句子种类 (2)

1、句子的种类句子的种类(按结构分按结构分)简单句简单句 并列句并列句主从复合句主从复合句 He came in. He and she came in. He came in and sat down.简单句简单句, 并列并列连词连词+简单句简单句主语主语+谓语谓语 (一组一组)主语主语+谓语谓语 (两组两组) 定语定语从句从句名词性从句名词性从句 (主语主语/宾语宾语/表语表语/同位语从句同位语从句)状语从句状语从句一个主从复合句只有一个主句一个主从复合句只有一个主句, 其他其他从句由从属连词引导从句由从属连词引导. 主语主语+谓语谓语(至少两组至少两组)简单句五种基本句型：简单句五种基本句型

2、：主语主语+不及物动词不及物动词主语主语+及物动词及物动词+宾语宾语主语主语+连系动词连系动词+表语表语主语主语+及物动词及物动词+间接宾语间接宾语(sb)+直接宾语（直接宾语（sth)主语主语+及物动词及物动词+宾语宾语+宾语补足语宾语补足语谓语谓语句子中的句子中的必要必要成分：主语，谓语（谓语动词，成分：主语，谓语（谓语动词，宾语，宾语补足语，表语）宾语，宾语补足语，表语）句子中的句子中的非必要非必要成分：定语，状语，同位语成分：定语，状语，同位语简简单句的五种基本句型单句的五种基本句型一、一、S+Vi（主语（主语+不及物动词）不及物动词）The baby can speak The ch

3、ildren are playing happily二、二、S + Vt + O（主语（主语+及物动词及物动词+宾语）宾语）I want a ruler. They enjoy living in China I hope to go there soon三、三、S + V + P（主语（主语+连系动词连系动词+表语）表语）表语（表语（P）常为形容常见的连系动词有）常为形容常见的连系动词有be，get（变），（变），become（变得），（变得），turn（变），（变），look（看起来），（看起来），feel， smell，taste，seem等。等。 He is a student Ann

4、 felt happy四、四、S + V + InO + DO（主语（主语+及物动词及物动词+间接宾语间接宾语+直接宾直接宾)这种句型中的及物动词后跟双宾语，指人的宾语称为间接宾语（这种句型中的及物动词后跟双宾语，指人的宾语称为间接宾语（InO），指物的宾语称为直接宾语（），指物的宾语称为直接宾语（DO），通常间接宾语在前，），通常间接宾语在前，直接宾语在后。也可把间接宾语置于直接宾语后，但间接宾语前直接宾语在后。也可把间接宾语置于直接宾语后，但间接宾语前需用介词需用介词for或或to。l与与for连用的动词有连用的动词有buy，cook，make，sing，choose等等My father

5、 bought me a story-book=My father bought a story-book for me2与与to连用的动词有连用的动词有give，bring，send，tell，teach，pass，return，take，lend等。等。Please give me your penPlease give your pen to me.3既可与既可与for也可与也可与to连用的动词有连用的动词有bring，leave，play，write等。等。Please bring me the book tomorrow Please bring the book forto me

6、tomorrow.注意：若直接宾语是人称代词时，则须将其置于间接宾语之前。注意：若直接宾语是人称代词时，则须将其置于间接宾语之前。误：误：Give me it，please. 正：正：Give it to me，please五、五、S + V + O + OC（主语（主语+及物动词及物动词+宾语宾语+宾语补足语）宾语补足语）这种句型的及物动词后的宾语还需跟上宾语补足语（这种句型的及物动词后的宾语还需跟上宾语补足语（OC）意思才完整，宾语和宾语补足语合称为复合宾语。可用作宾意思才完整，宾语和宾语补足语合称为复合宾语。可用作宾语补足语的有名词、形容词、动词不定式、现在分词、介词语补足语的有名词、形

7、容词、动词不定式、现在分词、介词短语等。短语等。1后跟名词作宾语补足语的动词常用后跟名词作宾语补足语的动词常用call，name，make，choose，等。，等。We made him monitor.We can call him Jim for short2后跟形容词作宾语补足语的动词常用后跟形容词作宾语补足语的动词常用keep，make，find，get，等。例如：，等。例如： We must keep our classroom clean We find him easy to get along with.3动词不定式作宾语补足语有以下三种情况：动词不定式作宾语补足语有以下三种情

8、况：后跟带后跟带to的不定式作宾语补足语的动词常用的有的不定式作宾语补足语的动词常用的有ask, tell, want, teach, wish, get等。等。Mr. Hu asked us to talk about English name后跟不带后跟不带to的不定式作宾语补足语的动词可归纳为的不定式作宾语补足语的动词可归纳为“一感（一感（feel）”、“二听（二听（listen to， hear）”、“三让（三让（let，make，have）”、“四看（四看（see，look at，watch，notice）”。Let me help you I often see him play

9、basketball on the playground. help后跟不定式作宾语补足语时，不定式既可带后跟不定式作宾语补足语时，不定式既可带to也可不也可不带带to。Children should often help their parents（to）do some housework 4后跟现在分词作宾语补足语的动词常用后跟现在分词作宾语补足语的动词常用feel，listen to，hear，see，look at，watch， notice，find，keep等。等。We heard someone singing 常见的并列句常见的并列句1.表递进关系：表递进关系： and, no

10、t onlybut (also), neithernor, notbutHe had plenty of money and he spent it freely.Not only did he speak more correctly, but (also) he spoke more easily.2. 表选择关系：表选择关系：or, otherwise, eitheror,Dont drive so fast or/otherwise youll have an accident.Either you are right, or I am. 3. 表示转折：表示转折：but, yet,

11、Jane said she was ill, but/yet I saw her in the street just now.4. 表示对比表示对比: while, whereasSome men are rich, while/whereas others are poor.5. 表因果关系：表因果关系： so, forIt must have rained last night for it is wet all over.The shops were closed so I didnt get any milk.I was about to go out when the phone

12、rang.I was sleeping when the phone rang.I had just come back when the phone rang.6. when =and at that time 就在那时就在那时was/were about to do/going to do/on the point of doing.when.(一般过去时）一般过去时） was/were doingwhen .(一般过去时）一般过去时） had just done when .(一般过去时）一般过去时）7. 祈使句祈使句/名词名词短语，短语，and/or+简单句简单句Work hard,

13、and youll succeed.Work hard, or youll fail.One more time, and Ill succeed.Work hard, you will succeed. (F)Working hard, you will succeed. (简单句简单句)Work hard, and you will succeed. (并列句并列句)If you work hard, you will succeed. (主从复合句主从复合句)A big earthquake broke out, it caused damage. (F)A big earthquake

14、 broke out, causing damage. (简单句简单句)A big earthquake broke out, and it/that caused damage. (并列句并列句)A big earthquake broke out, which caused damage. (主从复合句主从复合句)定语从句定语从句: 两大要素两大要素: 1. 先行词先行词: 被修饰的名词或代词被修饰的名词或代词,非限制性定语从句非限制性定语从句中，可以是整个主句充当先行词。中，可以是整个主句充当先行词。2. 关系词：关系词：引导定语从句的引导定语从句的连词连词称为关系词称为关系词, 关系词

15、关系词有关系代词和关系副词有关系代词和关系副词。关系词有关系词有3个作用：个作用：1.引导定语从句。引导定语从句。2.替代先行词。替代先行词。3.在定语从句中担当一个成分。在定语从句中担当一个成分。关系词关系词指代的先行词指代的先行词在定语从句充当在定语从句充当的成分的成分关系代词关系代词that 人人/物物主语主语/宾语宾语/表语表语which 物物主语主语/宾语宾语who人人主语主语/宾语宾语whom人人宾语宾语whose人人/物物定语定语as人人/物物主语主语/宾语宾语关系副词关系副词when (= 介词介词+ which)时间名词时间名词时间状语时间状语where(=介词介词+whic

16、h)地点名词地点名词地点状语地点状语why(=for+which)原因（原因（reason）原因状语原因状语 如何选用适当的关系词如何选用适当的关系词:1. 先看先行词先看先行词（什么样的名词（什么样的名词-人，物，地点，时间，原因）人，物，地点，时间，原因）2. 关键看定语从句是否是个完整的句子。关键看定语从句是否是个完整的句子。如果缺少主语，宾语，表语就要用关系代词（缺少定语就要用如果缺少主语，宾语，表语就要用关系代词（缺少定语就要用whose）如果句子是完整的话，就要用关系副词充当从句中的状语。如果句子是完整的话，就要用关系副词充当从句中的状语。1) I still remember t

17、he days _ we spent together. I still remember the days _ we worked together.2) Do you still remember the place _ we visited yesterday? Do you still remember the place _ we used to work together?3) This is the reason _ he gave to us . This is the reason _ he was late for school.that/whichwhenthat/whi

18、chwherethat/whichwhy 介词介词+关系代词关系代词(which/whom) 引导的定语从句引导的定语从句(1) The school (that/which) he once studied in is very famous. The school in which he once studied is very famous.(2) Well go to hear the famous singer whom we have often talked about. Well go to hear the famous singer about whom we have o

19、ften talked.限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句: 限制性定语从句限制性定语从句 非限制性定语从句非限制性定语从句形式上形式上:意义上意义上: 译法上译法上 : 是先行词不可缺少是先行词不可缺少的定语，不能删除的定语，不能删除是对先行词的补充说明，是对先行词的补充说明，删除后意思仍完整删除后意思仍完整翻译成先行词的定翻译成先行词的定语，语，“的的” 通常翻译成主句的并通常翻译成主句的并列句列句(两个句子两个句子)不用逗号和主句隔开不用逗号和主句隔开 用逗号和主句隔开用逗号和主句隔开非限制性定语从句举例：非限制性定语从句举例：(1) His mother,

20、 who loves him very much, is strict with him.(2)China, which was founded in 1949, is becoming more and more powerful.(3) She is going to live in Beijing, where she has some close friends. (4) The meeting will be put off till next week, when those people will be back from Shanghai. (5) He has two son

21、s, one of whom is a doctor.(6) There are two buildings in our school, the higher of which is a teaching building.(7) An big earthquake broke out, which caused great damage.(8) As is often the case in the other countries, people prefer to have more equal rights.关系代词关系代词as引导的定语从句引导的定语从句1) as 引导非限制性定语从

22、句，引导非限制性定语从句， As is known to all, China is a developing country He is from the south, as we can see from his accent.2) 当先行词受当先行词受such/so 修饰时候用修饰时候用 as （as 在定语从句充当主语在定语从句充当主语/宾语）引导定语从句。宾语）引导定语从句。This is such a heavy box as cant be moved easily. (as是关系是关系代词在定语从句中充当主语。代词在定语从句中充当主语。)This is such a heavy

23、 box that it cant be moved easily. (that 后面从句中没有缺少主语后面从句中没有缺少主语/宾语，所以这个宾语，所以这个that 不是关系代不是关系代词引导定语从句，而是一个结果词引导定语从句，而是一个结果 状语从句状语从句) 3) 当先行词由当先行词由the same修饰时修饰时(1) She wore the same dress that she wore at Marys wedding. (同物同物)(2) She wore the same dress as her young sister wore. (同类异物）同类异物）名词性从句名词性从句

24、:概念和分类概念和分类: 相当于名词作用的从句叫做名词性从句，相当于名词作用的从句叫做名词性从句，可分别作主句的主语、宾语、表语和同位语，因此可分别作主句的主语、宾语、表语和同位语，因此名词性从句还可细分为名词性从句还可细分为主语从句、宾语从句、表语主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句。从句和同位语从句。语序：语序：所有的名词性从句都使用所有的名词性从句都使用陈述句语序陈述句语序。例：例： I wonder where the bus stop is. （宾语从句宾语从句） What he said at the meeting is interesting. （主主语从句语从句） Thi

25、s is how Henry solved the problem. （表语从表语从句句） The idea whether high school students should use mobile phone or not is being discussed. （同位语从句同位语从句）名词从句的名词从句的引导词引导词(连词连词)通常有：通常有： 1. 连词连词 that(引导陈述句）引导陈述句）, whether, if （引导一般疑（引导一般疑问句）问句）(在从句中不担任句子成分，只起连接作用在从句中不担任句子成分，只起连接作用)2. 连接代词连接代词 what, whatever,

26、 who, whoever, whom, whomever, whose, which, whichever (连接代词在名词性从句中不仅起了引导连接代词在名词性从句中不仅起了引导/连接从句的连接从句的作用，而且在从句中充当作用，而且在从句中充当主语，宾语，表语，主语，宾语，表语，whose 充当定语充当定语）3. 连接副词连接副词when, where, how, why, because（连接（连接副词在名词性从句中充当副词在名词性从句中充当状语状语）如何选用适当的连词如何选用适当的连词:1. 先看是什么从句先看是什么从句（主语（主语/宾语宾语/表语表语/同位语从句）同位语从句）2. 关键看名词性从句是否是个完整的句子。关键看名词性从句是否是个完整的句子。如果缺少主语，宾语，表语就要用连接代词如果缺少主语，宾语，表语就要用连接代词what, whatever, who, whoever, whom, whomever, whose, which, whichever （缺少定语就要用（缺少定语就要用whose）如果