PreschoolandSchoolAgeActivitiesComparisonofUrban

1、1Preschool and School Age Activities: Comparison of Urban and Suburban PopulationsDorothy Damore, MDWeill Cornell Medical CollegeNew York, NYPublished in Journal of Community Health 2002;27:203-211.2Objective To compare the activities of urban and suburban children in the New York metropolitan area3

2、Background Leisure time activities may be related to the living environment. Studies have found greater illicit drug use and greater smokeless tobacco use in rural children and teenagers when compared with their urban counterparts. This substance abuse is associated with criminal activity.Finke L et

3、 al. J Drug Educ 1999;29:279-291.Kuria MW. East Afr Med J 1996;73:339.Olds RS. J Sch Health 1988;58:374-378.Gordon WR et al. Adolescence 1996;31:883-901.4Background The average American child watches between 21 and 27 hours of television a week which accounts for more time spent watching television

4、than on any other activity except sleep including school and homework.AC Nielsen Company, Nielsen Media Research, 1989.5Background In certain individuals watching violent television programming relates to aggressive behavior. Violent television viewing in the third grade has been shown to correlate

5、with aggressive behaviors 10 to 22 years later. Increased television viewing is associated with decreased sporting activities, decreased time spent outdoors and obesity.Cantor J. J Adolesc Health 2000;27:S30-34.Dietz WH et al. Curr Probl Pediatr 1991;8-31.Gortmaker SL et al. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med

6、 1996;150:356-362.Tucker LA. Adolescence 1986;21:797-806.Dietz WH et al. Pediatrics 1985;75:807-812.6Methods Prospective survey Convenience sample Conducted at one urban and one suburban primary care pediatric office Urban office in the Upper East Side of Manhattan Suburban office in Westchester Cou

7、nty, just north of New York City7Methods The primary investigator asked the caretakers of preschool and school age children to complete a questionnaire about their childs activities. Questionnaire available in Spanish Only one questionnaire per family Exclusion: children with physical handicaps8Ques

8、tionnaire Activities included: sports time spent outdoors reading library use video or television watching computer use summer camp 34 questions, 5 pages Took most parents 5 minutes to complete9Methods Preschool and school age activities were compared between urban and suburban populations. Suburban

9、 school age activities were compared between the school year and summer. Due to time constraints, data collection for the urban school age children during the summer was not performed.10Methods Assuming that 80% of urban children watched TV or videos for 3 or more hours a day and that a difference o

10、f 50% in the suburban children would be considered significant, to detect this difference with 80% power, a sample size of 45 in each group was determined using a chi-square test (two-tailed, alpha=0.05).11Methods Mann-Whitney test was used for numeric or quantitative variables. Fishers Exact test w

11、as used for categorical variables. Informed consent from a legal guardian The Institutional Review Board approval12Results Completed Questionnaires 66 urban preschool children 70 suburban preschool children 57 urban school age children 61 suburban school age children 63 suburban school age children

12、during the summer13Results Refusal rates from 1 - 12% in the different groups Four questionnaires completed in Spanish14Preschool Results The preschool groups were similar in mean age gender health insurance parental level of education Urban preschool children had greater ethnic diversity (p.01).15P

13、reschool Results Suburban preschool children spent more time outdoors, with 86% of suburban children spending 4 or more days outdoors per week versus 52% of urban children (p.01) were read to more frequently, with 97% of suburban children being read to 4 or more days per week versus 83% of urban chi

14、ldren (p=.01) visited the library more frequently, with 66% of suburban children visiting the library at least 1 to 3 times per month versus 47% of urban children (p=.03) and more often attended summer camp (p.01)1617School Age Results The school age groups were similar in mean age gender health ins

15、urance Urban school age children had greater ethnic diversity (p.01). The parental level of education was greater in the suburban group (p=.01).18School Age Results Suburban school age children spent more time outdoors, with 87% of suburban children spending 4 or more days outdoors per week compared

16、 with 54% of urban children (p.01) more frequently participated in a community sport league, 62% of suburban children vs. 23% of urban children (p.01) and more often attended summer camp (p.01) Urban school age children watched more TV or videos, with 25% of urban children watching more than 3 hours

17、 per day vs. 100% of suburban children watching 3 hours or less per day (p.01)1920Suburban School Age Children School Year vs. Summer Results The suburban groups, school year vs. summer, were similar in mean age gender ethnicity health insurance parental level of education21Suburban School Age Child

18、ren School Year vs. Summer Results School year used the library more frequently, with 41% visiting the library at least 1 to 3 times per week during the school year vs. 18% during the summer (p=.01) Summer spent more time outdoors, with 63% spending 1 hour or more per day outdoors during the summer

19、vs. 23% during the school year (p2 hours of TV per day and 26% watched 4 hours per day.Andersen RE et al. JAMA 1998;279:938-942.27Limitations Responses depended on parental interpretation of sports activities as well as parental estimations of the number of days and amount of time their children spent outdoors, playing sports, reading, using the library or using the computer. Most of the children had private insurance which makes the groups similar but may not apply to other children with different insurance