学生用-2018届高中英语阅读理解专题之-猜测词义

1、2018届高中英语阅读理解专题之猜测词义【命题特点】考查根据上下文推测生词和短语的能力，突出考查对语境的分析和把握的能力。【常见考法】1. The underlined word"" probably means.2. The word "" used in paragraph "" refers to/suggests.3. The phrase ""in the sentence can be replaced by.4. Which of the follo wing is the closest in me

2、aning to the word""？5. What is the meaning of the underlined word in paragraph""？6. By saying "” ,we mean.7. What do you think of the expression"" stands for?8. The meaning of word "" in the passage is relat_d to一.通过定义或解释推测语义有些概念性生词出现后，作者会给出它的定义、同位语、修饰性从句

3、或是定语。这些修饰成分可以帮助我们推断出生词的语义11)定义句的谓语动词在文中多为：be, mean, deal with, be considered to be, refer to, be called,be known as, define, represent, signify, constitute (指。) 等。(2) 解释贝U常用 as you know, to be called, to mean, to refer to, that is (to say) , in other words, namely等词语以及同位语和定语从句来提示下文将前面的信息加以重复或解释。(3)有

4、时作者会用复述的形式来解释语义，而复述部分可以是词、短语或从句。(4)还有下一些标点符号，如冒号、破折号、括号等都表示后文要继续解释说明前文。eg. 1. The powerful poison was imperceptible when mixed in liquid, that is, it could not be tasted,seen, or smelled. ()2. The Greek marriage was monogamous-men and women were allowed only one spouse(配偶) at a time. ()Exercises:1.

5、Pantomime refers to a short play in which no words are spoken.2. Anthropology is the scientific study of man.3. We will meet you in the foyer, the entrance hall of the theatre.4. He began to shave his whiskers, which had grown thick on both cheeks.5. Some computer scientists are developing artificia

6、l-intelligence machines that they say willthink like people.Test 1 There is no cure for Alzheimer' s. But a drug called ARICEPT has been used by millions ofpeople to help their symptoms.61. What is ARICEPT ?()A. A medicine to cure Alzheimer ' sB. A medicine to delay signs of aging.C. A medic

7、ine to reduce the symptoms of Alzheimer' s.D. A medicine to cure brain damage.Test 2 Here is The Pines, whose cook has developed a special way of mixing foreign food such ascaribou, wild boar and reindeer with surprising sauces.(1) According to the passage, The Pines is a.()A. place in which you

8、 can see many mobile homesB. mountain where you can get a good view of the valleyC. town which happens to be near the Banff National ParkD. restaurant where you can ask for some special kinds of food二.利用例证猜测语义某些阅读文章为了证实或说明某一观点，常会举一些例子，而且时时会用一些标志性语言或标点符号来引出，如：括号、破折号、冒号等或诸如 for example, for instance,

9、such as, andso on, just as, like, similarity 等连接词或词组。eg. 1. You may borrow from the library any periodicals: Nature, News Week, Times and The listener.2. Some artists plan their paintings around geometric forms like squares, circles and triangles.Exercises:1. Finally the enemy surrendered. They thre

10、w down their weapons and walked out of the home with their hands over their heads.2. Apply an antiseptic, such as alcohol, on the skin.3. In the corner there may be a Christmas tree with its branches decorated with shining ornaments such as colored lights and glass balls, and sometimes hung with gif

11、ts.Test The largest player - Shanghai Bashi Tourism Car Rental offers a wide variety of choices-deluxe sedans, minivans , station wagons, coaches, Santana sedans are the big favorite.56 The words “deluxe sedans", " minivans" and astation wagons" used in the text refers to.()A. ca

12、rs in the making B. car rental firms C. cars for rent D. car makers三.利用反义关系或同义关系推测语义(1)利用反义关系推测语义有些生词的后面往往会出现一个或几个反义词，或者表转折意义的连词，词组等，抓住这些可以帮助我们推断生词语义。标志词有although, but, however, whereas (反之),nevertheless(然而，不过),on the contrary, in contrast, on the one hand, on the other hand, for one thing, for anot

13、her, instead (of) , rather than 等。(2)利用同义关系推测语义通常情况下，英语忌讳实词重复。避免重复的方法之一是利用同义词或近义词代替。同义词替换的修饰方法可以为我们推测词义提供明显的语境线索。标志词有：or, like, similarly等。eg.1. 104 studies, involving 15,000 people is proving that optimism can help you to be happier, healthier and more successful. Pessimism leads, by contrast, to h

14、opelessness, sickness and failure, and is linked to depression, loneliness and painful shyness.2. Mr. Smith loves to talk, and his wife is similarly loquacious. Exercises:1. Though Tom ' s face has been washed quite clean, his neck remgnsbby.2. Unlike the Un ited States, where many different nat

15、ionalities make up the population, Japanpopulation is quite homogeneous.3. Written language tends to be static, while spoken language constantly changes.4. He replied quickly. But after he considered the problem more carefully, he regretted having made such a hasty decision.5. Although people in man

16、y countries consider raw meat a delicacy , we Chinese people seldom eat any meat that is uncooked.Test 1 The gunners like to describe what they do as character-building, but we knew that to wound an animal and watch it go through the agony of dying can make nobody happy.(1) The underlined word “ ago

17、ny"in the last paragraph probably means ()A. formB. conditionC. pain D. sadnessTest 2 The hot-air balloon took off. It was buoyant in the air as a cork(软木塞)in water.(2) The word“buoyant" in this sentence most probably means.()A. able to be usedB. able to move from one place to anotherC. ab

18、le to float or rise to the surfaceD. able to carry anything四.用语境猜测语义(1)利用“小”上下文推测词义，即利用生词附近的内容推断生词词义。如：I am a resoluteman. Once I set up a goal, I won ' t give up easily. ()(2)利用“大”上下文推测词义，即利用距离生词较远的内容，如整个段落、篇章等来推 断。eg. Zip was stopped during the war and only after the war did it become popular.

19、 What a difference it has made to our lives! It keeps people at home much more. It has made the remote parts of the world more real to us. Photographs show a country, but only zip makes feel that a foreign country is real. Also we can see scenes in the street. Big occasions are zipped, such as the c

20、oronation (力口冕典礼)in 1953 and the opening of Parliament. Perhaps the sufferers from zip arethe notable people, who, as they step out of an airplane, have to face the battery of zip camerasand know that every movement, every gesture will be seen by a“ zip personality ” . Perhaps wsympathize when Membe

21、rs of Parliament say that they do not want debates to be zippedZip means () A. cinema. B. photography. C. television. D. telephone.Exercises:1. When I got to the theatre, I was relieved to see that nobody was waiting inline. I was the first to get there and sure that I could get the ticket without a

22、ny problem.The underlined wor d “ relieved " in the passage may best be replace by.A. surprised B. pleased C. produced D. sold2. Apple trees may not grow as tall as twelve meters. They do best in areas that have very cold winters. Although no fruit is yieldedduring the winter, this cold period

23、is good for the tree.The underlined word “ yielded " in the last sentence means.A. improved B. increased C. produced D. soldTest These days a green building means more than just the color of the paint. Green building can also refer to environmentally friendly houses, factories, and offices. Gre

24、en building means, “reducingthe impact of the building on the land " Taryn Holowka of the U.S. Green buildingcouncil in Washington, D.C. said.61. In the second paragraph, the underlined phrase “the building " most probably refers to.A. an ordinary buildingB. an energy-saving buildingC. a g

25、reen-colored buildingD. a building in Washington, D.C.五.利用构词法猜测语义掌握前后缀规律，如un-, im-, in-, dis-, il-等前缀与-less等后缀可构成反义词；后缀 -ful,-ly, -ism, -ness等可改换词性。而合成词要在正确理解两词的基础上，结合上下文把握两词 之间的关系，猜测词义；而对词义的转化，也要求结合上下文来猜测。eg. 1. Car rentals are becoming more and more popular as an inexpensive way of taking to the r

26、oad ()2. “ Even when a man is said to be a best friend," Rubin writes “the two share little about 1innermost feelings 3. Impressionism () is a form of art which began in the 1870s. When you lookclosely at an impressionist () painting, you see little dots of different colored paints.When you mov

27、e away from the picture, the dots of colors blends and the painting look like it has light playing on the people and objects in the picture.Test Without examinations, employers will look for employees from the highly respected schools and from families known to them? A form of favoritism will replac

28、e equality.(3) The word afavoritism " in paragraph 3 is used to describe the phenomenon that.A. bright children also need certification to get satisfying jobsB. children from well-respected schools tend to have good jobsC. poor children with certification are favored in job marketsD. children a

29、ttending ordinary schools achieve great success.六.因果关系猜测词义常见的因果信号词有：as a result, for, thus, because, for this reason, so, since, consequently,so that, so/suchi- - that 等。eg. She wanted the hairdresser (发型W) to trim her hair a bit because it was to long.()Exercises:1. The river is so turbid that it i

30、s impossible to see the bottom even when it is shallow.2. He didn ' t hear my knocking at the door because he was completejygrossed in TV.3. It rained, so the football match was postponed.4. The young man was so bashful that he didn ' t speak to the pretty girl.七.利用文化背景、生活常识猜测词义运用逻辑推理能力，结合社会

31、文化背景和自身的生活经验及生活常识，再根据上下文推测。eg. 1. Birds fly with their wings, and they pick up their foods and then eat them with their beaks and they use their claws () for tearincg (), seizing () , pulling or holding objects.2. Most of the roses are beginning to wither () because of the cold weather.Exercises:I.T

32、he driver tried to avert the accident by bringing the car to a sudden stop. _2. If a man feels very cold, he always huddles himself up.3. What could John expect? He had left his wet swimming trunks (游泳裤)in the dark closet(柜子) for over a week. Of course they had begun to mildew.4. A fish breathes in

33、water with gills.Test 1 Mark got on the motorbike, I sat behind him on the pillion, and we roared off into the night.(1) The word “ pillion " in this sentence probably means.A. an object used for sleepingB. a bay on which on can restC. a seat for second person on a motorcycleD. a place for sitt

34、ingTest 2 One of Britain ' s bravest woman told yesterday how she helped to catch suspected (嫌 疑的) police Killer David Bieber and was thanked with flowers by the police. It was also said she could be in line for a share of up to £ 30,000 reward money.(2) The underlined phrase “be in line fo

35、r" in paragraph 1 means.A. get B. be paid C. ask for D. own八.熟词生义猜测熟词的陌生意义通常有三种情况：(1)该熟词在新的具体语境中有了和原来考生所熟悉的意义不同的意思； 如：fire vt.解雇 fine vt.罚款 fall n.秋天 stand vt.忍受(2)考查一些代词的指代现象；(3)新词在新的语境中变换了词性。eg. 1.The major market force results in (在于)the growing population of white-collar(衣领)employees, who c

36、an afford the new service. ()2. When men and women lived by hunting 50,000 years ago, how could they even begin to picture modern life? ()3. Many people work to keep animals from being killed. Some people help animals as part of their job, others do it just because they like animals.In this paragrap

37、h, the word“their " refers to.A. some people B. some animals C. many people D. many animals思考：延伸到完形填空Things were very bad that particular winter. Then a letter came from where her sewing machine was brought, announcing that they would have to pick up her machine the next day unless payments wer

38、e brought up to date. I remember that when she read the letter I became frightened. I could _41_ us starving (饥饿) to death and all sorts of things that could come to child ' s mind.41. A. suppose B. picture C. stand D. regret ()九.实战训练1、 As you move around your home, take a good look at the thing

39、s you have. It is likely that your living room will have a television set and a video, and your kitchen a washing machine and a microwave oven. Your bedroom drawers will be filled with almost three times as many clothes as you need. You almost certainly own a car and possibly a home computer, holida

40、y abroad at least once a year and eat out at least once a week.Now, perhaps, more than ever before, people are wondering what life is all about, and what it is for. Seeking material success is beginning to trouble large numbers of people around the world. They feel that the long-hours work culture t

41、o make more money to buy more things is eating up their lives, leaving them very little time or energy for family or pastimes. Many are turning to other ways of living and downshifting is one of them.Six percent of workers in Britain took the decision to downshift last year. One couple who downshift

42、ed is Daniel and Liz. They used to work in central London. He was a newspaper reporter and she used to work for an international bank. They would go to work by train every day from their large house in the suburbs, leaving their two children with a nanny(保姆).Most eveningsDaniel wouldn ' t get ho

43、me until eight or nine o ' clock, and nearly twice a month he would have to fly to New York for meetings. They both earned a large amount of money but began to feel that life was passing them by.Nowadays, they run a farm in the mountains of Wales. " Ialways wanted to have a farm here, "

44、; says Daniel, “ and we took almost a year to make the decision to downshift. It' sgetting used to, but it' s been worth it. We have to think twice now about spending money on carrepairs and we no longer have any holidays. However, I think it' s made us stronger as a family,and the child

45、ren are a lot happier.”Liz, however, is not quite sure."I used to enjoy my job, even though it was hard work andlong hours. I ' m not really a country girl, but I suppose I' m gradually getting used to looking aftethe animals. One thing I do like, though, is being able to see more of my

46、 children. My advice for other people wanting to do the same is not to think about ittoo much or you might not do it _ at all.”63. What does the underlined "it" in the last paragraph refer to? ()A. Child-caring.B. Liz' s advice. C. DownshiftingD. Liz' s job.64. The underlined word

47、“downshifting" in the second paragraph means.()A . repairing your car by yourselfB. spending money carefullyC. moving out to the countryside to live a simpler and better lifeD. living in a big house in the suburbs and dining out once a week2、2017年厦门十中期中检测Certain schools have chosen to re-evalua

48、te their dress rules, with input from parents and students. Even Woodford County High School home of the “ collarbone is reaoinsidering its policies this month. But, at least for now, the dress rule debate is far from over.4. The underlined sentence in the last paragraph indicates that .A. the debat

49、e between parents and students will never be overB. few school will take measures to change their policyC. the problem of “ clothes distractions " will lastD. the argument on what to wear and how to dress will continue3、 2013?东北三省三校第二次联考， C篇Dr. Drysdale explained that the feet issues become a p

50、articular problem among youngteenage girls, whose bones are “plastic"and developing when they are growing. "If thatstructure is developing in an inappropriate way he said, “then the ultimate structure will be deformed.”The underlined word “ deformed " is closest in meaning to .A. shaped B. Strengthened C. reformedD. damaged4、北京十中2018届高三英语检测卷Before birth, babies can tell the difference between loud sounds and voices. They can even distinguish their mother ' s voice from that of a female stranger. But when it comes to embryonic