八年级生物下册 13.1 生物的分类课件1 北京版 (1094)

1、Unit 4 Earthquakes词海拾贝 难句剖析理解诱思 Earthquakes【文章导语】The most terrible violence in nature may be earthquakesthey always happen without any signs.Today lets get close to earthquakes and know about them.自然界最可怕的暴力或许是地震它们往往毫无征兆,突然发生。今天就让我们走近地震,了解地震。词海拾贝 难句剖析理解诱思 Some countries have a large number of earthqu

2、akes.Japan is one of them.Others do not have many.For example,there are few earthquakes in Britain.There is often a great noise during an earthquake.The earth shakes.Houses fall down.Railway lines are broken.Sometimes many people are killed in an earthquake.词海拾贝 难句剖析理解诱思 Earthquakes often happen nea

3、r volcanoes,but this is not always true.The centers of some are under the sea.The bottom of the sea suddenly moves.The powerful forces inside the earth break the rocks.The coast is shaken and great waves appear.These waves travel long distances and rush over the land when they reach it.They are stro

4、ng enough to break down houses and other buildings;sometimes they break more buildings than the earthquake itself.What kind of building stands up best in an earthquake?A building with concrete walls is perhaps the best.A steel frame will make it even stronger.There is less chance of fire because con

5、crete and steel do not burn.This kind of building is the safest.词海拾贝 难句剖析理解诱思 译文:地震有些国家地震非常频繁。日本就是其中之一。其他国家的地震不太多。例如,英国几乎没有地震。地震经常伴有巨大的噪音。大地颤抖。房子倒塌。铁路线破坏。有时许多人在地震中丧生。地震经常发生在火山附近,但是这并不总是真实的。有些地震的中心在海底。海底突然移动。这种地球内部的强大力量把岩层弄断。海岸摇动,巨浪出现。这些海浪移动很远的路程,冲刷它们所到达的陆地。这些海浪力量巨大,足以把房屋和其他建筑摧毁;有时它们摧毁的房屋要比地震本身多。什么样的

6、房屋能够在地震中挺立得最好呢?混凝土墙壁的建筑物也许是最好的。钢建筑框架使得它更加牢固。发生火灾的可能性很少,因为混凝土和钢是不燃烧的。这种建筑物是最安全的。词海拾贝 难句剖析理解诱思 volcano /vlkeIn/ n. 火山frame /freIm/ n.框架词海拾贝 难句剖析理解诱思 A steel frame will make it even stronger.译文:钢建筑框架将使得它更加牢固。剖析:形容词stronger在句子中作宾语it的补足语。其中even 用来修饰比较级。词海拾贝 难句剖析理解诱思 1.What causes earthquakes?答案:The power

7、ful forces inside the earth cause earthquakes.2.What should we do when the earthquakes happen?答案:Different students have different answers.3.Where do earthquakes often happen?A.Under the sea.B.In modern cities.C.In some countries like Britain.D.Near volcanoes.答案:D Section Warming Up,Pre-reading,Read

8、ing & Comprehending一二三四五六一、写作词汇预习Reading部分的词汇,完成下列小对话或语篇。1.What has happened to the girl?Taking drugs (毁灭) her life.2.His pet dog died yesterday,didnt it?Yes.And he (埋) it in his garden.3.I hear an accident happened on the highway.Two people (受伤) in it.has ruined buried were injured 一二三四五六4.More

9、 and more people are doing something to protect our earth.Thats right.Many villagers are doing what they can to stop the forest from (毁坏).5.Last night a car hit a truck and two drivers were killed,which (使震惊) (许多) people.The drivers families felt (好像) the world was (终结).So when we drive,we should be

10、 careful.being destroyed shocked a number of as if at an end 一二三四五六二、阅读词汇预习Reading部分的词汇,写出画线部分的汉语意思。I like the canal 1. that passes my village.Every morning we can see steam 2. rising from it.My father tells me that in the past the people in the town were extremely 3. poor.And to make a living,some

11、people fished in the canal.Others had to work in a mine 4.We cant imagine their suffering 5. and we should value (珍惜) our life.运河/水道 蒸汽/水汽 极度地 矿/矿山/矿井 苦难/痛苦 一二三四五六三、阅读A NIGHT THE EARTH DIDNT SLEEP,回答下列问题What may happen before an earthquake?1.答案:1.There are bright lights in the sky.2.答案:The animals a

12、re too nervous to eat,such as dogs,cows,pigs,horses,and chickens.3.答案:Fish jump out of bowls and ponds.一二三四五六4.答案:Mice run out of the fields.5.答案:The well walls have deep cracks in them.6.答案:The water in the well rises and falls.一二三四五六While-reading四、阅读A NIGHT THE EARTH DIDNT SLEEP,判断正“T”误“F”()1.Peop

13、le in Tangshan were warned of the earthquake and didnt go to bed that night.()2.People in Beijing also felt the earthquake.()3.More than 400,000 people were killed in the earthquake.()4.Many rescue workers and doctors were trapped under the ruins during the aftershock.()5.People tried to get fresh w

14、ater from under the ground.F T F T F 一二三四五六五、阅读A NIGHT THE EARTH DIDNT SLEEP,选择正确答案1.The title “A NIGHT THE EARTH DIDNT SLEEP” means .A.the earth was wide awake all night longB.people on the earth couldnt fall asleep that nightC.the earth shook like being crazy,causing great damage to peopleD.animal

15、s on the earth did not sleep that night答案:C一二三四五六2.All the following strange things happened in the countryside before the earthquake EXCEPT that .A.the water in the village wells rose and fellB.mice ran out of the fields looking for places to hideC.the sound of planes could be heard outside the cit

16、y of Tangshan even when no planes were in the skyD.fish swam in the bowls and ponds freely and pleasantly as usual答案:D一二三四五六3.According to the passage,which of the following is NOT true?A.The whole nation felt the earthquake.B.When the earthquake happened people were sleeping.C.A large number of peo

17、ple lost their lives in the earthquake.D.Half a million pigs and millions of chickens died.4.What does the first paragraph mainly tell us about?A.People saw bright lights in the sky at about 3:00 am on July 28,1976.B.A terrible earthquake happened that night.C.People were asleep as usual that night.

18、D.Some strange things happened before the earthquake.答案:A答案:D一二三四五六5.Whats the meaning of the last sentence “Slowly,the city began to breathe again.”?A.People werent sad any more.B.The life in Tangshan began to return to normal.C.The earthquake finally came to an end.D.Those who were trapped were sa

19、ved.答案:B 一二三四五六Post-reading六、下面一段文章是课文原文的浓缩,仔细阅读,根据课文内容将其补充完整Some strange things were happening in the countryside of northeast Hebei.The chickens and even the pigs were too nervous eat.Fish jumped out their ponds.The water in the wells rose and fell.There were some deep cracks the well walls.The wa

20、ter pipes in some buildings cracked and (burst).Then everything began to shake.A big natural disaster,an earthquake,was coming.to of in burst 一二三四五六The greatest earthquake happened in Tangshan in 1976.It was so serious one-third of the nation felt it.In fifteen terrible seconds a large city (lie) in

21、 ruins.Nearly everything in the city was destroyed.Bricks covered the ground red autumn leaves.Even the railway tracks were now useless pieces of steel.Whats even worse,a great number of people were (bury) under the ruins.The survivors were (shock) by they saw before their eyes.People had no idea ho

22、w long the disaster would last.that lay like buried shocked what 1234567891011121.Imagine your home begins to shake and you must leave it right away.(P25)想象一下你家的房子开始晃动,你必须马上离开家。考点一:imagine v. 想象【高考典句】(2015北京高考)Without wandering minds,we wouldnt have relativity,Coke or Post-it notes.Can you imagine w

23、hat kind of world we would have without such ideas and inventions?没有走神,我们就不会有相对论,可口可乐或便利贴。你能想象没有这样的想法和发明我们会拥有一个什么样的世界吗?【高考典句】(2014江西高考)Also imagine what it would be like spending the rest of your life with your eyes closed.也想象一下闭着眼睛度过你的余生会是什么样子。123456789101112考点延伸阅读下列句子,指出imagine的词组及含义。Can you imagi

24、ne a 60-year-old Japanese floating two days alone in the sea?你能想象一位60岁的日本人独自一人在海上漂流了两天吗?词组:imagine sb/sbs doing sth含义:想象某人做某事123456789101112考点二:right away立刻;马上【高考典句】(2014江苏高考)Dad,I dont think Oliver the right sort of person for the job.爸爸,我认为奥里弗不是那种适合这项工作的人。I see,Ill go right away and pay him off.我明

25、白了。我立刻去给他付清工资让他走。【高考典句】The T-shirt I received is not the same as is shown online.我收到的T恤衫和网上展示的不一样。How come?But I promise you well look into it right away.怎么会呢?但我向你承诺我们将立刻调查这件事情。Wait for a moment.I will be back right away.等一会儿,我马上回来。123456789101112right away用法归纳:right now 现在;马上at once 马上;立刻without de

26、lay 毫不延迟in no time 马上;立刻immediately adv.马上;立刻1234567891011122)Its not early,so youd better start right .同义句转换3)We have a few minutes left,so we should start immediately.We have a few minutes left,so we should start .123456789101112翻译句子4)你最好立刻和他联系。答案:1)accepting2)away/now3)right away/at once/without

27、delay4)Youd better get in touch with him right away.1234567891011122.In the farmyards,the chickens and even pigs were too nervous to eat.(P26)农家大院里的鸡,甚至猪都紧张得不想吃食。剖析:本句中的介词短语In the farmyards在句中作地点状语,意思是“在农家大院中”。too nervous to eat在句子中作表语,意思为“太紧张了而不吃食物”,在这里我们要注意词组too.to.,意为“太而不能”。如:The man is too old t

28、o carry such a heavy box.这个人太老了,搬不动这么重的箱子。123456789101112词组too.to.可以由词组be not enough to替换。副词too与all,only,quite等副词连用,构成all too.“太”;only too.“非常、实在太”;quite too.“简直太”。1234567891011121234567891011123.In the city,the water pipes in some buildings cracked and burst.(P26)在市内,有些建筑物里的水管爆裂开来。考点:burst vi. 爆裂;爆

29、发n. 突然破裂;爆发【高考典句】(2014安徽高考)Then she threw a stone into the beehive,which burst into life.接着她把一块石头扔进蜂房,这使得蜜蜂活跃起来。When the balloon burst,the little girl burst out crying/burst into tears.气球爆裂了,小女孩突然大哭起来。123456789101112The storm burst and we all got wet.突然下起了暴雨,我们都淋湿了。归纳:burst为不规则动词,其过去式、过去分词均为burst。Up

30、on his appearance,there was a burst of applause.他一出现就爆发出一阵掌声。考点延伸阅读下列句子,指出burst的词组及含义。When the man burst into the office,I was talking with a student of mine.当男子闯入办公室的时候,我正在和我的一名学生谈话。词组:burst into含义:闯入 123456789101112The woman felt wronged and burst into tears.=The woman felt wronged and burst out c

31、rying.这个妇女感到委屈,放声哭起来。词组:burst into tears=burst out crying含义:突然大哭,放声大哭Upon hearing the funny story,everybody burst into laughter.=Upon hearing the funny story,everybody burst out laughing.一听到这个滑稽的故事,大家都突然大笑起来。词组:burst into laughter=burst out laughing含义:突然大笑/放声大笑123456789101112He burst in on me while

32、I was working.我在工作时,他突然打断了我。The door opened suddenly and the children burst in.门突然打开了,孩子们闯了进来。词组:burst in含义:打断;闯进来 1234567891011121234567891011121234567891011124.It seemed as if the world was at an end!(P26)仿佛到了世界末日!剖析:本句中的as if引导的是一个表语从句,其中as if可以与as though换用。考点一:as if 仿佛;好像【高考典句】(2014重庆高考)It was J

33、ohn who broke the window.Why are you talking to me as if I had done it?是约翰打破了窗子。你为什么和我谈话就好像是我做的一样?He walked in as if he had bought the school.他走进来,仿佛他已经购买了这所学校。123456789101112考点延伸1)阅读下列句子,指出as if/though的用法。 It seems as if/though their team is going to lose the game.看来他们队好像要输掉这场比赛。用法:as if与as though同

34、义,在look,seem等系动词后引导表语从句。 The floodwater pushed aside the cars as if they were toys.洪水把汽车推向一边,就好像它们是玩具。用法:as if常用来引导方式状语从句。1234567891011122)as if引导的从句的语气及时态根据当时的情况而定。当说话者认为句子所描述的是真实的或极有可能发生或存在的事实时,as if 从句用陈述语气。当说话人认为句子所描述的是不真实的或极少有可能发生或存在的情况时,as if从句用虚拟语气。阅读下列句子,指出as if从句接虚拟语气的用法。 He treats his step

35、father as if he were a stranger.他待他的继父如同陌生人一般。用法1:as if引导的从句表示与现在事实相反,谓语动词用一般过去时(be动词应该用were)。123456789101112He spoke English perfectly as if he had lived in England for many years.他英语讲得很好,好像他在英国生活了多年似的。用法2:as if引导的从句表示与过去事实相反,谓语动词用过去完成时。I felt as if my heart would burst with joy.我觉得自己心花怒放。用法3:as if

36、从句表示与将来事实相反,谓语动词用would/could/might+动词原形。123456789101112考点二:at an end 结束;终结Thank God!The work is at an end!谢天谢地!这活儿终于干完了!考点延伸阅读下列句子,指出end的词组及含义。We had studied English for three years by the end of last term.到上学期末为止,我们已学了三年英语了。词组:by the end of含义:到末 The war came to an end in 1948.战争于1948年结束。词组:come to

37、an end含义:结束 123456789101112 【高考典句】(2014安徽高考)At the end of the day,she returned to take me back to my accommodation.在夜色将晚时,她回来把我带回我的住处。词组:at the end of含义:在结束时 He sat there for hours on end.他连续几个小时坐在那儿。词组:on end含义:连续地 We must put an end to this foolish behaviour.我们必须终止这种愚蠢的行为。词组:put an end to含义:结束 The

38、 plan ended in failure.那项计划以失败告终。词组:end in含义:以结束 123456789101112end词组归纳:at an end结束;终结by the end of到末come to an end结束at the end of在结束时;在末/尽头on end连续地put an end to结束end in以结束1234567891011121234567891011121234567891011125.A huge crack that was eight kilometers long and thirty meters wide cut across ho

39、uses,roads and canals.(P26) 一条八公里长三十米宽的巨大裂缝穿过房屋、道路和隧道。剖析:本句是一个复合句。从句是由关系代词that引导的定语从句,先行词是a huge crack;that在定语从句中可以指人或物,在从句中作主语或谓语动词的宾语。但不能放在介词后面作宾语。This is a tree that is five metres tall.这是一棵五米高的树。1234567891011125612347891011126.In fifteen terrible seconds a large city lay in ruins.(P26)在可怕的十五秒钟内,

40、一座大城市变成了一片废墟。考点:ruin n. 废墟;毁灭vt. 毁灭;损害The soldiers were rescuing the people buried in the ruins.战士们正在营救埋在废墟中的人们。【高考典句】(2014福建高考)Many village communities feel their countryside is being ruined by the power-producing machines of wind farms.许多村社感到他们的乡村正在被风力发电场的发电机器所毁掉。Dont let a small disagreement ruin

41、 your friendship.不要让小小的分歧毁了你们的友谊。I was ruined by that law case.我被那场官司毁了。561234789101112考点延伸1)in ruins 严重受损;破败不堪(一般用作表语)After the big fire,the building was in ruins.大火过后,大楼已成废墟。2)阅读下列句子,指出ruin的词组及含义。A large number of churches fell into ruin after the revolution.革命过后,许多教堂都毁了。词组:fall into ruin含义:成为废墟;坍

42、塌 It made our plan come/go to ruin.这使得我们的计划落空。词组:go/come to ruin含义:毁灭;落空 561234789101112He ruined himself by taking drugs.他因吸毒毁掉了自己。词组:ruin oneself含义:毁掉自己 What he does will ruin his fame.他做的一切将毁坏他的名誉。词组:ruin ones fame含义:毁坏某人的名誉 561234789101112ruin词组归纳:fall into ruin成为废墟;坍塌go/come to ruin毁灭;落空ruin on

43、eself毁掉自己ruin ones fame毁坏某人的名誉5612347891011125612347891011126751234891011127.Two-thirds of them died or were injured during the earthquake.(P26)三分之二的人在地震中死去或受伤。剖析:“分数+of+.”作主语时,谓语动词的单复数应由of后面的词决定。如果of后面接population这一名词时,谓语动词的单复数应由表语来确定。【高考典句】(2014辽宁高考)Two-thirds of Americans spend up to seven hours a

44、 day using computers or other digital products.三分之二的美国人每天使用电脑或其他数码产品的时间多达七个小时。675123489101112Two-thirds of the work has been finished by now.到目前为止已完成了三分之二的工作。One-third of the population in that city are foreigners.在那座城市三分之一的人是外国人。注意:类似用法的还有“some of,plenty of,a lot of,most of,the rest of,all of,half

45、of,part of或百分数+of+.”。考点:injure vt. 损害;伤害You will injure your health by smoking too much.你吸烟太多,会损害身体的。One of the players injured his knee.其中一名球员伤了膝盖。675123489101112考点延伸1)阅读下列句子,指出黑体词的词性及含义。We ran to escape and fortunately no one was injured.我们跑着逃脱,幸运的是,没有人受伤。词性:形容词含义:受伤的The boy cant go to play basket

46、ball because of his injury.那个男孩因为受伤不能去打篮球。词性:名词含义:伤害/损伤6751234891011122)阅读下列句子,指出the injured的含义及用法。 The injured in the accident were sent to the nearest hospital right away.事故中的伤者立即被送往医院。含义:受伤的人/伤员(们)用法:the injured作主语时,其谓语动词应用复数形式。6751234891011123)辨析:injure/wound/hurt/harminjure一般指人在意外事故中造成的伤害,如机器造成

47、的或在运动中受到的伤害。wound指枪伤、刀伤、刺伤等皮肉之伤,是出血的、严重的伤,特指在战场上受伤。hurt是一般用语,指肉体或精神上的伤害,常伴有强烈的疼痛感;还可表示“疼,痛”。harm指“危害,损害”。675123489101112The little hero was wounded badly in the battle,and unfortunately,he was also injured in a car accident on his way to hospital,which let him feel hurt deeply.He knew clearly that t

48、he war harmed the whole country.这位小英雄在一次战斗中严重受伤,不幸的是,在他去医院的途中又在一起车祸中受伤,这让他内心深受伤害。他清楚地知道那次战争给整个国家造成了危害。6751234891011126751234891011127865123491011128.Everywhere they looked nearly everything was destroyed.(P26)人们无论朝哪里看,哪里的一切都几乎被毁了。剖析:本句中的Everywhere用作连词,意为“无论哪里”,引导让步状语从句。如:Everywhere they went,they we

49、re warmly welcomed.他们每到一处,都受到热烈欢迎。786512349101112考点延伸everywhere也可用作副词或名词。【高考典句】(2015北京高考)Technological change is everywhere and affects every aspect of life,mostly for the better.技术变化无处不在,影响着生活的每一个方面,大多数是朝更好的方向变化。People came from everywhere to celebrate the victory.人们从各处汇集而来庆祝胜利。786512349101112考点:de

50、stroy vt. 破坏;毁坏;消灭【高考典句】(2014辽宁高考)This hidden system works in a very similar way to the networks of neurons in our brains,and when one tree is destroyed,it affects all.这种隐藏的系统以一种与我们大脑的神经元网络相似的方式工作,但一棵树被毁掉时,它会影响到所有的。Heat gradually destroys vitamin C.加热会逐渐破坏维生素C。Theyve destroyed all the evidence.他们已经销

51、毁了一切证据。786512349101112考点延伸辨析:destroy/damage/ruindestroy指彻底的损坏,常含有不能或很难修复的意思。damage意为“损坏,毁坏,损害”,指部分损坏,降低某物的使用价值。还可用作名词,意为“损坏”,do/cause damage to“给带来/造成损坏”。ruin指对物体或生命彻底的破坏,但往往是指非暴力的,也不是一次性打击的结果。也可指对美好的或希望中的事物的破坏。786512349101112A sudden storm destroyed the farmers crops and greatly damaged their house

52、s,and it ruined their hope.一场突如其来的暴风雨毁坏了农民们的庄稼,并对房子造成了巨大破坏,这毁掉了他们的希望。7865123491011127865123491011128976512341011129.People were shocked.(P26)人们震惊了。考点:shock vt.& vi. (使) 震惊;震动 n. 休克;打击;震惊The parents were shocked by the news that their son needed an operation on his knee.父母对他们的儿子膝盖需要手术的消息感到震惊。She

53、was taken to hospital suffering from shock.她因休克被送到医院。【高考典句】(2014福建高考)Her husband was with her,but there was blood everywhere and the woman was embarrassed and clearly in shock.她的丈夫和她在一起,但是到处都是血,这个妇女非常尴尬,很明显处于极度震惊状态。897651234101112考点延伸1)阅读下列句子,指出shock的用法。The news of his death was a shock to us.他去世的消息

54、令我们震惊。用法:shock作 “使人震惊的事情” 讲时,常与不定冠词连用。2)阅读下列句子,指出黑体词的词性及含义。People present were shocked at the words from him.在场的人们对于他说的话感到惊愕。词性:形容词含义:震惊的The shocking news has left the woman in great sorrow.这个令人震惊的消息使得这个妇女极度悲伤。词性:形容词含义:使人震惊的89765123410111289765123410111291087651234111210.Some of the rescue workers a

55、nd doctors were trapped under the ruins.(P26)有些救援人员和医生被困在了废墟下面。考点一:rescue n.& vt.援救;营救Lots of rescue workers were working around the clock,sending supplies to the area after the earthquake.地震发生后,许多救援人员夜以继日地工作,把物资运到那个地区。【高考典句】(2014课标全国高考)Many scholars are making efforts to rescue disappearing lan

56、guages.许多学者正在努力拯救正在消失的语言。910876512341112考点延伸1)阅读下列句子,指出rescue的词组及含义。The lifeboats were sent to rescue the sailors from the sinking ship.已派出救生艇去营救沉船上的水手们。词组:rescue.from.含义:把从(地方)营救出来John came to my rescue when I was in danger.当我处于危险时,约翰来救了我。词组:come to ones rescue含义:援救或帮助某人 9108765123411122)辨析:rescue/

57、saverescue多指在紧急情况下迅速有力地抢救,后常接from,意为“从中救出”。save是普通用语,使用范围比较广泛,意为“挽救,搭救”。考点二:trap vt.使陷入困境 n. 陷阱;困境【高考典句】(2015湖北高考)The pony had actually been trapped between two rocks.The farmer freed him,and he began to run happily around again.那匹马驹事实上是被困在了两块岩石之间。农夫解救了它,它又开始快乐地到处跑。910876512341112He used some cheese

58、 to trap the rat.他用了些乳酪诱捕老鼠。The hunter set traps to catch foxes.猎人设置了陷阱来捕捉狐狸。When you are in a trap,I will come to your help.当你处于困境时,我会来帮助你。910876512341112考点延伸1)trap的过去式为trapped,过去分词也为trapped,现在分词为trapping。2)阅读下列句子,指出trap的词组及含义。Once you fall into a trap,it will not be easy to get out of it.一旦你落入了圈套,

59、摆脱它就不那么容易。词组:fall into a trap含义:落入圈套 They were trapped in a cave.他们被困在山洞里。词组:be trapped in含义:被困在 910876512341112trap词组归纳:fall into a trap落入圈套be trapped in被困在91087651234111291087651234111291087651234111291087651234111210119876512341211.All hope was not lost.(P26)不是所有的希望都破灭了。考点:本句是一个部分否定的句子。all/all of.not.,not all.,等表示部分否定,其意思是 “