英语国家文化概况期末考试题型及范围

1、期末考试题型及范围Part I True or False (10%) 来自整本书课后习题Part II Multiple Choice（单选） (10%)来自整本书课后习题Part III Reading Comprehension (30%) 课外Part IVVocabulary (20%) 来自课本英国部分和美国部分Part V Explanations (10%) 十选二Part VIQuestions (20%) 八选二Give explanation to the following terms.1 Anglo-Saxons 盎格鲁-撒克逊人(P6)答：They were gro

2、ups of Germanic peoples who settled down in England from the 5th century. They were regarded as the ancestors of the English and the founders of England他们是日耳曼民族的群体谁在英国从公元5世纪定居下来。他们被视为英国的祖先和英格兰的创始人2. The House of Commons下议院(P33)答：The House of Commons is the real center of British political life becau

3、se it is the place where about 650 elected representatives (Members of Parliament) make and debate policy. These MPs are elected in the General Elections and should represent the interests of the people who vote for them. 下议院是英国政治生活中真正的中心，因为它是约650民意代表（国会议员）制定和政策辩论的地方。这些国会议员是民选的大选，并应代表谁投票支持他们的人的利益。3.

4、 The Bill of Rights of 1689 (1689年人权法案)(P)答："Bill of Rights" (the Bill of Rights),is a British bourgeois revolution important legal document,laid the theoretical and legal basis of British constitutional monarchy,established the principle of parliamentary monarchy have higher powers, with

5、the nature of the Constitution, marking the beginning of a constitutional monarchy established in the United Kingdom,for the rapid development of British capitalism cleared the way.权利法案（the Bill of Rights），是英国资产阶级革命中的重要法律文件，奠定了英国君主立宪政体的理论和法律基础，确立了议会所拥有的权力高于王权的原则，具有宪法的性质，标志着君主立宪制开始在英国建立，为英国资本主义的迅速发展扫

6、清了道路。4. the Cabinet of the UK英国内阁5. Constitutional Monarchy 君主立宪制6. The New Deal 新协议，新政7. the Civil Rights Act of 1964 (1964民权法案)8. The US Federal system 美国联邦系统9. Comprehensive schools 综合学校答：Comprehensive schools are the most popular secondary schools in Britain today. Such schools admit students wi

7、thout reference to their academic abilities and provide a general education. Pupils can study everything from academic subjects to more general subjects like cooking.10. the Gettysburg Address 葛底斯堡演说Part VIQuestions (20%) 八选二State your understanding of the following questions in at least 80 words fo

8、r each.1. What were te results of the Industrial Revolution in Britain?（P29）答：The Industrial Revolution changed Britain in many ways. First, industrial productivity increased dramatically. Britain became the most advanced industrial country and also the financial center in the world. Second, urbaniz

9、ation took place. Many new cities sprang up. Third, it caused great changes in the class structure. The old social classes declined, and new ones emerged and developed.2.What were the major causes of Britain's relative economic decline in the post-war period?(P52)答：First, Britain suffered great

10、economic losses in two World Wars and had gone heavily into debt to finance the war. Second, the era of the British Empire was over by the mid-20th century. India and other British colonies, which provided raw material and large market for British goods, gained independence. Third, Britain was force

11、d to maintain an expensive military presence in many overseas locations until the end of 1960s. Fourth, Britain had to make Substantial financial contributions to NATO and the UN Security Council. Finally, Britain failed to invest in industry after WWII whereas its competitors like Germany and Japan

12、 caught up by investing in industry.3. What are the general features of Britain's independent schools?(P65)答： Britain's independent schools require fees from students. Although the National Curriculum is optional in the independent system,most independent schools teach what the curriculum de

13、mands .Independent schools get their funding through the private sector as well as tuition fees,with minimal government assistance.Since they are generally better funded than most state schools,they are likely to recruit the best teachers and provide superior facilities .However ,the high tuition fe

14、es have become an obstacle for many students to enroll although graduates of independent schools are more likely to be accepted by famous universities.4.  What do you think is the best way to help assimilation in a multicultural society?(P111)答：The best possible way is to make people open and t

15、olerant toward different cultures. People from different racial and ethnic backgrounds should respect each other. Society should create opportunities to help immigrants become assimilated. At the same time the immigrants should keep their own language, custom and religion, contributing to the divers

16、ity of a multicultural society.5. What was the cause of the American Civil War?(P124)答： The Southern planters of America needed a large number of laborers to manage their plantations and they regarded the black slaves as their property. In the North, with the development of industry, there was a gro

17、wing demand for free labor. Whats more, the Northerners demanded a law protecting tariffs and asked the government to finance the building of railways and roads.But the Southerners were strongly against it and advocated free trade so as to purchase cheaper goods from foreign countries. The accumulat

18、ing conflicts led to the division of the North and the South and finally the Civil War.6. What made the United States a powerful country by the end of World War II?(P124)答：During the two world wars, America remained neutral in the early stage of the wars. However, Americans continued their profitabl

19、e trade with the warring countries. Therefore, they not only retained their military forces, but also accumulated great wealth. When America entered the wars, it was almost at the end of the wars. By sharing the fruit of victory with other allies, America greatly strengthened its power, and became t

20、he most powerful country by the end of World War.7.  How is the American President voted into office? What are your ideas about the American election?(P138)答：Each party holds its national convention every four years to choose a candidate for the presidency. To win a presidential election, a can

21、didate has to spend millions of dollars, travel all over the country to make speeches, and debate on television with the rival. The general election is technically divided into two stages. During the first stage , presidential electors for each state will be chosen. In the second stage the electors

22、meet and vote a President. Since the second stage is only a kind of formality, everyone knows who will be the next President as soon as the first stage is over.An open answer to the second part.8. Cite examples to illustrate the role of government intervention in America's economic development.(

23、P149)答：The government has always played an active and important role in Americas economic development. In the early 1930s, the United States suffered the worst economic depression in American history. President Roosevelt introduced New Deal to tackle the financial crisis. Besides, he set up an Emerg

24、ency Relief Commission to help those in desperate need and tried to relieve the serious problems of the jobless. At the end of 1970s, the American economy again suffered a recession. The Reagan administration combated inflation by controlling government spending deficit, cutting taxes and raising in

25、terest rates. Both policies mentioned above helped to set the countrys economic development on its right course. In all, the intervention of the government has ensured that economic opportunities are fair and accessible to the people, has prevented flagrant abuses of the system, dampened the effects

26、 of inflation and stimulated growth.什么是英国工业革命的TE结果？（P29）答：工业革命在许多方面改变了英国。首先，工业生产效率大幅提升。英国成为最先进的工业国家，也是世界的金融中心。第二，城市化发生。许多新的城市兴起。第三，在阶级结构造成了很大的变化。旧的社会阶层下降，而新出现和发展。2。什么是英国的相对经济衰退在战后时期的主要根源？（P52）答：首先，英国遭遇了两次世界大战极大的经济损失，已走了负债累累，以资助战争。其次，大英帝国的时代已经结束了20世纪中叶。印度和其他英国殖民地，这对于英国商品提供原料和广阔的市场，获得了独立。第三，英国被迫维持在很多海

27、外地区昂贵的军事存在，直到20世纪60年代末。第四，英国不得不做出北约和联合国安理会可观的资助。最后，英国二战失败后，在产业投资，而其竞争对手，如德国和日本陷入了投资于工业。什么是英国独立学校的一般特征？（P65）答：英国独立学校要求学生学费。虽然国家课程中是可选的独立系统中，大多数独立学校教什么课程的要求。独立学校得到他们的资金通过私营部门以及学费，以最小的政府援助。因为他们一般更充分的资金比大多数公立学校，他们很可能会聘请最好的老师，并提供一流的设施，但是，高昂的学费已成为许多学生的障碍，虽然参加的独立学校毕业生更容易被接受由著名的大学。你认为是帮助消化的多元文化社会的最佳方法是什么？（P

28、111）答：最好的方式是让人们开放和宽容的对不同的文化。来自不同种族和民族背景的人应该相互尊重。社会应该创造机会，帮助移民成为同化。同时，新移民应该保持自己的语言，习俗和宗教，促进多元文化社会的多样性。什么是美国南北战争的原因是什么？（P124）答：美国南部种植园需要大量的劳动力来管理他们的种植园，他们认为黑人奴隶作为自己的财产。在北方，随着工业的发展，还有对自由劳动力的需求不断增加。更重要的是，北方人要求保护关税法，要求政府铁路建设资金和roads.But南方人强烈反对并主张自由贸易，从而从国外购买更便宜的商品。累积的冲突导致了北方和南方的分裂，最后是内战。是什么让美国强大的国家第二次世界大

29、战的结束？（P124）答：在两次世界大战中，美国保持中立的战争的初期阶段。然而，美国人继续与他们交战的国家有利可图的贸易。因此，他们不仅保留了他们的军事力量，同时也积累了巨大的财富。当美国进入战争，它几乎是在战争的结尾。通过与其他盟友共享胜利的果实，美国大大加强了它的力量，并通过二战年底成为最强大的国家。7，如何被美国总统投进去的办公室？你有什么想法的美国大选？（P138）答：双方各执其全国代表大会每四年选的总统候选人。要赢得总统大选，候选人必须花费数百万美元，走遍全国发表演讲，并与对手辩论的电视。一般选在技术上分为两个阶段。在第一阶段，总统选举人对于每个状态将被选择。在第二阶段的选民见面和投

30、票总统。由于第二阶段只是一种形式上的，每个人都知道谁将会是下一任总统，只要第一阶段已经结束。一个开放的答案的第二部分。举出例子来说明美国的经济发展政府干预的作用。（P149）答：中国政府一直发挥着美国经济发展中的积极和重要的作用。在20世纪30年代初，美国遭受的最严重的经济衰退中的美国历史。罗斯福总统推行新政，以应对金融危机。此外，他成立了一个紧急救济委员会，以帮助那些迫切需要，并试图纾缓失业的严重问题。在20世纪70年代末，美国经济再次出现衰退。里根政府通过控制政府支出赤字，削减税收，提高利率打击通胀。这两项政策上面提到的帮助建立该国的经济发展在其正确的方向。总之，政府的干预，确保了经济机会

31、公平和接触到的人，防止了系统的肆无忌惮的权力滥用，打击通胀的影响，并刺激增长。I. Choose the one that best completes each of the following statements. 1. The two main islands of the British Isles are .A. Great Britain and IrelandB. Great Britain and ScotlandC. Great Britain and WalesD. Great Britain and England2. is the capital city of Sc

32、otland.A. BelfastB. EdinburghC. AberdeenD. Cardiff3. According to a 2005 estimate, Britain now has a population of over million.A. 160B. 600C. 60D. 164. Among the four parts of the United Kingdom, is the smallest.A. EnglandB. ScotlandC. WalesD. Northern Ireland5. Almost a quarter of the British popu

33、lation lives in England.A. northeasternB. southeasternC. northwesternD. southwestern6. English belongs to the group of Indo-European family of languages.A. CelticB. Indo-IranianC. GermanicD. Roman7. The introduction of Christianity to Britain added the first element of words to English.A. Danish and

34、 FinnishB. Dutch and GermanC. French and ItalianD. Latin and Greek8. The evolution of Middle English was reinforced by the influence.A. NormanB. DutchC. GermanD. Danish9. Samuel Johnsons dictionary was influential in establishing a standard form of .A. grammarB. handwritingC. spellingD. pronunciatio

35、n10. At present, nearly of the worlds population communicate in English.A. halfB. a quarterC. one thirdD. one fifth11. The attack on Rome ended the Roman occupation in Britain in 410.A. NormanB. DanishC. CelticD. Germanic12. By the late 7th century, became the dominant religion in England.A. Celtic

36、ChristianityB. Anglo-Saxon ChristianityC. Germanic ChristianityD. Roman Christianity13. Westminster Abbey was built at the time of .A. St. AugustineB. Edward the ConfessorC. William the ConquerorD. Alfred the Great14. The marked the establishment of feudalism in England.A. Viking invasionB. signing

37、of the Magna CartaC. Norman ConquestD. Adoption of common law15. The end of the Wars of the Roses led to the rule of .A. the House of ValoisB. the House of YorkC. the House of Tudor D. the House of Lancaster16. The direct cause for the Religious Reformation was King Henry VIIIs effort to .A. divorce

38、 his wifeB. break with RomeC. support the ProtestantsD. declare his supreme power over the church17. The English Civil War broke out in 1642 between .A. Protestants and PuritansB. Royalists and ParliamentariansC. nobles and peasantsD. aristocrats and Christians18. was passed after the Glorious Revol

39、ution.A. Bill of RightsB. Act of SupremacyC. Provisions of OxfordD. Magna Carta19. The Industrial Revolution was accomplished in Britain by the middle of the century.A. 17thB. 18thC. 19thD. 20th20. Britain faced strong challenges in its global imperial dominance by the beginning of the century.A. 17

40、thB. 18thC. 19thD. 20th21. The British government is characterized by a division of powers between three of the following branches with the exception of the .A. judiciaryB. legislatureC. monarchyD. executive22. The importance of the British monarchy can be seen in its effect on .A. passing the bills

41、B. advising the governmentC. political partiesD. public attitude23. As a revising chamber, the House of Lords is expected to the House of Commons.A. rivalB. complementC. criticizeD. inspect24. British Cabinet works on the principle of .A. collective responsibilityB. individual responsibilityC. defen

42、ding the collectivismD. defending the individuals25. The main duty of the British Privy Council is to .A. make decisionsB. give adviceC. pass billsD. supervise the Cabinet26. In Britain, the parliamentary general election is held every years.A. threeB. fourC. fiveD. six27. has a distinct legal syste

43、m based on Roman law.A. WalesB. EnglandC. ScotlandD. Northern Ireland28. Generally speaking, the British Parliament operates on a system.A. single-partyB. two-partyC. three-partyD. multi-party29. The policies of the Conservative Party are characterized by pragmatism and .A. government interventionB.

44、 nationalization of enterprisesC. social reformD. a belief in individualism30. The Labor Party affected the British society greatly in that it .A. set up the National Health ServiceB. improved public transportationC. abolished the old tax systemD. enhanced the economic development31. The British eco

45、nomy achieved global dominance by the .A. 1860sB. 1870sC. 1880sD.1890s32. In , the British Parliament passed two important acts to establish a welfare state.A. 1945B. 1946C. 1947D. 194833. The in the early 1970s worsened an already stagnant economy in Britain.A. oil crisisB. high inflation ratesC. l

46、arge importsD. unemployment problem34. Of the following practices, does not belong to Thatchers social welfare reform.A. reducing child benefitsB. shortening the unemployment benefits periodC. reducing the unemploymentD. lowering old age pensions35. The Blair government has been successful in all th

47、e following aspects except .A. limiting government spendingB. keeping inflation under controlC. reducing unemploymentD. reducing inequality36. Britain has devoted of its land area to agriculture.A. 54%B. 64%C. 74%D.84% 37. Britains important fishing areas include all the following except .A. the Nor

48、th SeaB. the English ChannelC. The sea area around IrelandD. The sea area between Britain and Ireland38. Coal mining industry in Britain provides of the energy consumed in the country.A. 1/3B. 1/4C. 1/5D. 2/339. The car industry in Britain in mostly .A. foreign-ownedB. state-ownedC. joint-ventureD.

49、privately-owned40. Of the following sectors in Britain, has experienced spectacular growth since the end of Word War II.A. agricultureB. energy industryC. service industryD. manufacturing industry41. In Britain, the division between grammar schools and vocational schools were ended by the introducti

50、on of comprehensive schools in the .A. 1930sB. 1940sC. 1950sD. 1960s42. About of British children receive primary and secondary education through the independent system.A. 5%B. 6%C. 7%D. 8%43. Partially funded by central government grants, the British universities receive their remaining funds from

51、all the following sources except .A. tuition feesB. loansC. donationsD. corporate contributions44. Of the following, is NOT a basis of admission to Britains universities.A. result in national entrance testB. A-level resultC. an interviewD. school references45. To be admitted to the Open University,

52、one need .A. some educational qualificationsB. no educational qualificationsC. General Certificate of Education-AdvancedD. General National Vocational Qualifications46. Among Britains quality press, the following newspapers are regarded as the “Big Three” with the exception of .A. The TimesB. The Gu

53、ardianC. The ObserverD. The Daily Telegraph47. Life on Earth is a kind of program produced by the BBC and is popular among 500 million viewers worldwide.A. featureB. dramaC. documentaryD. soap opera48. is Britains top pay television provider.A. BSBB. SkyTVC. BBCD. BSkyB49. Of the following, is NOT a

54、 common feature of all the British holidays.A. families getting togetherB. friends exchanging good wishesC. friends enjoying each others companyD. families traveling overseas50. The following Christmas traditions are particularly British except .A. Trooping the ColorB. Queens Christmas messageC. Box

55、ing DayD. Christmas pantomime51. The most significant achievement of the English Renaissance is .A. poetryB. dramaC. novelD. pamphlet52. is viewed as Romantic poetrys “Declaration of Independence.”A. “I Wondered Lonely as a Cloud”B. Don JuanC. “Preface to Lyrical Ballads”D. Prometheus Unbound53. Of Dickens novels, is consid