曼昆《经济学原理》（微观）第五版测试题库 (11)

1、Chapter 11Public Goods and Common ResourcesTRUE/FALSE1.When goods are available free of charge, the market forces that normally allocate resources in our economy are absent.ANS:TDIF:2REF:11-0NAT:AnalyticLOC:Markets, market failure, and externalitiesTOP:Market failureMSC:Interpretive2.Free goods are

2、usually efficiently allocated without government intervention.ANS:FDIF:2REF:11-0NAT:AnalyticLOC:Markets, market failure, and externalitiesTOP:Market failureMSC:Interpretive3.Most goods in our economy are allocated in markets, where buyers pay for what they receive and sellers are paid for what they

3、provide.ANS:TDIF:1REF:11-0NAT:AnalyticLOC:The Study of economics, and definitions in economicsTOP:Private goodsMSC:Applicative4.Government intervention cannot improve the allocation of resources for goods that do not have prices attached to them.ANS:FDIF:2REF:11-0NAT:AnalyticLOC:The role of governme

4、ntTOP:Public goodsMSC:Interpretive5.A good that is excludable but not rival is known as a natural monopoly.ANS:TDIF:1REF:11-1NAT:AnalyticLOC:The Study of economics, and definitions in economicsTOP:Natural monopoliesMSC:Definitional6.National Public Radio would be considered a natural monopoly.ANS:FD

5、IF:2REF:11-1NAT:AnalyticLOC:The Study of economics, and definitions in economicsTOP:Natural monopoliesMSC:Interpretive7.Concerts in arenas are not excludable because it is virtually impossible to prevent someone from seeing the show.ANS:FDIF:1REF:11-1NAT:AnalyticLOC:The Study of economics, and defin

6、itions in economicsTOP:ExcludabilityMSC:Applicative8.A pair of jeans is rival but non-excludable.ANS:FDIF:1REF:11-1NAT:AnalyticLOC:The Study of economics, and definitions in economicsTOP:Excludability | Rivalry in consumptionMSC:Applicative9.A good that is rival in consumption is one that someone ca

7、n be prevented from using if she did not pay for it.ANS:FDIF:1REF:11-1NAT:AnalyticLOC:The Study of economics, and definitions in economicsTOP:Excludability | Rivalry in consumptionMSC:Definitional10.Some goods can be classified as either public goods or private goods depending on the circumstances.A

8、NS:TDIF:2REF:11-1NAT:AnalyticLOC:The Study of economics, and definitions in economicsTOP:Public goods | Private goodsMSC:Interpretive11.Roads can be considered either public goods or common resources, depending on how congested they are.ANS:TDIF:1REF:11-1NAT:AnalyticLOC:The Study of economics, and d

9、efinitions in economicsTOP:Public goods | Common resourcesMSC:Applicative12.When one person enjoys the benefit of a tornado siren, she reduces the benefit to others.ANS:FDIF:1REF:11-1NAT:AnalyticLOC:The Study of economics, and definitions in economicsTOP:Rivalry in consumptionMSC:Applicative13.Some

10、goods, such as lighthouses, can switch between being public goods and being private goods depending on the circumstances.ANS:TDIF:2REF:11-2NAT:AnalyticLOC:Understanding and applying economic modelsTOP:Public goods | private goodsMSC:Interpretive14.A free-rider is someone who receives the benefit of

11、a good but avoids paying for it.ANS:TDIF:1REF:11-2NAT:AnalyticLOC:The Study of economics, and definitions in economicsTOP:Free ridersMSC:Definitional15.A free rider is a person who pays for a good but does not receive the benefit of it.ANS:FDIF:1REF:11-2NAT:AnalyticLOC:The Study of economics, and de

12、finitions in economicsTOP:Free ridersMSC:Definitional16.One benefit to the patent system is that it encourages the production of technical knowledge.ANS:TDIF:1REF:11-2NAT:AnalyticLOC:Markets, market failure, and externalitiesTOP:ExcludabilityMSC:Applicative17.Government agencies, such as the Nationa

13、l Science Foundation, subsidize basic research because in the absence of a subsidy too little research would be conducted.ANS:TDIF:1REF:11-2NAT:AnalyticLOC:Markets, market failure, and externalitiesTOP:Public goodsMSC:Applicative18.Although national defense is currently a public good, economists who

14、 advocate small government generally agree that the U.S. should privatize national defense to increase the efficiency of the good.ANS:FDIF:2REF:11-2NAT:AnalyticLOC:The Study of economics, and definitions in economicsTOP:Public goodsMSC:Interpretive19.In some cases the government can make everyone be

15、tter off by raising taxes to pay for certain goods that the market fails to provide.ANS:TDIF:2REF:11-2NAT:AnalyticLOC:The role of governmentTOP:Public goodsMSC:Interpretive20.Even economists who advocate small government agree that national defense is a good that the government should provide.ANS:TD

16、IF:1REF:11-2NAT:AnalyticLOC:The role of governmentTOP:Public goodsMSC:Applicative21.Advocates of antipoverty programs claim that fighting poverty is a public good.ANS:TDIF:1REF:11-2NAT:AnalyticLOC:Understanding and applying economic modelsTOP:Public goodsMSC:Applicative22.Private markets usually pro

17、vide lighthouses because ship captains have the incentive to navigate using the lighthouse and therefore will pay for the service.ANS:FDIF:2REF:11-2NAT:AnalyticLOC:Markets, market failure, and externalitiesTOP:Public goodsMSC:Interpretive23.The free-rider problem arises when the number of beneficiar

18、ies is large and exclusion of any of them is impossible.ANS:TDIF:1REF:11-2NAT:AnalyticLOC:The Study of economics, and definitions in economicsTOP:Free ridersMSC:Applicative24.A study that compares the costs and benefits to society of providing a public good is called externality analysis.ANS:FDIF:1R

19、EF:11-2NAT:AnalyticLOC:The Study of economics, and definitions in economicsTOP:Cost-benefit analysisMSC:Definitional25.Economists argue that we can calculate the value of a human life by observing voluntary risks that people take every day.ANS:TDIF:2REF:11-2NAT:AnalyticLOC:The Study of economics, an

20、d definitions in economicsTOP:Cost-benefit analysisMSC:Applicative26.If we can conclude that human life has a finite value, cost-benefit analysis can lead to solutions in which human life is worth less than the cost of a potential project.ANS:TDIF:2REF:11-2NAT:AnalyticLOC:The Study of economics, and

21、 definitions in economicsTOP:Cost-benefit analysisMSC:Interpretive27.Aristotle writes, “What is common to many is taken least care of, for all men have greater regard for what is their own than for what they possess in common with others.” In this statement, Aristotle is referring to the free-rider

22、problem that occurs when a person receives the benefit of a good without paying for it.ANS:FDIF:2REF:11-3NAT:AnalyticLOC:The Study of economics, and definitions in economicsTOP:Tragedy of the CommonsMSC:Interpretive28.One solution to the “Tragedy of the Commons” is to turn the common resource into a

23、 private good.ANS:TDIF:1REF:11-3NAT:AnalyticLOC:The Study of economics, and definitions in economicsTOP:Tragedy of the CommonsMSC:Interpretive29.An example of the “Tragedy of the Commons” is litter in the picnic area of a local park.ANS:TDIF:2REF:11-3NAT:AnalyticLOC:The Study of economics, and defin

24、itions in economicsTOP:Tragedy of the CommonsMSC:Applicative30.London charges drivers driving in “congestion zones” a tax in order to reduce traffic congestion.ANS:TDIF:1REF:11-3NAT:AnalyticLOC:Markets, market failure, and externalitiesTOP:Common resourcesMSC:Applicative31.Governments that chose to

25、make endangered elephants private goods have met with more success protecting elephants than governments that chose to make killing elephants illegal.ANS:TDIF:2REF:11-3NAT:AnalyticLOC:Markets, market failure, and externalitiesTOP:Common resourcesMSC:Interpretive32.One person's use of common reso

26、urces does not reduce the enjoyment other people receive from the resource.ANS:FDIF:2REF:11-3NAT:AnalyticLOC:The Study of economics, and definitions in economicsTOP:Common resourcesMSC:Applicative33.If Toby and Pete are the only two fishermen in town and neither is bothered by the other's fishin

27、g, the lake they fish in is not a common resource.ANS:TDIF:2REF:11-3NAT:AnalyticLOC:Understanding and applying economic modelsTOP:Common resourcesMSC:Interpretive34.One possible solution to the problem of protecting a common resource is to convert that resource to a private good.ANS:TDIF:2REF:11-3NA

28、T:AnalyticLOC:The Study of economics, and definitions in economicsTOP:Common resourcesMSC:Interpretive35.Tolls are not effective in altering people's incentives to drive during rush hour.ANS:FDIF:2REF:11-3NAT:AnalyticLOC:The Study of economics, and definitions in economicsTOP:Common resourcesMSC

29、:Applicative36.The profit motive that stems from private ownership means that elephant populations are best protected as common resources.ANS:FDIF:2REF:11-3NAT:AnalyticLOC:The Study of economics, and definitions in economicsTOP:Common resourcesMSC:Interpretive37.In the Tragedy of the Commons, joint

30、action among the individual citizens would be necessary to solve their common resource problem unless the government intervenes.ANS:TDIF:2REF:11-3NAT:AnalyticLOC:The Study of economics, and definitions in economicsTOP:Tragedy of the CommonsMSC:Applicative38.Depending on congestion, national parks ca

31、n be either a common resource or a public good.ANS:TDIF:2REF:11-3NAT:AnalyticLOC:The Study of economics, and definitions in economicsTOP:Common resources | Public goodsMSC:Interpretive39.Markets may fail to allocate resources efficiently when property rights are not well established.ANS:TDIF:1REF:11

32、-4TOP:Property rightsMSC:InterpretiveSHORT ANSWER1.Place each of the following in the correct location in the table.Rival?YesNoExcludable?YesPrivate GoodsNatural MonopoliesNoCommon ResourcesPublic Goodsa.Congested toll roadsb.Knowledgec.Fish in the oceand.National defensee.Congested nontoll roadsf.C

33、able TVg.The environmenth.Fire protectioni.Ice-cream conesj.Uncongested toll roadsk.Clothingl.Uncongested nontoll roadsANS:Rival?YesNoExcludable?YesPrivate Goods· Ice-cream cones· Clothing· Congested toll roadsNatural Monopolies· Fire protection· Cable TV· Uncongested t

34、oll roadsNoCommon Resources· Fish in the ocean· The environment· Congested nontoll roadsPublic Goods· National defense· Knowledge· Uncongested nontoll roadsDIF:1REF:11-1NAT:AnalyticLOC:The Study of economics, and definitions in economicsTOP:Excludability | Rivalry in co

35、nsumptionMSC:Applicative2.The creation of knowledge is a public good. Because knowledge is a public good, profit-seeking firms tend to free-ride on the knowledge created by others and, as a result, devote too few resources to the creation of knowledge. How does the U.S. government correct for this a

36、pparent market failure?ANS:The government assigns and protects the property rights of the producers of specific, technological knowledge through patents. The inventor will obtain much of the benefit of his invention. The U.S. government also subsidizes basic research in many different fields.DIF:1RE

37、F:11-2NAT:AnalyticLOC:The role of governmentTOP:Public goodsMSC:Applicative3.Some advocates of antipoverty programs claim that fighting poverty is a public good. Describe why government intervention may be necessary to reduce poverty.ANS:Eliminating poverty is not a good that the private market can

38、provide. No single individual can solve the problem of poverty, and those who do not donate to charity can free-ride on the generosity of others. If we all prefer to live in a society without poverty, taxing the wealthy to raise the living standards of the poor may be able to make everyone better of

39、f.DIF:1REF:11-2NAT:AnalyticLOC:The role of governmentTOP:Public goodsMSC:Applicative4.The government often intervenes when private markets fail to provide an optimal level of certain goods and services. For example, the government imposes an excise tax on gasoline to account for the negative externa

40、lity that drivers impose on one another. Why might the private market not reach the socially optimal level of traffic without the help of government?ANS:It is possible that everyone can agree that the roads are too crowded, but no one is willing to make the sacrifice to stay home to help solve the c

41、ongestion problem. The private incentive to fix the problem is small, so government policies such as tolls and gasoline taxes may improve social welfare.DIF:1REF:11-3NAT:AnalyticLOC:The role of governmentTOP:Common resourcesMSC:Interpretive5.Why do wild salmon populations face the threat of extincti

42、on while goldfish populations are in no such danger?ANS:No one owns the wild salmon, while private individuals own goldfish. The profit motive leads to different allocations of the resources. Salmon fishermen have an individual incentive to catch as many salmon as possible before someone else does.

43、Pet shop owners have a profit incentive to breed goldfish to sell to consumers.DIF:2REF:11-3NAT:AnalyticLOC:Markets, market failure, and externalitiesTOP:Common resourcesMSC:InterpretiveSec00MULTIPLE CHOICE1.For private goods allocated in markets,a.prices guide the decisions of buyers and sellers an

44、d these decisions lead to an efficient allocation of resources.b.prices guide the decisions of buyers and sellers and these decisions lead to an inefficient allocation of resources.c.the government guides the decisions of buyers and sellers and these decisions lead to an efficient allocation of reso

45、urces.d.the government guides the decisions of buyers and sellers and these decisions lead to an inefficient allocation of resources.ANS:ADIF:2REF:11-0NAT:AnalyticLOC:Markets, market failure, and externalitiesTOP:Private goodsMSC:Interpretive2.Government policy can potentially raise economic well-be

46、inga.in all markets for goods and services.b.in economic models, but not in reality.c.when a good does not have a price attached to it.d.never.ANS:CDIF:2REF:11-0NAT:AnalyticLOC:Markets, market failure, and externalitiesTOP:Market failureMSC:Interpretive3.The old lyric “the best things in life are fr

47、ee”a.is not true for any goods.b.is even true for some goods that have a price.c.refers to goods provided by nature or the government.d.refers to goods provided by the market.ANS:CDIF:2REF:11-0NAT:AnalyticLOC:Markets, market failure, and externalitiesTOP:Market failureMSC:Interpretive4.Governments c

48、an improve market outcomes fora.public goods but not common mon resources but not public goods.c.both public goods and common resources.d.neither public goods nor common resources.ANS:CDIF:2REF:11-0NAT:AnalyticLOC:Markets, market failure, and externalitiesTOP:Public goods | common res

49、ourcesMSC:Interpretive5.For most goods in an economy, the signal that guides the decisions of buyers and sellers ernment intervention.c.quantity.d.price.ANS:DDIF:1REF:11-0NAT:AnalyticLOC:Markets, market failure, and externalitiesTOP:Private goodsMSC:Applicative6.When goods do not

50、 have a price, which of the following primarily ensures that the good is produced?ernmentd.the marketANS:CDIF:1REF:11-0NAT:AnalyticLOC:Markets, market failure, and externalitiesTOP:Public goodsMSC:ApplicativeSec01-The Different Kinds of GoodsMULTIPLE CHOICE1.The provision of a

51、public good generates aa.positive externality, as does the use of a common resource.b.positive externality and the use of a common resource generates a negative externality.c.negative externality, as does the use of a common resource.d.negative externality and the use of a common resource generates

52、a positive externality.ANS:BDIF:2REF:11-1NAT:AnalyticLOC:Markets, market failure, and externalitiesTOP:Public goods | common resourcesMSC:Interpretive2.Private decisions about consumption of common resources and production of public goods usually lead to ana.efficient allocation of resources and ext

53、ernal effects.b.efficient allocation of resources and no external effects.c.inefficient allocation of resources and external effects.d.inefficient allocation of resources and no external effects.ANS:CDIF:2REF:11-1NAT:AnalyticLOC:Markets, market failure, and externalitiesTOP:Public goods | common res

54、ourcesMSC:Interpretive3.When a good is excludable, a.one person's use of the good diminishes another person's ability to use it.b.people can be prevented from using the good.c.no more than one person can use the good at the same time.d.everyone will be excluded from using the good.ANS:BDIF:1

55、REF:11-1NAT:AnalyticLOC:The Study of economics, and definitions in economicsTOP:ExcludabilityMSC:Definitional4.A good is excludable ifa.one person's use of the good diminishes another person's enjoyment of it.b.the government can regulate its availability.c.it is not a normal good.d.people can be prevented from