词汇学讲解(前缀和后缀1)

1、Classification of Vocabulary Active Vocabulary: speaking vocabulary writing vocabulary Passive Vocabulary: reading vocabulary guess vocabulary Shakespear 24,000 John Milton 16,000 Churchill 90,000 T.S. Eliot 100,000 Ways of Word-formation Derivation（派生法） derivative Composition（复合法） compound Conversi

2、on(转化法） Abbreviation:（缩略法） clipped word（截短词） Initialism(首字母缩略词） Acronym（首字母拼音词) blend(拼缀词） Methods of Word-formation English affixes can be divided into prefixes and suffixes. What is prefixes? What is suffixes? What are the most important productive prefixes and suffixes respectively? Some of the m

3、ost important productive prefixes are: 1. Prefixes with negative meaning: un-, dis-, in-, im-, ir-, il-, de- 2. Prefixes with other meaning varieties are: Re-, mis-, anti-, ex, pre-, post-, fore-, self-, super, sub-, inter-, trans-, ultra-,semi-, vice-, uni-, bi, multi- auto-, 英语的前缀和后缀在语法功能、语义、以及与词根

4、关系的密切程度上是不同的，大多数后缀会改变词根的词性，大多数前缀不影响词根的词性和其他语法范畴，只是对词根的语义加以修饰或限制。从这个意义上说，前缀的作用与副词相仿，可以表示方式、态度、程度、时间、地点、否定等概念。表示方式的前缀 ： Mis- mislead miscaculate Mal- maltreat malnutrition Co- cooperate cochairman表示态度的前缀： Anti- anti-social anti-war Counter- counter-revolution counter-charge Re- react resist Pro- pro-A

5、merican Pro-communist 表示程度的前缀 Super- superman superpower Under- underfeed underdevelopment Over- overcareful overdo 表示时间的前缀 Pre- prenatal Post- post-war Ex- exserviceman Re- rebuild表示地点的前缀 Inter- Trans- trans-Atlantic Super- superstructure(上层建筑） Over- overhead（在头顶上的） Sub- subway Under- underground 英

6、语中只有三个前缀能决定词性： En- en 使处于什么状态 Enslave embody endanger enrich Enlarge ensure endear Be- befriend benumb belittle Becalm A- a-主要用来使动词或名词变为表语性的形容词 Asleep astray astir afire afoot(徒步）Some Examples for Unusual Prefix For example: Non-scientific means relating to fields other than science. Unscientific me

7、ans not scientific( not used in scientific work,not showing scientific knowledge or familiarity with scientific methods. De- 1) reversing the action. Desegregate,detrain,decentralize,degenerate. Deregulate to remove from regulation They contend that only long-term deregulation of gas prices will enc

8、ourage industry to drill new wells. 2)depriving of Deform, defrost,deice,dehydrate,demagnetizeTwo More Notes 1. In eastwards, moonwards, eastwards, northwards, the “s” will be slipped in American English, but wards is very common in spoken AmE. 2.Clockwise-in the direction in which the hands of a cl

9、ock move if looked at from the front. But education-wise means as far as education is concerned.Match Work Dis- greater or more than Un- among Pseudo- not enough Macro- being against Super- large Under- reverse Anti- false Inter- the opposite of Dis- the opposite of:disloyal, disobey Un- reverse:unh

10、orse, unwrap Pseudo- false:pseudo-science, pseudo-modern Macro- large: macrocosm, macroeconomics Super- greater or more than, superego, superstar,supernatural,superpower Under- not enough, underdeveloped, underestimate , Anti- being against, anti-nuclear, anti-government Inter- among, intermarriage.

11、 Multi- single, Mono- opposite, against Counter- many Mal- too much Over- bad, wrong. Some Examples Multi-colored, multistory, monologue, monorail, counterattack, counterrevolution, malformation, malpractice, overeat, overexcited.More Challenges! Change the following verbs into nouns. Dismiss, atten

12、d, protect, decide, judge, carry, survive, link, build, perform, refuse, store, declare, explore, paint.How Did You Do It? Dismissal, attendance, protection, decision, judgment, carriage, survival, linkage, building, performance, refusal, storage, declaration, exploration, painting.Exercises 1 Form

13、the opposites of the following by adding prefixes to them: resistible, contented, mobile, exact, literate, stop, comfortable, washed, payment, relevant, visible, honest, logical, modest.Check Your Answers : ) Irresistible, discontented, immobile, inexact, impatient, illiterate, nonstop, uncomfortable, unwashed, nonpayment, Irrelevant, invisible, dishonest, illogical, immodest. Pick out the affixed words from the following sentences, and state the meaning of the affix in each case. 1. Dont let the defrost too quickly. 2. “In my happier nightmare”,