作。 The boy to write this letter needs a pen.（ to write this letter 修饰名词boy）写这封信的男孩需要一支钢笔。 The boy to write this letter is Tom.（to write this letter 修饰名词boy）将要写这封信的男孩是汤姆。 There is nothing to do today.（to do 修饰名词nothing）今天没有事要做。 2. 分词（短语）作定语 动词-ing形式/过去分词作定语，若是单个的动词-in

13、g形式/过去分词，通常置于被修饰词之前；若是动词-ing形式短语/过去分词短语，则要置于被修饰词之后，其功能相当于定语从句。动词-ing形式作定语，通常表示其所修饰的词与动词-ing形式所表示的动作之间为主动关系或动作正在进行；过去分词作定语，通常表示其所修饰的词与过去分词所表示的动作之间为被动关系且动作已完成。The smiling boy needs a pen bought by his mother.（ smiling 修饰名词boy；bought by his mother修饰名词pen）那个微笑的男孩需要一支他妈妈买的钢笔。 The pen bought by her is mad

14、e in China.（bought by her 修饰名词pen；bought by her 修饰名词pen）她买的笔是中国产的。 There are five boys left.（five修饰名词boy；left修饰名词boy）有五个留下的男孩。（八）从句作定语即为定语从句1. 分类1)_对先行词起修饰限制作用；_对先行词起补充说明作用。2)*非限制性定语从句中，关系词不能省略、不用that、“介词+which、whom从句”中，介词不能移到从句后面。2. 关系词的运用1) 关系词分类：2) 关系词的作用：a. 连接主从句；b. 替代先行词在从句中充当一定句子成分。3) 关系词的选择：*

15、主要依据先行词在从句中的句子成分。如：Do you still remember the days _we spent in Qingdao?Do you still remember the days _we spent the summer holidays in Qingdao?4) 同类关系词用法比较3. 关系代词that与which的区别（特殊用法）1) 当先行词是不定代词all，much，little，something，everything，anything，nothing，none，the one等时。如： 你有什么要说的吗？（Do you have anything that

16、 you want to say for yourself?）2) 当先行词前有the only, the very, any, few, little, no, all 等词修饰时。如： 这就是我正在等的公交车。（the very bus）3) 当先行词是形容词最高级（序数词）或先行词前有其修饰时。如： 这是我看过的最有趣的电影。（现完） 你看过的第一部美国电影是什么？（what） 4) 先行词即有人又有物时。如： 你知道他们谈论的人和事吗？（talking about）5) 非限制性从句中用-；与介词连用时-。4. 关系代词who，whom，whosea. 她就是住在隔壁的女孩。b. 那就

17、是我教的女孩。c. 这就是那位成就卓著的科学家。（whose achievement）5. *关系代词 as的用法 a. 引导限制性定语从句常用句式（在从句中充当主语、宾语或表语） such +名词 +as像、一样的，像、之类或the same +名词 +as和、同样的 例句：We have found such materials as are used in their factory. These houses are sold at such a low price as people expected. He is not the same man as he was.b. as 还

18、可以引导非限制性定语从句，位于主句前、后都可以，还可以插入主句中；并有固定结构，如：as is known; as (it) often happens; as I remember (it); as (it) appears; as is expected 等。 c. 区别：He is such a clever boy as everyone likes.(从句缺少成分；定语从句) He is such a clever boy as everyone likes him. (从句不缺少成分；状语从句)6. 介词+which/ whom中*介词选择 （1）根据从句中谓语动词的搭配习惯;如：

19、 这就是我花了十元钱买的那本书。 This is the book _ I spent 10 yuan. This is the book _ I paid 10 yuan. (2) 根据先行词的搭配习惯；如： I still remember the day _ I first came to this school. Do you remember the year _you first visited Beijing?(3) 表“所有”关系或“整体中的一部分”时，用of 。如： The old women has two sons , both _are doctors.7. 特殊先行词

20、1）case ,point ,situation, position, stage等词作定语从句的先行词，若定语从句缺状语，则用where引导。如：-Do you have anything to say for yourselves?-Yes, there is one point _we must insist on. A why B where C how D / (we must insist on in the point)2）当先行词是way （意为“方式、方法”）时，引导定语从句的关系词有三种形式： in which , that ,不填。如： What surprised me

21、 was not what he said but the way _he said it.3）先行词是time时，若time作“次数”讲时，应用关系代词that引导定语从句，that可以省略；若time作“一段时间，时代”讲时，应用关系副词when或介词at/ during+which引导定语从句。如：这是总统第二次访问这个国家了。 曾经有一个时期，没有收音机，没有电话，也没有电视。1. The research lacks _ evidence, and therefore, its conclusions are doubtful. A. solid B. fierce C. sever

22、e D. potential2. Nick, its good for you to read some books _China before you start your trip there. A. in B. for C. of D. on3. You cant accept an opinion _to you unless it is based on facts.A. offering B. to offer C. having offered D. offered4. The book tells stories of the earthquake through the ey

23、es of those_ lives were affected.  A. whose B. that C. who D. which5. _ is often the case with children, Amy was better by the time the doctor arrived.  A. It   B. What C. That D. As基础演练一. 用定语从句连接下列每对句子:1. She was talking with a lady. Her son was ill.2. He will always r

24、emember the years. He spent the years in the little village as a child.3. The clothes have been cleaned. I'm wearing them.4. He is sitting in a chair. It is broken.5. Everyone likes to make friends with her. She is a person.6. Can you tell me the reason? You sold your new car for the reason.7. T

25、hats the hotel. We stayed there last year.8. The bus was surrounded by an angry crow. Most of the bus was already full.9. Ill never forget the day. We worked together in London then.10. You sent my sister a present. Thank you very much for it.二. 单选1._ have plenty of money will help their friend. A.

26、Those who B. He who C. That who D. You who2. This is the longest train _ I have ever seen. A. which B. that C. what D. whom3._ we all know, swimming is a very good sport.A. Which B. That C. As D. Who 4. I shall never forget those years _ I lived in the farm _ you visited last week.A. when, wher

27、e B. which, which C. when, which D. which, where 5. The radio set _ last week has gone wrong. A.I bought it B. which I bought it C.I bought D. what I bought6. He paid the boy $10 for washing ten windows, most of _ hadnt been cleaned for at least a year. A. these B. them C. that D. which7. The day wi

28、ll come _ the people all over the world will win liberation. A. that B. where C. which D. when8. Mr. Herpin is one of the foreign experts who _ in China. A. works B. is working C. are working D. has been working9. They talked for about an hour of things and persons _ they remembered in the school. A

29、. which B. that C. who D. whom10. My glasses, _ I was like a blind man, fell to the ground and broke. A. which B. with which C. without which D. that11. He is a man of great experience, _ much can be learned. A. who B. from him C. from whom D. whom12. A harvester is a machine _ we harvest crops or a

30、 person _ is harvesting. A. which, who B. that, that C. with which, who D. /, that13. I have bought the same dress _ she is wearing. A. as B. that C. which D. what14. In the police station I saw the man from _ room the thief had stolen the TV set. A. whom B. which C. that D. whose15. This is the ver

31、y reason we all know. A. why B. that C. for which D. what 16. Please put the letter _ he can easily find it. A. in which B. where C. the place where D. in the place17. The house _ there is a big tree was built more than 1000 years ago. A. which B. that C. in the front of which D. in front of which18

32、. Antarctic, _ we know very little is covered with thick ice all the year round. A. which B. where C. that D. about which巩固提高1. His parents wouldnt let him marry anyone _ family was poor. A. of whom B. whom C. of whose D. whose 2. She heard a terrible noise, _ brought her heart into her mouth. A. it

33、 B. which C. this D. that 3. In the dark street, there wasnt a single person _ she could turn for help. A. that B. who C. from whom D. to whom 4. The weather turned out to be very good, _ was more than we could expect. A. what B. which C. that D. it 5. After living in Paris for fifty years he return

34、ed to the small town _ he grew up as a child. A. which B. where C. that D. when 6Carol said the work would be done by October. _ personally I doubt very much. A. it B. that C. when D. which 7Dorothy was always speaking highly of her role in the play, _, of course, made the others unhappy. A. who B.

35、which C. this D. what 8. Recently I bought an ancient Chinese vase, _ was very reasonable. A. which price B. its price C. the price of which D. the price of whose9. _ has already been pointed out, grammar is not a set of dead rules. A. As B. It C. That D. Which 10. He lived in London for 3 months, d

36、uring _ time he learned some English. A. this B. which C. that D. same11. Oh the wall hung a picture, _ color is blue. A. whose B. of which C. which D. its12. Whenever I met him, _ was fairly often, I like his sweet and hopeful smile. A. what B. which C. that D. when13. The visitor asked the guide t

37、o take his picture _ stands the famous tower. A. that B. where C. which D. there14. The boss _ department Ms King worked ten years ago look down upon women. A. in which B. in that C. in whose D. whose15. I dont like _ you speak to her.A. the way B. the way in that C. the way which D. the way of whic

38、h16. The house the capitalist used to live in is now a nursery.A. that B. where C. what D. when17. The doctor did all to save the wounded boy.A. what he could B. he could C. everything which he could D. for which he could do18. you know, he is a famous musician. A. As B. which C. That D.19. He is th

39、e only one of the three got the new idea.A. who have B. whom have C. who has D. whose had20. This is the baby tomorrow.A. after whom I shall look B. whom I shall look afterC. whose I shall look after D. after whom I shall look after21. These students will graduate from the university next summer, _

40、they will have studied here for four years. A. by then B. by that time C. by what time D. by which time22. This is the house the window _ faces the south. A. of which B. which C. of it D. whose23. It is five oclock in the afternoon _ they arrived at the hotel. A. since B. before C. when D. that24. I

41、n some countries, _ is called “equality” does not really mean equal rights for all people. A. which B. what C. that D. one25. - How about the games? - Very interesting, and the ones _ the young men competed were really exciting. A. what B. for whom C. where D. in which一. 单选1. Mary was much kinder to

42、 Jack than she was to the others, _,of course, made all the others upset.A who B which C what D that2. The prize will go to the writer _story shows the most imagination. A that B which C whose D what3. Ted came for the weekend wearing only some shorts and T-shirts, _is a stupid thing to do in such w

43、eather. A this B that C what D which4. The old town has narrow streets and small houses _are built close to each other. A they B where C what D that5. The days are gone _physical strength was all you needed to make a living. A when B that C where D which6. She showed the visitors around the museum,

44、the construction _had taken more than three years. A for which B with which C of which D to which7. I walked up to the top of the hill with my friends, _we enjoyed a splendid view of the lake. A which B where C who D that8. She has a gift for creating an atmosphere for her students _allows them to c

45、ommunicate freely with each other. A which B where C what D who9. English is a language shared by several diverse cultures, each of _uses it somewhat differently. A which B what C them D those10. Between the two parts of the concert is an interval, _the audience can buy ice-cream. A when B where C t

46、hat D which11. Whatever is left over may be put into the refrigerator, _it will keep for two or three weeks. A when B which C where D while12. Julie was good at German, French and Russian, all of _she spoke fluently. A who B whom C which D that13. A bank is the place _they lend you an umbrella in fa

47、ir weather and ask for it back when it begins to rain. A when B that C where D there14. The school shop, _customers are mainly students, is closed for the holidays. A which B whose C when D where15. Drunk driving, which was once a _ occurrence, is now under control. A. general B. frequent C. normal

48、D. particular16. Mothers holding jobs outside the home should have _ schedules to make it easier to care for their children. A. heavy B. smooth C. flexible D. complex17. In this lecture, I can only give you a purely _ view of how we can live life to the full and make some suggestions about the future. A. private B.