英美文学期末考试复习

1、第一章殖民主义时期的文学1、American Puritanism was one of the most enduring shaping influences in American thought and American literature.American Puritanism influences on American literature:a.Idealism and optimism 理想主义和乐观主义b.Symbolism 象征主义c.Simplicity. 简洁清教徒采用的文学体裁：a、narratives 日记 b、journals 游记清教徒在美国的写作内容：1）t

2、heir voyage to the new land2) Adapting themselves to unfamiliar climates and crops3) About dealing with Indians4) Guide to the new land, endless bounty, invitation to bold spirit清教徒的思想：1）puritan want to make up pure their religious beliefs and practices 净化信仰和行为方式2) Wishto restore simplicity to churc

3、h and the authority of the Bible to the theology. 重建教堂，提供简单服务，建立神圣地位来源：( - 美国文学史复习1（colonialism)_苗苗_新3）look upon themselves as chosen people, and it follow logically that anyone who challenged their way of life is opposing Gods will and is not to be accepted. 认为自己是上帝选民，对他们的生活有异议就是反对上帝4）puritan oppos

4、ition to pleasure and the arts sometimes has been exaggerated. 反对对快乐和艺术的追求到了十分荒唐的地步 5）religious teaching tended to emphasize the image of a wrathful God.强调上帝严厉的一面，忽视上帝仁慈的一面。典型的清教徒： John Cotton & Roger William他们的不同：John Cotton was much more concerned with authority than with democracy; William begins

5、 the history of religious toleration in America.2、Jamestown詹姆斯敦 was the first English Colony in America.3、May Flower 1620: A New Look at a Pilgrim Voyage 1620年 五月花号：一次承载着希望和梦想的航行 .4、Anne Bradstreet安妮(1612-1672) was a Puritan poet who wrote ponderous verses of interminable, inter-locking poems” on th

6、e four elements, the constitutions and ages of man, the seasons of the year, and the chief empires of the ancient world. Her poemsas the “Tenth Muse”who appeared in America. 英国最早移民到美国的诗人.在殖民时期最好的清教徒诗人：the best of Puritan poets is Edward Tayor.The work of two writers, Anne Bradstreet & Edward Taylor,

7、 rose to the level of real poetry.The earliest settlers included Dutch, Swedes, Germans,French, Spaniards Italian, and Portuguese.5、 Philip Freneau 菲利普弗伦诺(1752-1832) “Poet of the American Revolution” “Father of American Poetry ” (美国诗歌之父) ,第一位美国抒情诗人兼记者 a) The Rising Glory of America 1772 美洲光辉的兴起b) Th

8、e House of Night 1779, 1786 夜之屋c) The British Prison Ship 1781 英国囚船d) To the Memory of the Brave Americans 1781 纪念美国勇士e) The Wild Honey Suckle 1786f) The Indian Burying Ground 1788g) The Dying Indian: Tomo Chequi 奄奄一息的印第安人：托姆柴吉6、Captain John Smith约翰史密斯(1580-1631) is the first American writer.1) A De

9、scription of New England (1964)2) Advertisements for the Unexperienced Planters of New England, or Anywher e(1631)3)The True Travels, Adventure, and Observations of Captain John Smith (1630)4)General History of Virginia, New England, and the Summer Isles (1624)第二章18世纪，清教文学，特点：形式有限，内容死板。主要为政府、革命服务。1、

10、 The 18th Century was The Age of Reason and Revolution .2、Benjamin Franklin 本杰明富兰克林(1706-1790) was one of the Founding Fathers of the United States of America. A noted polymath, Franklin was a leading author and printer, satirist, political theorist, politician, scientist, inventor, civic activist,

11、statesman, and diplomat. 他有一连串的头衔作家，发明家，出版商，科学家，外交家，哲学家，启蒙思想家。 穷理查德年鉴 谚语集 名言格言。E g: 1. Well done is better than well said. 说得好 不如做得好2. If youd have a servant that you like, serve your self 最令人满意的仆人是你自己3. Have you somewhat to do tomorrow do it today 明天如有事，今天就去做4. He that sows thorns should not go bar

12、efoot 种荆棘者勿赤脚 5. By diligence and patience the mouse bit in two the cable 只要功夫深铁杵磨成针6. Early to bed and early to rise makes a man healthy wealthy and wise 早睡早起，健康富有又聪明7. You may delay but time will not 时间不可拖延。8. Half the truth is often a great lie 半句真话常是谎言自传 Benjamin Franklin was one of the Founding

13、 Fathers of the United States. He is often thought of as the revolutionary figure who led protests against the Stamp Act, helped draft the Declaration of Independence, coordinated the peace treaty ending the American Revolution, and co-wrote and signed the U.S. Constitution It is ironic, however, th

14、at Franklin is remembered more as the civic figure-the man on the $100 bill-than as the man who invented the stove or the man who formulated his own theories about lightning and electricity. The irony stems from the fact that Franklin often thought of himself as more of a scientist than a political

15、thinker. This self-identification comes through in the Autobiography, which does not discuss the Revolution in any capacity and hardly even refers to events after 1757. Indeed, in the Autobiography, we get a full picture of Franklin as the Renaissance scholar, fascinated by all types of learning and

16、 interested in doing whatever he could to make life a little bit better for mankind, based on the notion that the way to please God was by doing good to other men. This interest manifested itself in public service and scientific progress.第三章1815-1860 浪漫主义1、Washington Irving华盛顿欧文（1783-1859）with the p

17、ublication of the sketch book of Geoffrey Crayon, Gent.(1819-1820). He won a measure of international recognition. 美国第一个获得国际声誉的浪漫主义作家。 The first American writer of imaginative literature to gain international fame. The father of American literature.the first great belletrist 第一个纯文学作家，划线部分为三个主要contri

18、bution: the first great prose stylist of American romanticism. 美国第一位浪漫主义散文文体作家“Sketch Book”见闻札记, the first modern short stories and the first great American juvenile literature.现代文学史上第一部短篇小说和美国第一部伟大的青少年文学读物。Irving restored the waning Gothic romances which Poe soon infused with psychological subtleti

19、es.重振了没落的哥特式浪漫主义小说，随后坡在此基础上，把心理学的一些知识融入了这种体裁。2、James Fenimore Cooper詹姆斯费尼莫库珀(1789-1851)皮袜子故事集，的主人公是：Natty Bumppo 第四章1835-1860 浪漫主义高峰期1、Time: 1836-1855: in 1836 a little book came out which made a tremendous impact on the intellectual life of America. It was entitled Nature by Ralph Waldo Emerson.拉尔夫

20、沃尔多爱默生对美国思想产生重大影响。作品：1. Nature 2. The American Scholar 3. Self-reliance Nature regarded as the Bible of New England Transcendentalism新英格兰超验主义的圣经The American Scholar regarded as Americans Declaration of Intellectual Independence简答题A . First, the Transcendentalists placed emphasis or spirit, or the ov

21、ersoul ,as the most important thing in the universe .B , Secondly, the Transcendentalists stressed the importance of the individual. C, Thirdly, the Transcendentalists offered a fresh perception of nature as symbolic of the Spirit or God.2、 Ralph Waldo Emerson 拉尔夫沃尔多爱默生（1803-1882） in fact ,the Ameri

22、can scholar has been regarded as Americans Declaration of Intellectual Independence.美国思想独立的。3、Henry David Thoreau亨利戴维梭罗（1817-1862） Walden瓦尔登湖第五章1860-1914 现实主义1、Nathaniel Hawthorne纳撒尼尔霍桑（1804-1864）美国侦探小说之父。 红字1850 .阐述了原罪思想。Major themes SinThe experience of Hester and Dimmesdale recalls the story of A

23、dam and Eve because, in both cases, sin results in expulsion and suffering. But it also results in knowledgespecifically, in knowledge of what it means to be human. For Hester, the scarlet letter functions as her passport into regions where other women dared not tread, leading her to speculate about

24、 her society and herself more boldly than anyone else in New England.3As for Dimmesdale, the cheating minister of his sin gives him sympathies so intimate with the sinful brotherhood of mankind, so that his chest vibrates in unison with theirs. the scarlet letter ABesides the characters, the most ob

25、vious symbol is the scarlet letter itself, which has various meanings depending on its context. It is a sign of adultery, penance, and penitence. It brings about Hesters suffering and loneliness and also provides her rejuvenation. In the book, it first appears as an actual material object in The Cus

26、tom House preface. Then it becomes an elaborately gold-embroidered A over Hesters heart and is magnified in the armor breast-plate at Governor Bellinghams mansion. Here Hester is hidden by the gigantic, magnified symbol just as her life and feelings are hidden behind the sign of her sin.Still later,

27、 the letter is an immense red A in the sky, a green A of eel-grass arranged by Pearl, the A on Hesters dress decorated by Pearl with prickly burrs, an A on Dimmesdales chest seen by some spectators at the Election Day procession, and, finally, represented by the epitaph On a field, sable, the letter

28、 A, gules (gules being the heraldic term for red) on the tombstone Hester and Character ListHester Prynne A young woman sent to the colonies by her husband, who plans to join her later but is presumed lost at sea. She is a symbol of the acknowledged sinner; one whose transgression has been identifie

29、d and who makes appropriate, socio-religious atonement.Reverend Arthur Dimmesdale Dimmesdale is the unmarried pastor of Hesters congregation; he is also the father of Hesters daughter, Pearl. He is a symbol of the secret sinner; one who recognizes his transgression but keeps it hidden and secret, ev

30、en to his own downfall. Pearl Pearl is the illegitimate daughter of Hester Prynne and Arthur Dimmesdale. She is the living manifestation of Hesters sin and a symbol of the product of the act of adultery and of an act of passion and love.Roger Chillingworth The pseudonym assumed by Hester Prynnes age

31、d scholar-husband. He is a symbol of evil, of the devils handyman, of one consumed with revenge and devoid of Style：Narrator Symbolism Setting Ambiguity2、Herman Melville（1819-1891）Herman Melville is best known as the author of Moby-Dick第六章1、Walt Whitman沃尔特惠特曼(1819-1892)自由诗体主要讲了 自由、民主.的概念。揭露批评了一切违背民主

32、思想的罪恶。Walt Whitmans Leaves of Grass is an attempt to give everyday American linguistic usage poetic value. Whitmans poem includes discourse that does not comply with the traditions of European poetics but that is proclaimed nevertheless to be poetry in order to suggest that the liberal-democratic Am

33、erican state has a natural beauty equivalent to the most refined poem. 2、Emily Dickinson艾米莉狄金森（1830-1886）第一位女诗人。我一直在爱这是鸟儿们回来的日子简答题The themes in Dickinsons poems ：1. religion2. death and immortality3. love4. nature The themes in Dickinsons poems :Dickinsons poems are usually based on herexperiences h

34、er sorrows and joys. But withinher little lyrics Dickinson addresses those issuesthat concern the whole human beings whichinclude religion death immorality love andnature.1. religion In some of her poems she wrote about herdoubt and belief about religious subjects. The themes in Dickinsons poems 2.

35、death and immortality Closely related to Dickinsons religious poetry are her poems concerning death and immortality （不朽）ranging over the physical as well as the psychological and emotional aspects of death. Dickinsons greatest rendering （描写） of the moment of death is to be found in “I heard a Fly bu

36、zz when I died ” a poem universally considered one of her masterpieces. The themes in Dickinsons poems 3.Love Love is another subject Dickinson dwelton. One group of her love poems treats thesuffering and frustration love can cause. Thesepoems are clearly the reflection of her ownunhappy experience

37、closely related to herdeepest and most private feelings.3.LoveThe other group of love poems focuses on the physical aspect of desire in which Dickinson dealt with allegorically the influence of the male authorities over the female emphasizing the power of physical attraction and expressing a mixture

38、 of fear and fascination for the mysterious magnetism between sexes. The themes in Dickinsons poems 4. nature In her poems Dickinsons skepticism aboutthe relationship between man and natureis well-expressed. 1 On the one hand sheshared with her romantic and transcendentalpredecessors who believed th

39、at a mythical 神话的 虚构的 bond between man and natureexisted that nature revealed to man thingsabout mankind and universe.2 On the other hand she felt strongly about natures inscrutability （不可预测 性） and indifference to the life and interests of human beings.Dickinsons artistic characteristicsDicksons poe

40、try is unique and unconventional in its own way.1 no titles.2 dashes are used as a musical device3 capital letters as a means of emphasis.Dickinsons artisticcharacteristics4 The form of her poetry is familiar communal （公共的） and sometimes irregular.5 short a singly image or symbol one subject matter.

41、6 personal and meditative.7 She often used persona and personification Dickinsons artistic characteristicsDickinsons poetry despite its ostensible（表面上的）formal simplicity is remarkable for itsvariety subtlety and richness and her limitedprivate world has never confined the limitlesspower of her creat

42、ivity and imagination.She wanted to live simply as a complete independentbeing and so she did as a spinster.第七章1、 Edgar Allan Poe埃德加爱伦坡（1809-1849）浪漫主义最后一位。对美的定义：The death of a beautiful young women Beautiful Death -The Death motif in Edgar Allan Poes work第八章1、William Dean Howells豪威尔斯l837-1920The Ris

43、e of Silas Lapham塞拉斯拉帕姆的发迹(1885)是他的代表作，写一个剥削矿工发财致富的暴发户，批评家认为其中充满了“敏锐的观察”和“善意的批评”。2、Henry James亨利詹姆斯（1843-1916）心理现实主义小说创作的三个时期：主要作品的主题多为他所熟悉的美国和欧洲这两种不同文化和价值体系间的冲突即所谓的“国际主题”（THE INTERNATIONAL THEME）。他的创作生涯可以大致分为三个阶段：第一阶段1863-1886，作品包括THE AMERICAN美国人，DAISY MILLER戴西米勒，THE EUROPEANS欧洲人，WASHINGTON SQUARE华

44、盛顿广场*（即电影“情感的禁区”）和THE PORTRAIT OF A LADY*淑女本色；第二阶段1886-1901，作品包括：THE BOSTONIANS波士顿人，THE TURN OF THE SCREW螺丝在拧紧和THE BEAST IN THE JUNGLE丛林猛兽；第三阶段从1901年开始，又称“主要阶段”（THE MAJOR PHASE），作品包括他最成熟的三部小说：THE WINGS OF THE DOVE*鸽翼（我的最爱），THE AMBASSADORS专使和THE GOLDEN BOWL*金碗。（*已有电影改编) 第九章Mark Twain马克吐温（1835-1910）。1

45、884汤姆索亚历险记所有的美国文学都来自这里。语言特点：口语化colloquial,创了美国小说口语化的先河,以幽默讽刺的写作基调,夸张、对比、口语等表现手法,形成了独特的艺术风格,在现实主义小说语言风格方面为美国文学的发展作出了卓越贡献,对后世作家产生了深远的影响。第十章自然主义，现实主义的高峰，持续到1战结束。1、Stephen Crane,斯蒂芬克莱恩18711900 Maggie, A Girl of the Street街头女郎The Red Badge of Courage红色英勇勋章2、Frank Norris弗兰克诺里斯 1870-19021894-1895 麦克提格 1901

46、章鱼-best work3、Theodore Dreiser西奥多德莱塞(1871-1945)嘉莉妹妹4、Jack London杰克伦敦(1876-1916)铁蹄5、O. Henry欧亨利，原名为威廉西德尼波特（1862-1910）麦琪的礼物第十一章意象派：“Imagism”Ezra Pound(1885-)The coming of the ImageThe new age demanded proper literary expression. Imagism came as a reaction to the traditional English poetics with its ia

47、mbic pentameter, its verbosity, and extra-poetic padding; but it served, first and foremost, to meet the need of expressing the temper of the age. 简答题Three Imagist poetic principles: (1) Direct treatment of the “thing”, whether subjective or objective; (2) To use absolutely no word that does not con

48、tribute to the presentation: and (3) As regarding rhythm, to compose in the sequence of the musical phrase, not in the sequence of a metronome. 第十二章Thomas Stearns T.S. Eliot托马斯贝尔斯登“T.S.爱略特(1888-1965)荒原第十三章Robert Frost罗伯特弗罗斯特(1874-1963)波士顿以北1914He received honors from forty-four institutions, and bec

49、ame the nations unofficial poet laureate when invited to read his poems “The Gift Outright” at President Kennedys inauguration in 1961.Chang Yao-xin(198)points out:|”Readers tend to find wit and wisdom, peace and harmony, serenity and joy from his poetry”.第十四章1、 Scott Fitzgerald弗司各特菲茨杰拉德 （1896-1940）

50、The Great Catsby 了不起的盖茨比。It is his masterpiece。It embodies the disillusionment of the American Dream。The Grapes of Wrath愤怒的葡萄2、Ernest Miller Hemingway厄内斯特米勒，海明威(1899-1961)现实主义“The lost generation”迷惘的一代太阳照常升起（The Sun Also Rises)他爱上护士，故事情节、永别了，武器（A Farewell to Arms)1928(1952) The Old Man and the Sea第十

51、五章William Faulkner威廉福克纳（1897-1962）南方周末小说家The sound and the Fury喧哗与骚动1929.诗歌：1、annabel lee安娜贝尔李的解析Edgar Allan PoeSetting: The narrator (persona) writes about a fictional kingdom along the ocean shore. It is an idyllic, beautiful, land of enchantmenta paradise on earthwhere he and Annabel Lee fell in

52、love as adolescents. One can imagine that they strolled the beaches, hand in hand, in gentle breezes while the sun went down and the tide rushed in. This kingdom, where love ruled their hearts, remains dear to the memory of the poet after Annabel Lee dies, for his soul remains united with hers. Char

53、acters: Narrator (persona): A man of deep sensibility who extolls a young maiden with whom he fell deeply in love. Annabel Lee: Beautiful young maiden loved by the poet. She was of noble birth, as Line 17 of Stanza 1 suggests when it says she had “highborn” relatives. Annabel Lee probably represents

54、 Poes wife, who died at a young age. Seraphs: Members of the highest order of angelsaround the throne of God. According to the Bible, they each had three pairs of wings. In the poem, the seraphs are so envious of the love between the narrator and Annabel Lee that they cause Annabels death. Relative

55、of Annabel Lee: A“highborn kinsman” (Line 17, Stanza 1) who carries away and entombs her body. Date of Publication: Annabel Lee was published on October 9, 1849, in the New York Daily Tribune. Theme: Eternal love. The love between the narrator and Annabel Lee is so strong and beautiful and pure that

56、 even the seraphs, the highest order of angels in heaven, envy it. They attempt to kill this love by sending a chilling wind that kills Annabel Lee. However, the love remains aliveeternalbecause the souls of the lovers remain united. The death of a beautiful woman is a common theme in Poes writing.

57、Romeo and Juliet Motif: Like Shakespeares Romeo and Juliet, the narrator and Annabel Lee are both very young when they fall deeply in love. In addition, like Shakespeares “star-crossed” lovers, Poes lovers become victims of forces beyond their control. Finally, the narrator and Annabel Leelike Romeo and Julietexperience a love beyond the understanding of older p