语言学名词课后测试题

1、第一章Desig n featuresrefer to the defi ning properties of huma n Ian guage that disti nguish itfrom any ani mal system of com muni cati on.Arbitrari ness -No logical (motivated or in tri nsic)conn ecti on betwee n sounds andmeanin gs.arbitrari ness:one desig n feature of huma n Ian guage, which refers

2、 to the facethat the forms of li nguistic sig ns bear no n aturalrelati on shipto theirmeaning.duality:one desig n feature of huma n Ian guage, which refers to the property ofhav ing two levels of are composed of eleme nts of the sec on dary. level and eachof the two levels has its own prin ciples o

3、f orga ni zatio n.displaceme nt: one desig n feature of huma n Ian guage, which means huma n Ian guageenable their users to symbolize objects,events and concepts which are notprese nt in time and space, at the mome nt of com muni cati pete nee: Ian guage user s un derly ing kno wledge about th

4、e system of rules.Ian gue: the lin guistic compete nee of the speaker.parole: the actual phe nomena or data of lin guistics(uttera nces).简答：the traffic light system have duality?Traffic light does not have duality. Obviously, it is not a double-level system. There is only on e-to-one relati on ship

5、betwee n sig ns and meaning but the mea ning un its cannot be divided into smaller mea nin gless eleme nts further. So the traffic light only has the primary level and lacks the sec on dary level like animals call. Red f stop Green f go Yellow f get ready to go or stop8. Communi catio n can take man

6、y forms, such as sig n, speech, body Ian guage and facialANSWER: On a whole, body Ianguage and facialexpression lack most of thedistinctiveproperties of human Ianguagesuch as duality,displacement, creativity and so on. Body language exhibits arbitrariness a little bit. For instance, nod means OK/YES

7、 for us but in Arabian world it is equal to sayingNO. Some facial expressions have non-arbitrariness because they are instinctive such as the cry and laugh of a newborn infant.15. Why is the distinction between competence and performance an important one in linguisticsANSWER: This is proposed by Cho

8、msky in his formalist linguistic theories. It is sometimes hard to draw a strict line. Some researchers in applied linguistics think communicative competence may be a more revealing concept in language teaching than the purely theoretical paircompetence and performance.第二章1. phonology: The study of

9、how sounds are put together and used in communication is called phonology.2. Allophone: any of the different forms of a phoneme(eg.is an allophone of/t/in English. When /t/occurs in words like step,it is unaspirated.Bothandare allophones of the phoneme/t/.3. phonetics- -The study of speech sounds wh

10、ich are used in linguistic communication is called phonetics .4. Phoneme: the abstract element of sound, identified as being distinctive in a particular language.5. Coarticulation:a kind of phonetic process in which simultaneous or overlappingarticulations are involved. Coarticulation can be further

11、 divided intoanticipatory coarticulation and perseverative coarticulation.6. Assimilation: a process by which one sound takes on some or all the characteristics of aneighboring sound.7. Intonation is the variation of pitch to distinguish utterance meaning.8. Syllable: word or part of a word which co

12、ntains a vowel sound or consonant actingas a vowel.1. morpheme: the smallest unit of language in terms of relationship between expression and content, a unit that cannot be divided into further small units without destroying or drasticallyaltering the meaning, whether it is lexical orgrammatical.2.

13、inflection : the manifestation of grammatical relationship through the addition of inflectional affixes,such as number,person,finiteness,aspect and case,which do not change the grammatical class of the stems to which they are attached.3. affix: the collective term for the type of formative that can

14、be used only when added to another morpheme(the root or stem).4. derivation: is a process of the formation of new words by adding affixes to otherwords or morphemes. Words formed in this way are called derivatives, which are open-class.5. root: the base from of a word that cannot further be analyzed

15、 without total lassof identity.6. allomorph : any of the different form of a morpheme. a morpheme may have alternate shapes or phonetic forms. They are said to be the allomorphs of the morpheme.7. Stem: any morpheme or combination of morphemes to which an inflectional affix can be added.8. blending:

16、 a relatively complex form of compounding, in which two words areblended by joining the initial part of the first word and the final part of thesecond word, or by joining the initial parts of the two words.9. back-formation: an abnormal type of word-formation where a shorter word is derived by delet

17、ing an imagined affix from a long form already in the language.第四章Syn tax is a branch of lin guistics that studies how words are comb ined to form senten ces and the rules that gover n the formati on of senten ces.Category （范畴）refers to a group of linguistic items which fulfill the sameor similar fu

18、n cti ons in a particular Ian guage such as a senten ce, a noun phrase or a verb.Construction:any linguisticform which iscomposed of con stitue ntsandisable to be segme nted.Constituent : is a term used instructuralsentencean alysisfor everylin guistic un it, which is a part of a larger lin guistic

19、unit.Subordinationrefers to the processor resultof linkingli nguisticunitssothat they have differe nt syn tactic status, one being depe ndent upon the other,and usually a con stitue nt of the other.Coord in ate is a com mon syn tactic pattern in En glish and other Ian guages formedby group ing toget

20、her two or more categories of the same type with the help of a conjunction such as and, but, and or.AtV第五早Con ceptual meaning: the cen tralpart of meaning, which contains logical,cog nitive, or deno tative content.Connotation: a term in a contrast with denotation,meaning the properties ofthe en tity

21、 a word deno tes.Deno tati on: the core sense of a word or a phrase that relates it to phe nomenain the real world.Refereneewhat a lin guistic form refers to in the real, physical world; itdeals with the relati on shipbetwee n the lin guisticeleme nt and the non-lin guistic world of experie nee.areS

22、ense- is concerned with the in here nt meaning of the lin guistic form. It is the collecti on of all the features of the lin guistic form; it is abstract andde contextualized.It is the aspect of meaning dictionarycompilersin terested in.Synonymy refers to the same ness or close similarity of meaning

23、. Words that are close in meaning are called synony ms.Gradable antonymy （等级 / 渐次反义关系） -there are ofte n in termediate forms betwee n the two members of a pair, .old-y oung, hot-cold, tall- short, Complementary antonymy （互补反义关系）-the denial of one member of the pairimplies the assertion of the other,

24、 .alive-dead , male-female, Con verse antonymy （逆向反义关系） -exhibits the reversal of the relati on ship betwee n the two items, .husba nd-wife, pare nt-child, doctor-patie nt, buy-sell,let-re nt, employer-employee, give-receive, above-below, Hyponym y-the sense relati on betwee n a more gen eral, more

25、in clusive word and a more specific word.Superord in ate （上义词）：the word which is more gen eral in meaning.Relational opposites关系反义词 :Pairs of words that exhibit the reversal of arelati on ship betwee n the two items are called relatio nal opposites.Chapter 1课后答案：6. Does the traffic light system have

26、 duality?Traffic light does not have duality. Obviously, it is not a double-level system.There is only on e-to-one relati on ship betwee n sig ns and meaning but the meaning un its cannot be divided into smaller mea nin gless eleme nts further. So the traffic lightonly has the primary level and lack

27、s the secondary level like animals call.RecR stopGreens goYellow f get ready to go or stop8. Communication can take many forms, such as sign, speech, body language and facial ANSWER: On a whole, body language and facial expression lack most of the distinctive properties of human language such as dua

28、lity, displacement, creativity and so on. Body language exhibits arbitrariness a little bit. For instance, nod means OK/YES for us but in Arabian world it is equal to saying NO. Some facial expressions have non-arbitrariness because they are instinctive such as the cry and laugh of a newborn infant.

29、15. Why is the distinction between competence and performance an important one in linguisticsANSWER: This is proposed by Chomsky in his formalist linguistic theories. It is sometimes hard to draw a strict line. Some researchers in applied linguistics think communicative competence may be a more reve

30、aling concept in language teaching than the purely theoretical pair competence and performance.Chapter 2the description of the following sound segments in English.1. ? voiceless dental fricative2. ? : voiceless postalveolar fricative3. ? : velar nasal4. d: voiced alveolar stop5. p: voiceless bilabia

31、l stop6. k: voiceless velar stop7. l: alveolar lateral8. i: high front lax unrounded vowel9. u: high back tense rounded vowel10. ? : low back lax rounded vowelIII. Give the IPA symbols for the sounds that correspond to the descriptions below.1. voiceless labiodental fricative: f2. voiced postalveola

32、r fricative: ? 3. palatal approximant: j4. voiceless glottal fricative: h5. voiceless alveolar stop: t6. high-mid front unrounded vowel: i7. high central rounded vowel: 符号里没找到，就是在语音 U 上划一横8. low front rounded vowel: ? 9. low-mid back rounded vowel: ? 10. high back rounded tense vowel: u:四 1 On a cle

33、ar day you can see for miles.2 Some people think that first impressions count for a lot.V. Discuss the following questions.1) The production of speech sounds : lungs ,trachea(or windpipe) ,throat ,nose ,mouth ,glottis (声门 ),4) To what extent is phonology related to phonetics and how do they differPh

34、onetics is the branch of linguistics studying the characteristics of speech sounds and provides methods for their description, classification and transcription. Phonology is the study of sound systems that occur in a language and the patternswhere they fall in. Minimal pairs, phonemes, allophones, f

35、ree variation, complementary distribution, etc., are all to be investigated by a phonologist.Both are concerned with the same aspect of languagethe speech sounds. Butthey differ in their approach and focus.Phonetics is of general nature; it is interested in all the speech sounds used in all human la

36、nguages; it focuses on chaos. Phonology aims to discover how speech sounds in a language form patterns and how these sounds are used to convey meaning in linguistic communication. A phonologist studies what he believes are meaningful sounds related with their semantic features, morphological feature

37、s, and the way they are conceived and printed in the depth of the mind. Phonological knowledge permits a speaker to produce sounds which form meaningful utterances, to recognize a foreign “accent ”, to make up new words, to add the appropriate phonetic segments to form plurals and past tenses, to kn

38、ow what is and what is not a sound in one s language.It focuses on order.Chapter 3II. Complete the words with suitable negative prefixes.a. irremovableb. informalc. impracticabled. insensiblee. intangiblef. illogicalg. irregularh. disproportionatem. dissyllabicn. abnormalo. unworkablep. unwrittenq.

39、unusualr. unthinkables. inhumant. irrelevantu. uneditablei. ineffectivek.inductivew. illegall.irrationalx. indiscreetinelasticv. immobileIII. Morpheme is defined as the smallest unit in terms of relationship between expression and content. Then is morpheme a grammatical concept or a semantic one Wha

40、t is its relation to phoneme Can a morpheme and a phoneme form an organic wholeSince morpheme is defined as the smallest unit of language in terms of relationship between expression and content, a unit that cannot be divided into further smaller units without destroying or drastically altering the m

41、eaning, whether it is lexical or grammatical, that is, it is involved both in grammatical and semantic aspects.A single phoneme may represent a single morpheme, but they are not identical. For example, the phone me /s/ in looks , tapes, Franks, race is the same one, yet they represent different morp

42、hemes or even is not a morpheme individually. The phoneme /s/ in looks : the third -person singular present tense morpheme; the phoneme/s/ in tapes : the plural morpheme; the phoneme /s/ inFrank s: thepossessive case morpheme; the phoneme /s/ inrace: is not a morpheme, for it hasneither lexical mean

43、ing or grammatical meaning.Morphemes may also be represented by phonological structure other than a single phoneme. In other words, a morpheme may overlap with a phoneme, such as I, but usually not, as in pig, in which the morpheme is the whole word, . an independent, free morpheme, but the phonemes

44、 are /p/, /i/ and /g/.Chapter 4III. Put brackets around the immediate constituents in each sentence.1. (I) (rode) (back) (when) (it) (was) (dark).2. (The) (boy) (was) (crying).3. (Shut) (the) (door).4. (Open) (the) (door) (quickly).5. (The) (happy) (teacher) (in) (that) (class) (was) (becoming) (awa

45、y).6. (He) (bought) (an) (old) (car) (with) (his) (first) (pay) (cheque).IV. For each of the un derl ined con struct ions or word groups, do the follow ing.-State whether it is headed or non-headed.-If headed, state its headword.-Name the type of con struct ions.(1) Ducks quack.non-headed; in depe n

46、dent clause(2) The ladder in the shed is long eno ugh.non-headed; prepositi onal phrase(3) I saw a bridge damaged bey ond repair.headed; headword-damaged; adjectival phrase(4) Singing hymns is forbidde n in some coun tries.headed; headword-singing; gerun dial phrase(5) His handsome face appeared in

47、the magazine.headed; headword-face; nominal phrase(6) A lady of great beauty came out.non-headed; prepositi onal phrase(7) He enjoys climbi ng high mountains.headed; headword-climb ing; gerun dial phrase(8) The man no dded patie ntly.non-headed; in depe ndent clause(9) A man roused by the in sult dr

48、ew his sword.headed; headword-roused; adjectival phraseTest One: Invitations to LinguisticsI. Choose the best an swer. (20%)1. Lan guage is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for huma n.A. con tactB. com muni cati onC. relatio nD.com mun ity2. Which of the followi ng words is en tirely arbitra

49、ryA. treeB. typewriterC. crashD. bang3. The function of the sentence“Water boils at 100 degrees Centigrade.” isB. directiveC. i nformativeA. i nterrogativeD. performative4. In Chin ese whe n some one breaks a bowl or a plate the host or the people prese ntare likely to say “碎碎(岁岁)平安” as a means of c

50、on troll ing the forces whichthey believes feel might affect their lives. Which functions does it performA. I nterpers onalB. EmotiveC. PerformativeD.Recreati onal5. Which of the following property of language enables language users to overcomethe barriers caused by time and place, due to this featu

51、re of language, speakersof a language are free to talk about anything in any situationA. Transferability B. Duality C. Displacement D.Arbitrariness6. Study the following dialogue. What function does it play according to thefunctions of language A nice day, isn t it Right! I really enjoy the sunlight

52、.A. Emotive B. Phatic C. Performative D.Interpersonal7. refers to the actual realization of the ideal language user sknowledge of the rules of his language in utterances.A. PerformanceB. CompetenceC. LangueD. Parole8. When a dog is barking, you assume it is barking for something or at someone thatex

53、ists hear and now. It couldnt be sorrowful for some lost love or lost bone.This indicates the design feature of .A. cultural transmission B. productivity C. displacement D. duality9. answers such questions as how we as infants acquire our first language.A. Psycholinguistics B. Anthropological lingui

54、sticsC. Sociolinguistics D. Applied linguistics10. deals with language application to other fields, particularlyeducation.A. Linguistic theoryB. Practical linguisticsC. Applied linguisticsD. ComparativelinguisticsII. Decide whether the following statements are true or false. (10%)11. Language is a m

55、eans of verbal communication. Therefore, the communication way used by the deaf-mute is not language.12. Language change is universal, ongoing and arbitrary.13. Speaking is the quickest and most efficient way of the human communication systems.14. Language is written because writing is the primary m

56、edium for all languages.15. We were all born with the ability to acquire language, which means the details of any language system can be genetically transmitted.16. Only human beings are able to communicate.17. F. de Saussure, who made the distinction between langue and parole in the early20th centu

57、ry, was a French linguist.18. A study of the features of the English used in Shakespeare s time is an exampleof the diachronic study of language.19. Speech and writing came into being at much the same time in human history.20. All the languages in the world today have both spoken and written forms.III. Fill in the blanks. (10%)21. Language, broad