(完整版)5学原理》(微观)第五版测试题库(19)

1、Chapter 19Earnings and Discrimi natio nTRUE/FALSE1. A compe nsat ing differe ntial refers to a differe nee in wages that arises from nonmon etary characteristics.ANS:NAT:MSC:TAn alytic Defin iti onalDIF:LOC:2Labor marketsREF:19-1TOP:Compe nsat ing differe ntials2.A compe nsat ing differe ntial is a

2、differe nce in wages due to higher levels of educati on or other forms of huma ncapital.ANS:FDIF:1REF:19-1NAT:An alyticLOC:Labor marketsTOP:Compe nsat ing differe ntialsMSC:Defin iti onal3. The fact that doctors are paid more tha n econo mics professors is an example of a compe nsat ing differe ntia

3、l.ANS: TDIF:1REF: 19-1NAT: An alyticLOC: Labor marketsTOP: Compe nsat ing differe ntialsMSC: Defi nitio nal4. A computer is an example of productivity-e nhancing huma n capital.ANS: FDIF: 2REF: 19-1NAT: An alyticLOC: Labor marketsTOP:Huma n capitalMSC: Defi nitio nal5. Higher levels of human capital

4、 are correlated with higher earnings because firms are willing to pay more for better-educated workers who have higher marginal productivities.ANS: TDIF: 2REF: 19-1NAT: An alyticLOC: Labor marketsTOP:Huma n capitalMSC: In terpretive6. As a result of an in crease in the earnings gap betwee n skilled

5、and un skilled jobs, the incen tive to get a college educati on has bee n decli ning.ANS: FDIF: 2REF: 19-1NAT: An alyticLOC: Labor marketsTOP: In creasi ng value of skillsMSC: In terpretive7. The risi ng gap in wages betwee n un skilled and skilled workers is most likely related to a larger in creas

6、e in dema nd for un skilled occupati ons relative to skilled occupati ons.ANS: FDIF: 2REF: 19-1NAT: An alyticLOC: Labor marketsTOP: In creasi ng value of skillsMSC: In terpretive8. One hypothesis to explain the rising gap in wages between unskilled and skilled workers in the United States is that in

7、 ter nati onal trade has altered the relative dema nds for skilled and un skilled workers.ANS: TDIF: 2REF: 19-1NAT: An alyticLOC: Labor marketsTOP: In creasi ng value of skillsMSC: In terpretive9. The statement that "the rich get richer, and the poor get poorer" is supported by evidence of

8、 an expanding wage gap betwee n high-skill and low-skill workers.ANS:TDIF:1REF:19-1NAT:An alyticLOC: Labor marketsTOP:In creas ing value of skillsMSC:In terpretive10.Some econo mists suggest that in ter nati onal trade has led to an expa nding wage gap betwee n high-skilllow-skill workers in the Uni

9、ted States.ANS:TDIF:2REF:19-1NAT:An alyticLOC: Labor marketsTOP:In creas ing value of skillsMSC:In terpretive1287Chapter 19/Ear nings and Discrim in ati on129111. It is in creas in gly clear that tech no logical cha nge, rather tha n intern ati onal trade, has bee n largely resp on sible for an expa

10、 nding wage gap betwee n high-skill and low-skill workers.ANS: FDIF: 2REF: 19-1NAT: An alyticLOC: Labor marketsTOP:In creasi ng value of skillsMSC: In terpretive12. The United States is losing manufacturing jobs to countries like China and India, where manufacturing jobs have in creased 30 perce nt

11、since 1995.ANS: FDIF: 2REF: 19-1NAT: An alyticLOC: Labor marketsTOP:In creasi ng value of skillsMSC: Applicative13. Since 1995, global man ufacturi ng employme nt has decli ned, yet global in dustrial output has rise n.ANS: TDIF: 2REF: 19-1NAT: An alyticLOC: Labor marketsTOP:In creasi ng value of sk

12、illsMSC: Applicative14. One expla nati on for the loss in man ufacturi ng jobs is that new tech no logies have replaced the n eed for some workers.ANS: TDIF: 2REF: 19-1NAT: An alyticLOC: Labor marketsTOP:In creasi ng value of skillsMSC: Applicative15. The dema nd for workers with excelle nt problem-

13、solv ing skills is in creas ing, as are the wages for those workers.ANS: TDIF: 2REF: 19-1NAT: An alyticLOC: Labor marketsTOP:In creasi ng value of skillsMSC: Applicative16. One reas on why better-looki ng workers may have higher earnings is that physical attractive ness may enhance a worker ' s

14、productivity for certain jobs, especially for those workers who deal with the public.ANS: TDIF: 2REF: 19-1NAT: An alyticLOC: Labor marketsTOP: Beauty premiumMSC: In terpretive17. One reas on why better-looki ng workers may have higher earnings is that physical attractive ness is correlated with in t

15、ellige nee.ANS: FDIF: 2REF: 19-1NAT: An alyticLOC: Labor marketsTOP: Beauty premiumMSC: In terpretive18. The sig nali ng theory of educati on maintains that workers who complete specific levels of educati on sig nal their high productivity to pote ntial to employers.ANS: TDIF: 2REF: 19-1NAT: An alyt

16、icLOC: Labor marketsTOP: Sig nali ngMSC: Defi nitio nal19. The sig nali ng theory of educati on main ta ins that workers who complete specific levels of educati on enhance their productivity through educati on.ANS: FDIF: 2REF: 19-1NAT: An alyticLOC: Labor marketsTOP: Sig nali ngMSC: Defi nitio nal20

17、. If the sig nali ng theory of educati on is correct, the n educati on is correlated with higher ear nings because people with higher levels of educati on are more productive.ANS: FDIF: 2REF: 19-1NAT: An alyticLOC: Labor marketsTOP: Sig nali ngMSC: In terpretive21. The huma n-capital theory of educa

18、ti on maintains that workers who complete specific levels of educati on enhance their productivity through educati on.ANS: TDIF: 2REF: 19-1NAT: An alyticLOC: Labor marketsTOP:Huma n capital | Sig nali ngMSC: Defi nitio nal22. Educati on and on-the-job training are sources of huma n capital.ANS: TDIF

19、:1REF: 19-1NAT: An alyticLOC: Labor marketsTOP:Huma n capitalMSC: Applicative23. The superstar phe nomenon expla ins why professi onal athletes earn more tha n amateur athletes.ANS: FDIF:1REF: 19-1NAT: An alyticLOC: Labor marketsTOP:Superstar phe nomenonMSC: Defi nitio nal24. Superstars earn high in

20、 comes due to their ability to satisfy the dema nds of millio ns of people at on ce.ANS: TDIF: 2REF: 19-2NAT: An alyticLOC: Labor marketsTOP: SuperstarsMSC: In terpretive25. An effective mi ni mum wage law will in crease the qua ntity of labor dema nded.ANS: FDIF: 2REF: 19-1NAT: An alyticLOC: Labor

21、marketsTOP: Above-equilibrium wagesMSC: Applicative26. Labor unions will raise the qua ntity of labor dema nded.ANS: FDIF: 2REF: 19-1NAT: An alyticLOC: Labor marketsTOP:Un io nsMSC: Applicative27. Efficiency wages will raise the quantity of labor supplied to the market.ANS:TDIF:2REF:19-1NAT:An alyti

22、cLOC:Labor marketsTOP: Efficie ncy wagesMSC:Applicative28.Efficie ncy wages decrease employee effort.ANS:FDIF:1REF:19-2NAT:An alyticLOC:Labor marketsTOP: Above-equilibrium wagesMSC:In terpretive29.Efficie ncy wages decrease employee tur no ver.ANS:TDIF:1REF:19-2NAT:An alyticLOC:Labor marketsTOP: Abo

23、ve-equilibrium wagesMSC:In terpretive30.Econo mic theory of labor markets suggests that wages are gover ned by labor supply and labor dema nd.ANS:TDIF:1REF:19-1NAT:An alyticLOC:Labor marketsTOP: WagesMSC:Applicative31.Empirical evidence suggests that ability, effort, and chance are not likely to be

24、significant contributors to wagediffere nces.ANS:FDIF:1REF:19-1NAT:An alyticLOC:Labor marketsTOP: WagesMSC:In terpretive32.Discrim in ati on is a reflecti on of some people's prejudice aga inst certa in groups in society.ANS:TDIF:1REF:19-2NAT:An alyticLOC:Labor marketsTOP:Discrimi natio nMSC:Def

25、in iti onal33. Differe nces in huma n capital among groups of workers is possibly a reflecti on of past discrim in ati on.ANS: TDIF:1REF: 19-2NAT: An alyticLOC: Labor marketsTOP:Discrimi natio nMSC: In terpretive34. Discrimi natio n is an emoti on ally charged issue that is impossible to study objec

26、tively.ANS: FDIF: 2REF: 19-2NAT: An alyticLOC: Labor marketsTOP:Discrimi natio nMSC: In terpretive35. Whe n differe nces in huma n capital among workers lead to discrim in ati on, the differe nces are typically a result of social or political processes rather tha n econo mic processes.ANS: TDIF: 2RE

27、F: 19-2NAT: An alyticLOC: Labor marketsTOP:Discrimi natio nMSC: In terpretive36. Whe n compar ing average wages for black and white workers in the Un ited States, wages paid to black workers have bee n about 20 perce nt less tha n those paid to white workers.ANS: TDIF: 2REF: 19-2NAT: An alyticLOC: L

28、abor marketsTOP:Labor-market discri min ati onMSC: Applicative37. Whe n compari ng average wages for male and female workers in the Un ited States, wages paid to females have bee n about 40 perce nt less tha n those paid to male workers.ANS: FDIF: 2REF: 19-2NAT: An alyticLOC: Labor marketsTOP:Labor-

29、market discri min ati onMSC: Applicative38. Politicia ns ofte n point to average wage differe ntials as evide nee of labor-market discrim in ati on aga inst eth nic min orities and wome n; however, econo mists argue aga inst this approach because they don't trust any of the statistics quoted by

30、the politicia ns.ANS: FDIF: 2REF: 19-2NAT: An alyticLOC: Labor marketsTOP:Labor-market discri min ati onMSC: In terpretive39. Politicia ns ofte n point to wage differe ntials as evide nee of labor-market discrim in ati on aga inst eth nicmin orities and wome n; however, econo mists argue aga inst th

31、is approach because people differ in the kinds of work they are willing and able to do.ANS: TDIF: 2REF: 19-2NAT: An alyticLOC: Labor marketsTOP:Labor-market discri min ati onMSC: In terpretive40. Econo mists would argue that the gen der wage gap is n arrow ing because of efficie ncy wages.ANS:FDIF:2

32、REF: 19-2 | 19-1NAT: An alyticLOC:Labor marketsTOP: Labor-market discrim in ati on | Efficie ncy wagesMSC:In terpretive41. All differences in wages that are not accounted for by differences in human-capital investment are likely to be a result of discrim in ati on.ANS: FDIF: 2REF: 19-2NAT: An alytic

33、LOC: Labor marketsTOP:Labor-market discri min ati onMSC: In terpretive42. In a labor market free from discrim in ati on, wages for workers that are employed by the same compa ny will still differ.ANS: TDIF:2REF: 19-2 | 19-1NAT: An alyticLOC:Labor marketsTOP:Labor-market discri min ati on | Huma n ca

34、pitalMSC:In terpretive43. Evide nee of discrim in ati on is most appare nt whe n one compares wages among broad groups.ANS:FDIF:2REF: 19-2NAT:An alyticLOC:Labor marketsTOP:Labor-market discrim in ati onMSC:In terpretive44.Whe n discrim in ati on occurs as a result of prejudice, firms do not maximize

35、 profits.ANS:TDIF:2REF: 19-2NAT:An alyticLOC:Labor marketsTOP:Labor-market discrim in ati onMSC:In terpretive45.Con sumers are ofte n a primary source of discrim in ati on in labor markets.ANS:TDIF:2REF: 19-2NAT:An alyticLOC:Labor marketsTOP:Labor-market discrim in ati onMSC:In terpretive46.Discrimi

36、nation is usually not a profit-maximizing strategy.ANS:TDIF:2REF: 19-2NAT:An alyticLOC:Labor marketsTOP:Discrimi natio nMSC:In terpretive47. One example of labor-market discrim in ati on is that firms may be less likely to in terview job-marketcan didates whose n ames suggest that they are members o

37、f a racial mi nority.ANS:TDIF:2REF:19-2NAT:An alyticLOC:Labor marketsTOP:Labor-market discrim in ati onMSC:In terpretive48.If people with blue eyes earn more tha n people with brow n eyes, we have proof of discrim in ati on aga instpeople with brow n eyes.ANS:FDIF:2REF:19-2NAT:An alyticLOC:Labor mar

38、ketsTOP:Discrimi natio nMSC:In terpretive49.Profit-maximiz ing, competitive firms will not discrim in ate in the hir ing of workers unl ess con sumers exercisea prefere nee for discrim in ati on in product markets or gover nments man date discrim in ati on.ANS: TDIF: 2REF: 19-2NAT: An alyticLOC: Lab

39、or marketsTOP:Labor-market discri min ati onMSC: In terpretive50. Streetcar owners in the early 20th cen tury were aga inst segregati on for profit maximiz ing reas ons.ANS: TDIF: 2REF: 19-2NAT: An alyticLOC: Labor marketsTOP:Discrimi natio nMSC: In terpretive51. Experime ntal evide nee in dicates w

40、ome n choose less competitive en viro nments tha n men.ANS: TDIF: 2REF: 19-2NAT: An alyticLOC: Labor marketsTOP: Gen der differe ncesMSC: In terpretiveSHORT ANSWER1. After graduati ng from college, you receive job offers from five differe nt accou nti ng firms. All job offers have a differe nt compe

41、 nsati on package. Is it irrati onal for you to accept an offer that does n't provide the highest level of mon etary compe nsati on? Use the con cept of compe nsat ing differe ntials to explai n your an swer.ANS:Compe nsat ing differe ntials refer to differe nces in job characteristics across di

42、ffere nt occupati ons. But compe nsati ng differe ntials can also lead to differe nces in job characteristics within an occupati on. Such con siderati ons may include geographic location and quality-of-life issues associated with a particular job offer. Thus, it is not irrational to con sider nonmon

43、 etary compe nsati on.DIF:2REF: 19-1LOC: Labor marketsMSC: An alyticalNAT: ReflectiveTOP: Compe nsati ng differe ntials2. The Nati onal Collegiate Athletic Associati on (NCAA) has long argued that n atio nally-promi nent college athletes are compe nsated with an in vestme nt in huma n capital that f

44、ar exceeds the mon etary reward of play ing professi onal sports. Exam ine this argume nt in light of your kno wledge of huma n capital theory and the econo mic theory of labor markets.ANS:Many econo mists would argue that the NCAA is the most exploitative orga ni zati on in the Un ited States, con

45、sideri ng the value that star stude nt athletes con tribute to a uni versity. Most would argue that the educati on that star stude nt athletes receive is of less value tha n what the athletes con tribute.DIF:2REF: 19-1NAT: ReflectiveLOC: Labor marketsTOP:Huma n capitalMSC: An alytical3. A recent stu

46、dy of the determinants of wages for clerical staff at a state university found that years of schooling, years of experie nee, age and job characteristics only expla ined about on e-half of the differe nee in wages. Describe other factors that may be importa nt in explai ning wages differe nces for c

47、lerical staff.ANS:Other factors may in clude gen der, job ten ure, and job resp on sibilities, ability and effort.DIF:2REF: 19-1NAT:An alyticLOC: Labor marketsTOP: WagesMSC: An alytical4. Explain the theory that education acts as a signaling device. How does this contrast with the theory of educati

48、on as an in vestme nt in huma n capital?ANS:The theory of signaling suggests that those who have desirable "productivity" characteristics are more likely to finish educati onal programs. The huma n capital theory suggests that productivity characteristics are enhan ced by the learning that

49、 takes place in formal educati onal programs.DIF:2REF: 19-1NAT: ReflectiveLOC: Labor marketsTOP:Huma n capital | Sig nali ngMSC: Defi nitio nal5. List the productivity factors that may explain the differences in pay between men and women in similar occupations. Do any of these factors arise as a res

50、ult of cultural or social traditions? If so, describe how cha nges in social relati on ships will affect the pay gap over time.ANS:Job experie nee, educati on, lifetime patter ns of work experie nee, etc. The gap should n arrow as the cultural and social barriers to female access to productivity-e n

51、hancing experie nces are reduced.DIF:2REF: 19-2NAT: ReflectiveLOC: Labor marketsTOP:Labor-market discrim in ati onMSC: An alytical6. Expla in the role of job experie nee in explai ning the differe nces betwee n the average wages of men and wome n.ANS:Women, who have primary responsibility for housew

52、ork and child-rearing duties, typically have less continuity in the labor force. As such, there is a differenee in the average years of job experienee between men and women.DIF:2REF: 19-2NAT:An alyticLOC: Labor marketsTOP:Labor-market discrim in ati onMSC: An alyticalChapter 19/Ear nings and Discrim

53、i nati on ?12937. Expla in how compe nsati ng differe ntials could con tribute to differe nces betwee n the average wages of men and wome n.ANS:Men and wome n may, on average, select differe nt career paths. If men tend to be more concen trated in jobs that have less desirable work ing con diti ons,

54、 the n compe nsati ng differe ntials can expla in some of the differe nee in wages betwee n men and wome n.DIF:2REF: 19-2 | 19-1 NAT: An alyticLOC: Labor marketsTOP:Labor-market discrim in ati on | Compe nsat ing differe ntialsMSC: Applicative8. Evaluate the followi ng stateme nt: "The gen der

55、pay gap provides evide nee of widespread, severe, ongoing discrimination by employers and fellow workers."ANS:There are many expla nati ons of the gen der pay gap. Some are associated with discrim in ati on both by con sumers and employers. Others are not associated with discrim in ati on. Exam

56、ples of factors that would explai n why men earn more tha n wome n, on average, but that are n ot associated with discrim in ati on in clude years of labor-market experie nee, types of jobs, levels of huma n capital, and on-the-job tra ining.DIF:2REF: 19-2NAT: ReflectiveLOC: Labor marketsTOP: Labor-market discrim in a