TEM8英语专业8级+翻译辅导讲座

1、精选优质文档-倾情为你奉上英语专业八级考试翻译辅导讲座材料一、八级考试大纲对翻译测试的要求和规定1、 测试目的：考察学生英汉两种语言的互译能力2、 题型：本题为主观试题。分两部分：第一部分汉译英， 由300字左右的汉语短文组成，其中有150字左右的文字或段落用横线标出或用黑体字打印，要求考生将此部分译成英语。第二部分英译汉。由300个单词左右的英语短文组成，其中150个左右单词文字或段落用横线标出或用黑体字打印，要求考生将此部分译成汉语。3、 测试要求：汉译英要求考生运用汉译英理论与技巧，以每小时译约250300汉字的速度将要求译出的部分译完，约150字左右。译文要求忠实原文，语言表达通顺流畅

2、。英译汉要求考生运用英译汉理论与技巧，以每小时译约250英语单词的速度将要求译出的部分译完，约150单词左右。译文要求忠实原文，语言表达通顺流畅。4、 考试时间：60分钟，两部分的写作时间可互相调剂使用。二、考试项目、时间、题数及分数 三、翻译原文的主要文体及话题 主要问题为散文、议论文和政论文。 汉语散文的特点是形散神不散。所以在翻译成英文时，要适当增加英语连词、副词等以使语句连贯，意义完整。议论文既有描述，又有议论，夹叙夹议。注意时态变化和习惯用法。政论文往往语句较长，且不时地用被动语态。所以在翻译时，语句结构要作调整，语态要作变化。话题涉及社会热点，人生感悟，教育批评，读书学习等。四、翻

3、译中的关键问题 一）理解问题：1. 词汇量问题：生词；熟词的多义性；粗心大意弄错词a. I grudge every marriage in that it means a fresh supply of orange blossom, the promise of so much golden fruit cut short. * 我 （妒忌）每场婚礼，因为它意味着要供应桔子花，这么多金色的水果的希望就砍断了。b. It was tempting to say that Sept 11 changed all that, just as it is tempting to say that

4、every hero needs a villain, and goodness needs evil as its grinding stone. But try to look a widow in the eye and talking about all the good that has come of this. * 令人引诱的说出9.11事件改变了这一切，正如（ ）英雄需要恶棍来陪衬，善良需要邪恶来作为磨刀石。但是尽力看看窗户外面，再谈从中而来的好处。1) 生词解决办法：a. 扩充词汇量， 按大纲8级要掌握英语词汇1300015000。b. 大胆猜测不认识的生词-根据上下文, 构

5、词法等At first I attributed this new habit to advancing age-I had recently turned 40-and glumly concluded that I was becoming morbid. But why, then, was I finding my secret rite so uplifting?起初，我将这个习惯归咎于年岁渐增的缘故（当时我刚40岁），所以我悲哀地认为这是一种病态心理。可是究竟为什么我竟对这个秘密仪式如此兴味盎然呢？2) 熟词多义性确定词义的办法：a. 根据不同搭配b. 根据上下文c. 根据逻辑意义

6、 A winner can be spontaneous. He does not have to respond in predetermined, rigid ways. He can change his plans when the situation calls for it.* 一个成功者可以是自发的/ 天生的。 （能够顺势而发。）他不以事先设定的呆板的方式应对事情。他能根据形势需要改变计划。 I believe the eight dead journalists are policy.* 我相信那八个死去的记者是政策。（八个记者的死亡是有计划的谋杀。）2. 语法问题：理不出主谓

7、宾；弄不清词之间修饰和限定的关系 （见下例）3. 复杂句子结构问题：1） 找不出主干2） 理不出分支3） 弄不清层次4） 理不清关系（或逻辑） a. It is odd to watch with what feverish ardor the Americans pursue prosperity and how they are ever tormented by the shadowy suspicion that they may not have chosen the shortest route to get it. * 很奇怪地看到美国人多么热情地追求财富，多么受到阴影怀疑的折磨

8、，他们可能没有选择最短的道路获得财富。 主干：to watch is odd. 第一层分支：watch后的宾语从句： what feverish ardor the Americans(感叹句) and how they are ever tormentedto get it. （感叹句）第二层分支：suspicion 后带定语从句 that they may not have chosen the shortest route to get it.4文化知识问题：对词或词组望文生义，不知其所蕴涵的文化意义。 a. In certain remote corners of Old World

9、you may sometimes stumble upon little places which seem to have been forgotten among the general tumult and which have stayed still while all around them moves. * 在古老的世界的某些遥远的角落，有时你会碰见一些看起来在普遍喧闹中被遗忘的小地方，周围都在运动，他们却静止着。 b. Martin Buber expresses this idea as he retells an old story of a rabbi who on h

10、is deathbed sees himself as loser. The rabbi laments that, in the world to come, he will not be asked why he wasnt Moses; he will be asked why he wasnt himself. * 马丁.布伯当他重述一个犹太大博士（兔子）在死的时候认为自己是一个失败者的故事表明了这个观点。这个大博士哀悼道，在要到来的世界里，他将不会被人们为什么他不是摩斯（莫尔斯），而会被问为什么他不是他自己。 二）表达问题1. 用词不当，因词害义2句式不符合译入语的表达习惯a. In

11、 certain remote corners of Old World you may sometimes stumble upon little places which seem to have been forgotten among the general tumult and which have stayed still while all around them moves.* 在古老的世界的某些遥远的角落，有时你会碰见一些看起来在普遍喧闹中被遗忘的小地方，周围都在运动，他们却静止着。b. A winner is not afraid to do his thinking an

12、d to use his own knowledge.* 一个成功者不害怕独立思考和用他自己的知识。c. 这王冕天生聪明，年纪不满二十岁，就把那天文、地理、经史上的大学问无一不精通。* This Wang Mian was born with genius. He was less than 20 years old and no one he did not know to the great learning in astronomy, geography, the economy and history.Cf. Wang Mian had genius/ was born with ge

13、nius. While still in his teens, he mastered the whole field of astronomy, geography, the classics and history.五、翻译实例分析一）英译汉1. 英语长句的翻译要点：理解：捋出主干，梳理分支；分清层次，理清关系；把握篇章，弄清含义。表达：长句分译，转换调整；条件因果，先分后总；选词造句；注意逻辑；词句表达，习惯第一。A. 实例分析1） Sept.11 delivered both a shock and a surprise- the attack, and our response to

14、 it- and we can argue forever over which mattered more.“911” 事件既令人感到震惊，也令人感到意外。震惊的是攻击事件本身，意外的是我们对事件的反应。至于说这两者哪个更重要，人们也许会永远争论下去。2）The study, published in the current issue of the Journal of Experiment Education, found significant increases in ninth-grade math test score among the students who had spe

15、nt early grades in smaller classes, with the gains even more pronounced among minority students. (40words) 发表在最近一期实验教育杂志上的一项研究表明，那些在低年级以小班上课的学生在九年级数学测试的成绩有明显的提高，尤其是少数族裔的学生的提高更为明显。3）Lulled by the gentle motion and soothed by the rippling music of the waves the babies soon fell asleep.船儿轻轻摇荡，波声潺潺悦耳，小孩

16、们很快就进入梦乡。l 翻译方法：1） 顺序法Human beings have distinguished themselves from other animals, and in doing so ensured their survival, by the ability to observe and understand their environment and then either to adapt to that environment or to control and adapt it to their own needs.人类把自己和其它动物区别开来。与此同时，人类还具有

17、观察和了解周围环境的能力。他们要么适应环境，要么控制环境，或根据自身的需要改造环境。人类就这样一代代生存下来。2） 逆序法And I take heart from the fact that the enemy, which boasts that it can occupy the strategic point in a couple of hours, has not yet been able to take even the outlying regions, because of the stiff resistance that gets in the way.由于收到顽强地抵

18、抗，吹嘘能在几小时内就占领战略要地的敌人甚至还没能占领外围地带，这一事实使我增强了信心。3） 分译法The president said at a press conference dominated by questions on yesterdays election results that he could not explain why the Republicans had suffered such a widespread defeat, which in the end would deprive the Republican Party of long-held super

19、iority in the House.在关于昨天选举结果地新闻发布会上，总统说他解释不了为什么共和党如此大的惨败。 这种情况最终会使共和党失去在众议院中长期享有的优势。4） 综合法But without Adolf Hitler who was possessed of demonic personality, a granite will, uncanny instincts, a cold ruthlessness, a remarkable intellect, a soaring imagination anduntil toward the end, when drunk with

20、 power and success, he over reached himselfan amazing capacity to size up people and situations there almost certainly would never have been a Third Reich.然而，如果没有阿道夫.希特勒， 那就几乎可以肯定不会有第三帝国。 因为希特勒有着恶魔般的性格、花岗石般的意志、不可思议的本能，无情的冷酷、杰出的智力、深远的想像力以及对人和局势惊人的判断力。最后由于权力和胜利冲昏了头脑而自不量力，所以终遭惨败。 2. 篇章翻译首先快速通读整篇原文（包括没划

21、线的部分）一遍，弄清文章的话题及要旨，以确定遣词造句的文体风格。然后精读需要翻译的划线部分，弄清每个句子意思和句与句之间的逻辑关系，翻译时适当增添必要的连接词语或省略不必译出的连接词。最后，将译文默读一遍，看意义是否忠实原文，语句是否通顺流畅。SECTION B ENGLISH TO CHINESE Translate the following underlined part of the text into Chinese. Possession for its own sake or in competition with the rest of the neighborhood wou

22、ld have been Thoreau's idea of the low levels. The active discipline of heightening one's perception of what is enduring in nature would have been his idea of the high. What he saved from the low was time and effort he could spend on the high. Thoreau certainly disapproved of starvation, but

23、 he would put into feeding himself only as much effort as would keep him functioning for more important efforts. Effort is the gist of it. There is no happiness except as we take on life-engaging difficulties. Short of the impossible, as Yeats put it, the satisfaction we get from a lifetime depends

24、on how high we choose our difficulties. Robert Frost was thinking in something like the same terms when he spoke of “the pleasure of taking pains”. The mortal flaw in the advertised version of happiness is in the fact that it purports to be effortless.We demand difficulty even in our games. We deman

25、d it because without difficulty there can be no game. A game is a way of making something hard for the fun of it. The rules of the game are an arbitrary imposition of difficulty. When someone ruins the fun, he always does so by refusing to play by the rules. It is easier to win at chess if you are f

26、ree, at your pleasure, to change the wholly arbitrary rules, but the fun is in winning within the rules. No difficulty, no fun. 努力乃其实质。除了征服需毕生为之努力的困难外（如果不努力迎战人生中的困难），（也就）没有任何快乐可言。正如叶芝所言，除了不可为的事情外，我们一生所获得的满足有多大，则取决于我们所选择的困难有多强。罗怕特·弗罗斯特在谈及“承受痛苦时的快乐”（“努力时的快乐”/ “辛苦时的甜蜜”）时，其意相近（此话与叶芝所言几乎如同一撤）。社会上宣扬那

27、种幸福观的致命缺陷就在于声称幸福是无需努力即可获得的。我们即使在玩游戏的时候也需要有困难，因为没有难度，就谈不上游戏。所谓游戏，就是为了从某事中取乐而使之变得很难的一种方式（游戏就是要设置困难而从中获取乐趣的一种方式）。制定订游戏规则是任意地施加难度（游戏规则就是施以强制性的困难）。若有人破坏（败坏）了游戏的乐趣，通常是因为他拒绝按规则进行（那一定是他在玩时不遵守游戏规则所致）。如果可以自由随意地改变规则，你会更容易（较轻易）地赢得棋赛（棋局），但是，乐趣源于在规则内取胜。没有了难度（困难），也就没有了乐趣。 If people mean anything at all by the expr

28、ession "untimely death”, they must believe that some deaths run on a better schedule than others. Death in old age is rarely called untimely - a long life is thought to be a full one. But with the passing of a young person, one assumes that the best years lay ahead and the measures of that life

29、 was still to be taken. History denies this, of course. Among prominent summer deaths, one recalls those of Marilyn Monroe and James Deans, whose lives seemed equally brief and complete. Writers cannot bear the fact that poet John Keats died at 26, and only half playfully judge their own lives as fa

30、ilures when they pass that year. The idea that the life cut short is unfulfilled is illogical because lives are measured by the impressions they leave on the world and by their intensity and virtue.如果人们在使用“死不逢时”这一表达时确有所指的话，那他们一定是认为有些人去世的日子比另外一些人更为适宜。人门几乎从不把老年人的去世称作是“死不逢时”，原因是人们一般认为长寿意味着生命圆满。但是当一个年轻人

31、不幸谢世人们就会假想其一生中最美好的岁月还在后头，对其一生的评价仍有待作出。 历史当然不认同这种想法。提起早逝的杰出人物，人们会想起玛丽莲.梦露和詹姆土迪恩。他们的生命虽然短暂，却同样完满。作家们无法承受约翰.济慈二十六岁就英年早逝的事实，当他们过了那个年龄时只是半开玩笑地评判自己碌碌无为。倘若我们认为一个人因为半途夭折就是事业未竟，是十分荒谬的，因为衡量生命的标准是其留给世界的影响以及它的强度和美德。（对以上译文你也可以提出自己的译法）二）汉译英1. 句子翻译A. 外位语结构的翻译 在汉语中，独立于句外，同时又和句中的某个成分指同一事物的成分叫做外位语。1） 对应法，即套用汉语含有外位语结构

32、的句子的框架。把马克思主义的普遍真理同我国的具体实际结合起来，走自己的道路，建设有中国特色的社会主义,这是我们总结长期历史经验得出的基本结论。To integrate the universal truth of Marxism with concrete realities of China, blaze a path of our own and build socialism with Chinese characteristics- this is the basic conclusion we have reached in summing up the long historica

33、l experience.2) 拆句法， 即将外位语结构变成一个独立的句子或并列分句。 健全自己的身体，保持合理的规律生活，这是自我修养的物资基础。 Keep fit, lead a reasonable and regular life. This is the material basis for training.3) 还原法，即把外位结构改变成句中一个成分。 能不能尽快地把科学技术搞上去， 这是关系到社会主义建设全局，关系到我们国家命运与前途的大问题。 Whether science and technology can be pushed forward as quickly as

34、possible is a question of vital importance for socialist construction as a whole and for the destiny and future of our country.4）转化法， 即将外位语结构转化为名词从句或不定式短语， 置于作逻辑主语，而用it作形式主语。 敌人的武力是不能征服我们的，这点已经得到证明了。 It has been proved that the enemy cannot conquer us by force of arms.B. 无主句的翻译 在汉语中，只有谓语部分而没有主语部分的句子

35、叫无主句。这是汉语中特有的一种句型。1） 译成英语被动结构a.书的封面上印着一个猎人的像。The figure of a hunter was printed on the cover of the book.b. 发现错误，一定得改正。 Wrongs must be righted when they are discovered.2） 采用 There + be, It +be +to 等结构a. 没有顺利，无所谓困难；没有困难，也无所谓顺利。 Without facility, there would be no difficulty; without difficulty, there

36、 would be also no facility.b. 究竟能不能巩固呢? Is it possible to consolidate them? 3) 采用倒装语序在游廊得最左端，靠近一道门，却坐着一位将近三十岁的男子。Close by the door at the extreme left of the veranda sat a man of about thirty. 4) 选用适当的名词或代词补出主语a. 弄得不好，就会前功尽弃。If things are not properly handled, our labour will be totally lost.b. 不承认这

37、一条真理，就不是唯物主义者。 Anyone who does not recognize this truth is no materialist.C. “把”字句的翻译 汉语“把”字句在结构上用特殊介词“把”字将宾语引出，放在谓语动词之前而构成的一种汉语特有的句型。在意义和作用上，“把”字句是主动句，主要表达主语怎么“处置”的意思，另外还表达“致使”、“对待”等含意。 1） 含“处置”意思的“把”字句：利用英语“动词宾语补语”结构来翻译。 我的一位朋友最近把他的房子油漆过了。 A friend of mine has had his house painted recently.2) 含有“

38、致使”意思的“把”字句：宾语之后接“忙”、“累”、“急”、“气”、“吓”等加上补语。 你怎么来得这么晚？真把人急死啦！ Why are you so late? We were worried to death about you.3) 表示“把甲当乙”的“把”字句：利用英语“动词宾语as/ for 宾语”结构来翻译。村里人不把我当外人。People in the village didnt treat me as a stranger.4) 带有双宾语的“把”字句：英译时，双宾都置于动词之后。可用“动词间宾直宾”或“动词直宾to +间宾”结构来翻译。a. 我们把水泵借给他们了。We lent

39、 them the pumps.b. 他们把消息告诉了他们遇到的每一个人。They told the news to everybody they met. D 汉语长句的翻译 汉语长句与英语长句在结构上不同。英语长句是由主干分支，即主语谓语扩展而来的。英语重形合，句子再长，只含一个主语和谓语（主句的），统领全句，其它成分往往通过各种连接手段（如使用介词、连词、关系代词和关系副词等）同主谓成分挂钩建句。而汉语重意合，其句子结构松散，如行云流水，句子主谓较难辨认，尤其长句如此。句子之间常常缺乏应有的连接词将其相连，所以句子及语篇要靠逻辑意义和逻辑顺序来维系。在时间上重视时间的先后顺序，在逻辑上重

40、视前后因果关系。 汉语长句翻译可采取如下三种方法：1） 原序翻译上海针织公司由3个企业组成， 生产规模大，且拥有众多的名牌产品， 如“菊花牌”、“鹅牌”和“三枪牌, 公司每年销售额达13亿人民币。 Shanghai Knitting Corporation is made up of 37 enterprises and enjoys a broad production scale, and with several well-known local bands such as “Chrysanthemem”, “Swan” and “Three Guns”, it has annual s

41、ales volume of about 1.3billion yuan RMB. 2) 分译 （拆译或断句）a. 含疑问、感叹或反诘句盛夏炎日，一走进浙江莫干山的林间小道就汗止心凉， 加上清风拂煦，浑身有说不出的舒坦，忍不住要赞叹一声：莫干山，好一个清凉世界！No matter how hot it is “outside”, once you step onto the trial through the forest on Mogan Mountain in Zhejiang Province, the sweat withdraws from your body. In additio

42、n, the breeze refreshes you with a gentle caress. How cool it is!b. 含比方句以农民为例，他们更乐于使用科学种田法， 由于种植杂交水稻面积的增加，单位面积的产量也增加了。Take the peasants for example. They are now more eager to use scientific methods for farming. The amount of land devoted to hybrid rice has risen so that the per-mu yield has gone up

43、 considerably.c. 含概括句灾难深重的中华民族，一百年来，其优秀人物奋斗牺牲，前仆后继，摸索救国救民的真理，是可歌可泣的。For a hundred years, the finest sons and daughter of the disaster-ridden Chinese nation fought and sacrificed their lives, one stepping into breach as another fell, in quest of the truth that would save the country and the people. T

44、his moves us to songs and tears.d. 含对立句 与会者对这个问题的观点差别太大，以致发生了争吵，一时会场的气氛紧张起来。 The opinions of the attendants were far from unanimous about this issue so that some of them began to quarrel with each other. The atmosphere at the meeting became tense at the moment.e. 含有多层意义 漫步山间时，听得四处竹林间的潺潺泉声，众多的细泉汇成一条狭

45、长而深邃的小溪，顺山势而下，及至悬崖处，猛然跌落二、三丈，形成一瀑布，水珠飞溅，凉透肌肤。 Strolling along the path you can hear spring singing everywhere in the bamboo forest. Several little springs assemble into a narrow but deep little river, running along the mountainside. Meeting a small cliff, it falls down twenty or thirty feet with dro

46、ps splashing, forming a thin water curtain which gently covers your skin. 3) 变序翻译凡外商投资企业有能力也愿意与天津市工业企业通过技术转让、引进人才、技术帮助、经济支持等途径共同开发国家统一经营以外的制成品， 特别是开发机电产品和精细化工产品， 并通过外方的销售渠道直接为外国公司提供制成品， 可以向市外经贸委申请扩大联合开发的业务。Where an enterprise is willing and able to develop the finished products that are not subject

47、to the unified operation by the State through joint efforts with the industrial enterprises in Tianjin, particularly in respect of machinery and electronic products and refined chemical products, by means of technology transfer, introduction of technical personnel, technical assistance and economic

48、support, and to provide for foreign companies the finished products through the sales channel of the foreign parties, they may apply to the Municipal Commission of Foreign Economic Relations and Trade for the expansion of the business of joint development.丰收年多积累一点，灾荒年或半灾荒年就不积累或者少积累一点。Accumulate more

49、 in good years and less or none in years when the crops half fail or totally fail2. 篇章翻译弄清原意，准确表达，灵活掌握，适当替代；语句结构，主谓完整，语序排列，适当调整；书写规范，标点正确。范例分析Part IV Translation A. Chinese to English: 1. 大自然对人的恩赐，无论贫富，一律平等，所以人们对于大自然，全都一致并深深地依赖着。尤其在乡间，上千年来人们一直以不变的方式生活着。种植庄稼和葡萄，酿酒和饮酒，喂牛和挤奶，锄草和栽花；在周末去教堂祈祷和做礼拜，在节日到广场拉琴

50、、跳舞和唱歌；往日的田园依旧是今日的温馨的家园。这样, 每个地方都有自己的传说，风俗也就衍传了下来。(2002)如下这篇翻译你觉得如何？可以打多少分？（满分为10分）The great nature gives the people charity equally, no matter they are rich or poor. So people to the great nature, all of them depend on it deeply. Especially in the countryside, people have been living a changeless l

51、ife since a thousand years. Plant crops and grapes, brew and drink wine, raise and milk cows, weed and cultivate flowers; on weekends go to church for prayers and religions services; during the holidays play the musical instrument and dance and sing in the square. The countryside of the past days st

52、ill are todays happy home yard. Thus every place has its own legend, and its customs pass on.斜体字部分是有问题的，你发现是什么问题？The great nature gives the people charity equally, no matter they are rich or poor. So people to the great nature, all of them depend on it deeply. Especially in the countryside, people h

53、ave been living a changeless life since a thousand years. Plant crops and grapes, brew and drink wine, raise and milk cows, weed and cultivate flowers; on weekends go to church for prayers and religions services; during the holidays play the musical instrument and dance and sing in the square. The c

54、ountryside of the past days still are todays happy homeyard. Thus every place has its own legend, and its customs pass on.参考译文：注意语句的结构和措辞Nature favors people alike, whether they are rich and poor. Thus all people depend on it, unanimously and profoundly. Especially in the countryside, people have be

55、en living a changeless life for thousands of years: planting crops and grapes, brewing and drinking wine, raising and milking cows, weeding and cultivating flowers; going to church on weekends for prayers and religions services; playing the musical instrument, dancing and singing on the square durin

56、g the holidays. The countryside of the past days remains to be the beloved homeland of today. Thus, each place has its own legend, and subsequently, its customs pass on from generation to the next.2. 得病以前，我受父母宠爱，在家横行霸道，一旦隔离，拘禁在花园山坡上一幢小房子里，我顿感打人冷宫，十分郁郁不得志起来。一个春天的傍晚，园中百花怒放，父母在园中设宴，一时宾客云集，笑语四溢。我在山坡的小屋里

57、，悄悄掀起窗帘，窥见园中大千世界，一片繁华，自己的哥姐，堂表弟兄，也穿插其间，个个喜气洋洋。一霎时，一阵被人摒弃，为世所遗的悲愤兜上心头，禁不住痛哭起来。dote on /upon sb.make a pet of sb.love me too muchhave my way at homebe self-willed/ willfulcan do anything I likeisolated and confined (not: separated or segregated or be taken into custody)be neglected and become very depressed (not: be put into t