赛领考研语法2(名词性从句)讲义

1、纪小军纪小军郑州大学郑州大学 副教授副教授高大上的名词性从句高大上的名词性从句英语1英语2合计2013484290201252257720113920592010472370表表1：真题频率：真题频率表表2：名词性从句引导词：名词性从句引导词引导词引导词（在从句中）特点（在从句中）特点连词that不做成分；无意义；宾从中常省略连词whether，if不做成分；“是否”；不可省略连接副词when, where, why, how连接代词who, whoeverwhom, whomeverwhatwhich, whose作状语；作主语、宾语；宾语；作主语、宾语、表语；作定语，后接名词v如何选择连接

2、词如何选择连接词，关键看：其后连接的句子是否完整。 若完整若完整，根据句意选that，whether；when，where，why，how； 若不完整若不完整，根据句意及连接词充当的成分选what，who，whom，whoever，whomever，whatever。v注意区别：注意区别： that与what If、whether与that If与whether总论：如何选择引导词总论：如何选择引导词v主语 + 谓语（vi.） I come. I see. I conquer.v主语 + 谓语（vt.）+ 宾语 Time and tide await no man.v主语 + 谓语 + 宾语

3、+ 补语（adj.） I find grammar interesting.v主语 + 谓语 + 间宾（sb.）+ 直宾（sth.） Darkness gives me black eyes.五大简单句五大简单句v主语主语 + 系动词系动词 + 表语表语 系动词 Be：is, am, are, was, were 感官：seem, appear, look, sound, feel, taste, smell 静态：remain, stay, keep 动态：turn, become, grow, get, go 表语 形容词 名词一、宾语从句一、宾语从句v（1）引导词引导词：that；whe

4、ther / if；what； when、where、why、how；which、whose；疑问词；疑问词+ever； I suggested that we should go the next day. I dont know whether/ if hell arrive in time. Well do whatever we can to save him. She can marry whoever/ whomever she chooses. She has got what she wanted. Simba: But I thought a king can do what

5、ever he wants. Mufasa: Oh, theres more to being a king than getting your way all the time. v（2）宾语从句类型宾语从句类型 1. 及物动词及物动词Vt. + 宾语从句宾语从句 King Juan Carlos of Spain once insisted kings dont abdicate, they die in their sleep. （2015-1-阅读阅读1） vThis has created a paradox in that recruiting first-generation s

6、tudents, but then watching many of them fail, means that higher education has continued to reproduce and widen, rather than close achievement gap based on social class, according to the depressing beginning of a paper forthcoming in the journal Psychological Science. （2015-2-阅读阅读2）v 26. Recruiting m

7、ore first-generation students hasv A reduced their dropout ratesv B narrowed the achievement gapv C missed its original purposev D depressed college students You might even be tempted to assume that humanity has little future to look forward to.（2013-1-阅读阅读3） To accurately tell whether someone is so

8、ciable, studies show, we need at least a minute, preferably five. （2013-2-阅读阅读3） Whats more, both boys and girls wore what were thought of as gender-neutral dresses. （2012-2-阅读阅读2） Its a theory to which many economists subscribe, but in practice it often leaves railroads in the position of determini

9、ng which companies will flourish and which will fail.（2003-阅读阅读3）vThis may also explain why we are not usually sensitive to our own smellswe simply do not need to be. （2005-完形）vPrior knowledge and interest influence what we experience, what we think our experiences mean, and the subsequent actions w

10、e take.（2012-1-阅读3）vOne could interpret much of the work of Beethoven by saying that suffering is inevitable, but the courage to fight it renders life worth living. （2014-1-翻译） 2. 及物动词及物动词Vt. + 间接宾语间接宾语 + 宾语从句宾语从句 Prof. Lees book will show you how what you have observed can be used in other contexts

11、. （93-语法） Being average just wont earn you what it used to. （2013-2-阅读1） The Biotechnology Industry Organisation (BIO), a trade group, assured members that this was just a “preliminary step” in a longer battle. （2012-2-阅读3） 3. 不及物动词不及物动词Vi. + 介词介词 + 宾语从句宾语从句 To filter out what is unique from what is

12、 shared might enable us to understand how complex cultural behavior arose and what guides it in evolutionary or cognitive terms.（12-1-翻译） McGee says leaving without a position lined up gave him time to reflect on what kind of company he wanted to run. （2011-1-阅读2） Later this year, we will publish a

13、white paper setting out exactly how we will achieve this. （2011-2-阅读5）v4. 形式宾语形式宾语it 句型：句型：主语 + 谓语 + 形式宾语it + 补语+宾语 谓语谓语：think, consider, find, make, feel, believe, guess, suppose, assume 宾语：宾语： 从句：that 动词不定式：to do sth. 补语补语：necessary, wrong, best, clear, possible, incredible I think it best that yo

14、u should stay here. We consider it necessary that the machine should be adjusted each time it is used. Tom found it incredible to adapt to the climate so soon where he would settle down. 为创新型人才提供有效的工作平台是必要的。 我认为在图书馆、餐馆和电影院等公共场所严格禁烟是必要的。 v That kind of activity makes it less likely that the courts de

15、cisions will be accepted as impartial judgments. (2012-英语1-完型填空)【解析】注意形式宾语it的用法。句型：主语 + 谓语（通常为动词think, consider, find, make,feel, believe, guess, suppose, assume等） + 形式宾语it + 补语（通常为形容词necessary, wrong, best, clear, possible, incredible等）+ 真正的宾语（既可为宾语从句：that；也可为动词不定式：to do sth）。例如：【参考译文】这样的活动使人们不太可能承

16、认法院判决的公正性。v 1. The rapid development China has achieved in the last decade has made it clear that the future is likely to be very exciting.2. We consider it wrong to cheat in an examination.【仿写】冬日临近，雾霾频发。我们再次结合环保话题，练习形式宾语用法。Nowadays, Chinas big cities are often blanketed in toxic haze, which makes i

17、t explicit that environment-friendly policies should be put into effect right away.（3）宾语从句连接词）宾语从句连接词that的省略问题的省略问题 1. that位于句首时位于句首时，不可省略：，不可省略： That she is a good girl I know. 2. 并列宾语从句并列宾语从句and, but, or之后的之后的that不能省略：不能省略： But in late September 2009, officials reported there was significant flu a

18、ctivity in almost every state and that virtually all the samples tested are the new swine flu, also known as (A) H1N1, not seasonal flu.（2010-2-完型） This does not mean that ambition is at an end, that people no longer feel its promptings, but only that, no longer openly honored, it is less openly pro

19、fessed.（2000-阅读4） 但这并不意味着雄心抱负已经走到了尽头，也不意味着人们不再感觉到它的鼓舞了，而是指由于人们不再公开地以有雄心抱负为荣，所以也很少公开承认了。3. 谓语动词与宾语从句之间有介词短语、插入语等，谓语动词与宾语从句之间有介词短语、插入语等，引导词引导词that不省略：不省略： Sociologist Catherine Kohler reports in her new book Divorce Talk that most of the women she interviewed - but only a few of the men - gave lack of

20、 communication as the reason for their divorces.（2010-2-阅读2） I found, as Hacker observed years before, that most wives want their husbands to be, first and foremost, conversational partners, but few husbands share this expectation of their wives. （2010-2-阅读2）二、表语从句二、表语从句vThat is what a study, publis

21、hed from the University of California and Yale University in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, has concluded. （2015-1-完型） 二、表语从句二、表语从句v（1）引导词：引导词：that、whether；when、where、 why、how；what、who、whom；because等等 The fact is that there exists no life on the moon. The problem is what we shou

22、ld do to help him. Shanghai has experienced such great changes that everyone can recognize that it is no longer what it used to be. The question is who (m) we should trust. Thats where you are wrong. vAs many people hit middle age, they often start to notice that their memory and mental clarity are

23、not what they used to be. （2014-1-完型）vCome on Everybodys doing it. That whispered message, half invitation and half forcing, is what most of us think of when we hear the words peer pressure. （2012-1-阅读1）vThis, in brief, is what the futurist says: for a century, past conditions of life have been cond

24、itionally speeding up, till now we live in a world of noise and violence and speed.（2000阅读3） vPart of the problem is that the justices are not bound by an ethics code. （2012-1-完型）vPart of the problem is that many homeless adults are addicted to alcohol or drugs.（2006-完形）vOne difficulty is that almos

25、t all of what is called behavioral science continues to trace behavior to states of mind, feelings, traits of character, human nature, and so on. （2002-翻译）vA further concern is that the use of electronic means of payment leaves an electronic trail that contains a large amount of personal data. （2013

26、-2-完型）vBut the one thing we know for sure is that with each advance in globalization and the I.T. revolution, the best jobs will require workers to have more and better education to make themselves above average.（2013-2-阅读1）v注：表语从句中注：表语从句中that通常不省略通常不省略v另许多人担忧的是，我们的传统文化，例如京剧，正在让位于西方文化。 vWhat makes m

27、any people concerned is that, our traditional culture, Peking Opera being a case in point, is giving way to western culture.vThats because Congress has always envisioned joint federal-state immigration enforcement and explicitly encourages state officers to share information and cooperate with feder

28、al colleagues. （2013-1-阅读4）vThis is because the networked computer has sparked a secret war between downloading and uploading - between passive consumption and active creation - whose outcome will shape our collective future in ways we can only begin to imagine. （2012-1-阅读5）vThe Federal circuit issu

29、ed an unusual order stating that the case would be heard by all 12 of the courts judges, rather than a typical panel of three, and that one issue it wants to evaluate is whether it should “reconsider” its ruling.（2012-1-阅读2）v注：注： if通常不用于引导表语从句通常不用于引导表语从句vAnd that is why Americas Second Wave infrastr

30、ucture -including roads, harbors, highways, ports and so on - were built with foreign investment.（2001阅读2）写作实用句型：写作实用句型：The reason（why.）is that .The reason for . is that . for the reason that The reason why he didnt pass the exam was that he was too careless. One reason for the persistence of this p

31、yramid of production is that for the past half-century, much of the worlds media culture has been defined by a single medium - television - and television is defined by downloading. （2012-1-阅读5） He didnt pass the exam for the reason that he was too careless.三、主语从句三、主语从句v 引导词常考：引导词常考：that、whether、wha

32、t 、疑、疑问代词问代词 + ever、whenwherewhyhow 钓鱼岛属于中国，这是不争的事实。钓鱼岛属于中国，这是不争的事实。 The Diaoyu Islands belong to China. It is an undeniable fact. That the Diaoyu Islands belong to China is an undeniable fact.v她是否真的爱我，我无从知晓。 Whether she really loves me or not remains unknown to me.v马航370去哪儿了，至今仍是个迷。 Where MH370 has

33、 gone is still a mystery.v小结小结1： 主语从句为：主语从句为： 陈述句：陈述句：连接词连接词选that； 一般疑问句：一般疑问句：连接词连接词选whether； 特殊疑问句：特殊疑问句：连接词连接词选特殊疑问词when, where, why, how等。v（1）引导词：）引导词：that、whether、what；when、 where、why、how；whoever、whatever That she was chosen made a tremendous stir in her village. Whether he passed the examinati

34、on or not was not our concern. What you ought to do is to see a doctor. n Undoubtedly, whoever wins the election is going to have a tough job getting the economy back on its feet. n Give it to whomever /whoever you like.n This book can be of help to whoever learns English.n We agreed to accept whoev

35、er they thought was the best tourist guide.n Whichever of us gets home first starts cooking.n Whatever(=Everything that) she did was right. vWhat motivated him, we were to understand, was his zeal for “fundamental fairness”-protecting the taxpayer, controlling spending and ensuring that only the mos

36、t deserving claimants received their benefits. （2014-1-阅读1）v What promoted the chancellor to develop his scheme?v A A desire to secure a better life for all.v B An eagerness to protect the unemployed.v C An urge to be generous to the claimants.v D A passion to ensure fairness for taxpayers. v （2）形式主

37、语）形式主语It 形式主语形式主语it（主语从句移至句末）（主语从句移至句末）, 避免头重脚轻避免头重脚轻vAt a time when Thomas Piketty and other economists are warning of rising inequality and the increasing power of inherited wealth, it is bizarre that wealthy aristocratic families should still be the symbolic heart of modern democratic states. （20

38、15-1-阅读1）v 23. Which of the following is shown to be odd, according to graph 4?A The role of the nobility in modern democracies.B Aristocrats excessive reliance on inherited wealth.C The simple lifestyle of the aristocratic families.D The nobilitys adherence to their privileges. 阿里巴巴上市，一个时代开始了。阿里巴巴上

39、市，一个时代开始了。 Alibaba has gone public. A new era starts. That Alibaba has gone public ushers in a new era. It ushers in a new era that Alibaba has gone public. 形式主语句型形式主语句型 1. It + 系动词系动词 + adj. + 主语从句主语从句It seems clear that such a scheme is an initiative push toward what would eventually be a compulso

40、ry Internet “drives license” mentality. （2011-2-完型）But science does provide us with the best available guide to the future, and it is critical that our nation and the world base important policies on the best judgments that science can provide concerning the future consequences of present actions.（2

41、005-阅读2） 2. It + 系动词系动词 + 过去分词过去分词 + 主语从句主语从句It was argued at the end of the 19th century that humans do not cry because they are sad but that they become sad when the tears begin to flow. （2011-1-完型）It is speculated that gardens arise from a basic need in the individuals who made them: the need for

42、 creative expression.（2013-1-翻译） 3. It + 不及物动词不及物动词vi. + 主语从句主语从句It turns out that the peculiar way of conducting the experiments may have led to misleading interpretation of what happened. （2010-1-完型）It turns out that the brain needs exercise in much the same way our muscles do, and the right menta

43、l workouts can significantly improve our basic cognitive functions. （2014-1-完型） 4. It + is + 名词短语名词短语 + 主语从句主语从句In a society that so persistently celebrates procreation, is it any wonder that admitting you regret having children is equivalent to admitting you support kitten-killing ？（2011-1-阅读4）Its

44、no surprise that Jennifer Seniors insightful and provocative magazine cover story, “I love My Children. I Hate My Life” is arousing much chatter nothing gets people talking like the suggestion that child rearing is anything less than a completely fulfilling, life-enriching experience. （2011-1-阅读4）It

45、 is surely a good thing that the money and attention come to science rather than go elsewhere. （2014-1-阅读3） 5. It + 其他其他 + 主语从句主语从句In those far-off days, it was taken for granted that the critics of major papers would write in detail and at length about the events they covered. （2010-1-阅读1）It is bec

46、oming less clear, however, that such a theory would be a simplification, given the dimensions and universes that it might entail, nonetheless, unification of sorts remains a major goal. （2012-1-翻译）v四、同位语从句四、同位语从句 形式： + 标志性名词标志性名词 + 连接词（最常考连接词（最常考that） + 从句从句 作用：补充、解释、说明 连接词：连接词：that、whether；what；whe

47、n、where、why、how 常见标志词：statement, possibility, proof, explanation, idea, news, doubt, question, fact, suggestion, opinion, truth, conclusion, request, evidence, order, opinion, proposal, belief等 v Their thesis-that a relatively modest intervention could have a big impact-was based on the view that fi

48、rst-generation students may be most lacking not in potential but in practical knowledge about how to deal with the issues that face most college students. （2015-2-阅读2）v 29. The author of the paper believe that first-generation studentsA are actually indifferent to the achievement gapB can have a pot

49、ential influence on other studentsC may lack opportunities to apply for research projectsD are inexperienced in handling their issues at college v规律：同主语从句一致规律：同主语从句一致 The idea (that all people are selfish )is wrong. We heard the news (that our team had won). I have a doubt (whether he will help us).

50、 I have no idea (what you are talking about). The scientists have come to the conclusion, based on the signals and photographs sent back by the satellite, that there is no life on Venus. The news that our football team had won the match excited all of us. The fact that he was a few minutes late is n

51、o reason for discharging him. There can be no doubt that someone had visited the house before they arrived. There is some doubt whether he will come. if不能引导同位语从句。 Have you any idea what has happened? I have no idea when he will come back. v（2）同位语从句类别）同位语从句类别 1. 名词 + that/whether/when/what/why + 从句Th

52、eres no doubt that our peer groups exert enormous influence on our behavior. （2012-1-阅读1）Even though there is plenty of evidence that the quality of the teachers is the most important variable, teachers unions have fought against getting rid of bad ones and promoting good ones. （2012-1-阅读4）vFor my p

53、art, I have no idea whether Gilbert is a great conductor or even a good one. （2011-1-阅读1）vIn their recent work, however, some researchers have come up with the finding that influentials have far less impact on social epidemics than is generally supposed. （2010-1-阅读3）vThats one reason why we have lau

54、nched Arc, a new publication dedicated to the near future. （2013-1-阅读3）vThere are concerns that government, employers, and marketers might be able to access these data, thereby violating our privacy. （2013-2-完型）vGovernments throughout the world act on the assumption that the welfare of their people

55、depends largely on the economic strength and wealth of the community.（2000英译汉） 各国政府行使其职能都基于这样一个前提，即人民的福利很大程度上取决于本国的经济实力和社会财富。 v The same dramatic technological changes that have provided marketers with more (and more diverse) communications choices have also increased the risk that passionate consumers will voice their opinions in quicker, more visible, and much more damaging ways. (2011-英语1-阅读3)【解析】本句话对写作的启示为：同一句话对某种现象的利弊分别做了陈述，且重点讲弊端。本句结构为：The same dramatic technological