研究生英语教材课后习题解答上册

1、Unit 1Text AExercises1. Reading comprehensionA. Read the text and answer the following questions.1. What, according to the author, do Americans love? Cite examples to illustrate your point.Americans love new frontiers. For example, they hanker after wide-open spaces; they like to explore; they like

2、to make rules but refuse to follow them.2. Is there a place on earth where you can go and be yourself? What is the place according to the author?According to the author, there is a place cyberspace, where you cango and be yourself.3. What metaphor does the author use to describe cyberspace? Why does

3、 she use such a metaphor?Real estate, because both real estate and cyberspace consist of differentparts and each part is suitable for a particular group of people.4. Does the author approve of regulating cyberspace? Why or why not?Yes, but first, it is fundamental to understand the nature of cybersp

4、ace.control?Self-rule.6. What are someof the main areas of cyberspace that the author defines? What other areas do you know that have recently emerged in cyberspace (e.g. e-business)?E-mail conversations, information and entertainment services, and cyberspace communities.7. How do cyberspace communi

5、ties evolve? Give examples to illustrate your point.People of similar interests and tastes form a community. For example, communities on CompuServetend to be professional; those on America Online are affluent young singles, and so on.8. What is unique about cyberspace rules? What authority do they h

6、ave that rules in terrestrial environments don t have?It allows communities of any size and kind to flourish. Cyberspace rules have moral authority that terrestrial governments don t have.9. In what spirit are new communities formed?Communities cater to their own members inclination.10. What kind of

7、 government do explorers in cyberspace need?Their own local government besides terrestrial government does explorers.11. What should be done to deal with questionable items in cyberspace?Are people already doing that?Weshould be banning them and using labels and automatic filters to get rid of them.

8、 Yes.12. Is cyberspace a perfect place? If not, why are people so excited about it?No, it is not. People are excited about it because it offers a lot of information and freedom.B. Global understanding and appreciation of the text.1. Analogy （ 比喻，类推）is a figure of speech （修辞手段）which draws aparallel b

9、etween two different types of things, and uses on （usually familiar to the reader） to explain reader ' s understanding of the writer ' s point.明喻）,theCan you draw a parallel between real estate and cyberspace? What point does the analogy support?Real estateCyberspaceShopping mallCommon landR

10、ed-light zonePrivateschool districtRented outdrugstorePlaces to be avoidedParkland, ChurchPlaces for childrenThe analogy between real estate and cyberspace2. By dividing cyberspace into three parts and using similes（author defines the nature of cyberspace and illustrates further her point that gover

11、nment regulation is not needed in cyberspace. Complete the following form to show that you understand the author' s point. Please bereminded that the underlying structure of a simile is“A is like B ” .PartsSimiliesCharacteristicse-mail conversationsTelephoneconversationsThey are private, consens

12、ualandrequirenoregulation.InformationandentertainmentservicesBookstores,malls,movie housesItems are not given if not requested.CyberspacecommunitiesBars,restaurants,bathhousesRules are being imposed to keep out unwantedads,discussionsandparticipants.3. In what way do the rules of a terrestrial gover

13、nment and those of acyberspace community differ? Refer to para. 11 to answer the question.Terrestrial governmentCyberspace communityPeople cannot choose their ownAny minority groups are allowedcommunity; they are forced to beto exist and flourish.Peoplea member of a certain communitychoose their own

14、 communities andjust because they happen to befollow community rules. If theyborn or live in a place. Rules ofdo not like the rules, they cana terrestrial government do notleave freely. So the rules ofhave moral authority.cyberspace communities havemoral authority.4. What is the language style of th

15、e article? Is it formal and literaryor informal and conversational? Cite examples from the text to support your answer.This article is written in an informal and conversational style. For example, the author uses someslangy words, incomplete sentences, contractions, and addresses the reader as “ you

16、” .11. VocabularyA. Find a word or phrase from the paragraph indicated in the bracket that means the same as:1. in the past> formerly2. include> embrace3. man-made > artificial4. control systematically> regulate5. exactly> precisely6. undesired> unwanted7. irrelevant> extraneous

17、passionate8. having intense feeling9. aim toward> be targeted to10. not far away> at hand11. be charged for> be sued forB. Choose the best word to complete each of the following sentences,1. this book a_ all the information you need.a. contains b. embraces c. offers d. involves2. The govern

18、ment cthe number of foreign cars that could beimported.a. refrains b. restrains c. restricts d. prevents3. As a teacher you should not show b_ towards any of your students.a. pleasure b. favor c. preference d. inclination4. Traffic is d_ by police at every intersection.a. enforced b. imposed c. limi

19、ted d. regulated5. How much do you b_ for this pair of shoes?a. bill b. charge c. cost d. affordb. We can bnow and return to work in the morning.a. leave out b. leave off c. sign away d. sign off7. That matter can be left _b_ until our next meeting.a. on b. over c. alone d. about8. I learned that he

20、 was asick leave from a government office.a. on b. in c. taken d. spending9. It was one of the most beautiful sights that I had ever set eyes c.a. to b. in c. on d. down10. Each week he tried to set d a few dollars of his salary.a. forth b. about c. apart d. asideIII. ClozeChoose a proper word from

21、the list to fill in each blank in the followingpassage. Change the form of the word if necessary:Access place that as win lead still virtual even response annually to concern across exactly simply by between they becauseBorn to SurfThe web From the Window contains poetry and literature from well-kno

22、wn writers across the global. There are thoughtful articles analyzing the state of the world we live in. There is (1)even a piece from the Secretary General of the United States, Kofi Annan. It may come (2)as some surprise to find out (3)that the editor of the magazine is a 12-year-old girl, Joy Nig

23、htingale.From the Window (4)won Joy Nightingale the first prize in the 1999 childnet Inter-national and Cable and Wireless awards. These are given (5)annually for the best use of the Internet (6)by and for young people.And (7)they highlight one of the most welcoming aspects of the (8)virtual world.

24、Children have taken to the Internet as though they are born surfing.Perhaps this is (9)because adults have had to change their understanding of technology while children (10)simply accept it as natural. Whatever the reason, children can be found building websites and E-mailing friends (11)across the

25、 world while adults are (12)still asking："Tell me again一where (13)exactly is cyberspace? ”Of course there is growing (14)concern about the fact that children cantravel far away from parental supervision in cyberspace. In (15)response , many parents have installed soft-ware packages which preven

26、t (16)access to violent or pornographic websites. Childnet is taking a more positiveline. The website is a gateway (17)to_ a world of education and entertainment.The rapid growth in Internet culture has (18)led analysts to speculatethat society will soon be divided (19)between the ainformationrich ”

27、 andainformation poor” . For Childnet it is especially important that childrenat the margins of society through poverty or disability have the chanceto take their (20)palce as equal citizens in the virtual world.IV. TranslationTranslate the following into Chinese:The possibility of a real market-sty

28、le evolution of governance is at hand. In cyberspace, we' ll be able to test and evolve rules governing what needs to be governed intellectual property, content and access control, rules about privacy and free speech. Somecommunities will allow anyone in: others will restrict access to memberswh

29、o qualify on one basis or another. Those communities that prove self-sustaining will prosper (and perhaps grow and split into subsets with ever-more-particular interests and identities).Those that can t survive-either because people lose interest or get scared off-will simply wither away.一种真正的市场型管理模

30、式很快成为可能。在信息空间，我们将能够检验并完善所需要的管理制度知识产权制度、服务内容与使用权的控制制度、个人隐私权与自由言论制度等。有些群体允许任何人加入，而有些则只允许符合这样或那样条件的人加入。能够自持的群体会兴旺发展(或许也会因为志趣与身份日趋特殊，而发展成为几个分支)。有些群体或因为成员失去兴趣，或因为成员被吓跑而不能幸存下来，它们将渐渐萎缩消亡。Text BKey to Comprehension and Appreciation1. The author argues that gene transfer should only be used for the treatment

31、 of serious disease, and not for any other purpose. Gene transfer shouldnever be undertaken in an attempt to enhance or “ improve ” human beings.2. Manygenetic diseases, sometypes of cancer, viral diseases such as AIDS, and some forms of cardiovascular disease can be treated by gene therapy.In addit

32、ion, it may be technically possible to insert a gene into the reproductive cells of a patient.3. It meanssupplying a specific characteristic that individuals might want for themselves or their children. The most obvious example at the moment would be in the insertion of a growth hormone gene into a

33、normal child in the hope that this would make the child grow larger.4. Somatic cell gene therapy is for the purpose of treating severe diseases.It is a clinical and ethical practice, because it would relieve human suffering. On the other hand, enhancement genetic engineering is to “ improve ” a huma

34、n being by inserting a specific gene into his cells.5. Genetic enhancement engineering should not be used, because this practice is unethical. It would threaten the dignity of man and threaten important humanvalues in two ways. First, it could be medically hazardous. Second, it would be morally prec

35、arious, in that it would require moral decisions our society is not now prepared to make, and it could lead to an increase in inequality and discriminatory practices.6. We still don t understand thought and consciousness. Neither do we understand the spiritual side of our existence.7. In the practic

36、e of gene transfer, we may alter one or more of humangenes.We could not text for the alteration at present. If we caused a problemthat would affect the individual or his or her offspring, wecould not repair the damage at present.8. By making the comparison, the author tries to explain that it is tru

37、ewe are now able to provide a new gene so that a property involved in a human life would be changed. But there is still so muchwe don t understand about human beings that trying to alter human genes will only harm them.9. Three problems would be created: what genes should be provided; who should rec

38、eive a gene; and, how to prevent discrimination against individuals who do or do not receive a gene.10. The language style of this article is formal and academic. It isdifferent from that of Text A. Unlike Text A, no slangy words are used inthis article. Words are formaland complex ideas. There are

39、few longsentences in Text A.Unit 2Text AExercises1. Reading comprehensionA. Read the text and answer the following questions.1. How does the author begin her article? What is her purpose?The author begins her article by offering an interesting anecdote. The purpose is to introduce the theme.2. What

40、problem does she find about how American men and women talk?She finds that American mentend to talk more than womenin public situation, but they often talk less at home, and this pattern is endangering marriages.3. What do American women often complain about? Why?They complain that their husbands do

41、 not listen to them, because they expect that their husbands should be conversational partners. When the husbands do not listen to them, they think the conversation fails.4. Does this lack of understanding between husband and wife affect their marriage?Yes, it does.5. What is the main topic of Elean

42、or Maccoby s research?The organizational structure of boys and girls groups and their interactive patterns and norms.6. How do little girls create and maintain friendships? In what way are they similar to women regarding their attitude toward conversation?Little girls create and maintain their frien

43、dships by exchanging secrets; in the sameway, womenregard conversation as the cornerstone of friendship.Exchanging thoughts, feelings and impressions can create a sense of closeness.7. How do boys maintain their friendships?Boys maintain their friendships by doing things together.8. Do men listen to

44、 women according to the author s study? Why do women complain that men are not listening when they talk?Yes, they do. Only their physical position gives womenthe impression that they are not listening even when they are listening attentively.9. How do boys and girls differ in switching a topic of co

45、nversation?Girls tend to talk at length about one topic while boys tend to jump from topic to topic.10. Do men and women respond differently when they hear a problem? How?Yes, they do. Women respond to a problem by asking probing questions and expressing agreement and understanding, but men respond

46、to a problem by dismissing it.11. What do women expect from a conversation?They expect agreement, understanding, and support.12. How would men and women interpret a stream of “ listener-noise ” ? Men often interpret it as overaction or impatience, but women interpretit as attention given to what the

47、y are saying.13. Why do men and women have different expectations about communication in marriage?This is because women think that communication between husband and wife creates intimacy, and marriage is an orgy of closeness: you can tell your feeling and thoughts and still be loved. For men, howeve

48、r, talking maintains independence and status.14. Whyis the man talkative in public situations and free to remain silent at home?In public setting, the man feels challenged to show his intelligence and display his understanding, while at home, he feels that there is nothing to prove and no one to def

49、end against.15. What does a woman try to avoid in a conversation?A woman tries to avoid offending someone, or sparking disagreement, or appearing to show off.16. What solution does the author offer to the communication problem betweenmen and women?The author offers to the communication problem that

50、a sociolinguistic approach should be taken to understand the problem first without blaming either men or women. Then men and women can adapt to each other ' s conversational habits.B. Global understanding and appreciation of the text.1. Complete the following chart with information from the text

51、 to show that you understand the differences between men and women regarding their conversational habits.MeH s conversational habitsWomen s conversational habits1)Facing away;2)Switching topics;3)Responding by dismissing each other ' s problems;4)Giving silent attention;5)Pointing out the other

52、side ofan argument1)Facing each other ' s faces;2)Talking at length about one topic;3)Responding to problems by asking probing questions and expressingagreementandunderstanding;4)Making listener-noise;5)Overlapping, finishingeachother ' s sentence;6)Offering support2. Discuss how men and wom

53、en interpret the above conversational habits.MeH s interpretation of women conversational habitsWomen s interpretation ofmeH s conversational habits1)Men interpretlistener-noiseas overaction or impatience;2)Men perceive participatory listenershipas interruption,intrusion, or lack of attention.1)Wome

54、nperceivesilentattention as no attention;2)If menpoint out the other side of an argument, women interpret it as disloyalty and refusal to offer support.3. Write a few sentences to summarize women s expectations about communication in marriage according to the article.According to the article most wo

55、men expect their husbands are conversational partners. Their husbands should pay attention to what they say and try to understand and support them. For women, talking is the cornerstone for closeness. At home,a woman can tell her husband herfeelings and thoughts without offending anyone or sparking

56、disagreement.11. VocabularyA. Find a word or expression from the paragraph indicated in the bracketto complete each of the following sentences. Change the form if necessary.1. His criminal activities were finally uncovered. 2. Scientists from the two countries concurred to develop the vaccine.3. Lig

57、htning usually accompanies thunder.4. The bad weather frustratedourhopes of going out.5. She believes that she is not a good mother because she does not fit the stereotype of a woman who spends all her time with her children.6. He is always switching from one job to another.7. He just smiled and dis

58、missed the story as mere rumor.8. The sudden noise distracted his mind from his painful memories.9. The story can be adapted for use in schools.10. That is what we assume, but it ' s not easy to find evidence to prove it.11. She tried to probe into my mind and discover what I was thinking.12. She is too ambitious to remain in a