职称英语试题概括9

1、首页职称英语概括大意与完成句子第课时PASSAGE 17The Open University in Britain1 In 1963 the leader of the Labour Party made a speech explaining plans for a university of the air-an educational system which would make use of television, radio and correspondence courses. Many people laughed at the idea, but it became par

2、t of the Labour Partys programme to give educational opportunity to those people who, for one reason or another, had not had a chance to receive further education.2 By 1969 plans were well advanced and by August 1970 the Open University, as it is now called, hadreceived 400,000 applications. Only 25

3、,000 could be accepted for the four foundation courses offered:socialsciences,arts,scienceandmathematics.Unsuccessfulcandidatesweretoldtoapplyagainthe following year, when a foundation course in technology would also be offered.3 The first teaching programmes appeared on the air and screen in Januar

4、y 1971, with clerks, farmworkers, housewives, teachers, policemen and many others as students. Correspondence units had been carefully prepared and science students were given devices for a small home laboratory. Study centers have been set up all over the country so that students can attend once a

5、week, and once a year they will spend a week at one of the universitys summer schools.4 It has been nearly 30 years since the Open University started to offer courses. Now it is a veryimportantpartoftheBritisheducationalsystem.Notonlydoesitofferfoundationcourseslikethose mentioned above, it also car

6、ries out very advanced scientific researches, some of which lead to Masters orPH.D Degrees. Many other countries have started similar educational programmes following the successful example of the Open University in Britain.1. Paragraph 2.2. Paragraph 3.3. Paragraph 4.A Progress since its foundingB

7、Special facilities of the university C Enrollment in the early daysD Teaching staff of the university4. In Britain, besides taking academic courses on TV and on radio, people can also.5. The Labour Party was the first party in Britain that.6. In 1971, the Open University started to.7. When the Open

8、University first started, there were more applicants.A put forward the idea of founding the Open University B than it could admitC learn through correspondenceD offer foundation courses in technology E charge students a low tuition feeKeys: CBACADBPASSAGE 18Volts from the SkyLightning has caused awe

9、 and wonder since old times. Although Benjamin Franklin demonstratedlightning as enormous electrical discharge more than 200 years ago, many puzzles still surround this powerful phenomenon.Lightning is generated when electrical charges separate in rain clouds, though processes are still notfully und

10、erstood. Typically, positive charges build at the cloud top, while the bottom becomes negatively charged. In most instances of cloud-to-ground lightning, the negatively charged lower portion of the cloud repels negatively charged particles on the grounds surfaces, making it become positively charged

11、. The positive charge on the ground gathers at elevated points.A flow of electrons begins between the cloud and earth. When the voltage charge becomes largeenough, it breaks through the insulating barrier of air, and electrons zigzag earthward. We see the discharge as lightning.Lightning can occur w

12、ithin a cloud, between clouds, or between clouds and the ground. The firstvariety, intra-cloud lightning, is the most frequent but is often hidden from our view. Cloud-to-ground lightning, making up about 20 percent of lightning discharges, is what we usually see. Lightning comes in several forms, i

13、ncluding sheet, ribbon, and ball. Intra-cloud lightning can illuminate a cloud so it looks like a white sheet, hence its name. When cloud-to-ground lightning occurs during strong winds, they can shift the lightning channel sideways, so it looks like a ribbon. The average lightning strike is more tha

14、n 3 miles long and can travel at a tenth of the speed of light. Ball lightning, the rarest and most mysterious form, derives its name from the small luminous ball that appears near the impact point, moves horizontally, and lasts for several seconds.Thunder is generated by the tremendous heat release

15、d in a lightning discharge. Temperatures near thedischarge can reach as high as 50,000F within thousandths of a second. This sudden heating acts as anexplosion, generating shock waves we hear as thunder.About 2,000 thunderstorms are occurring in the world at any time, generating about 100 lighting s

16、trikes every second, or 8 million daily. Within the United States, lightning strikes are estimated at 20 million a year, or about 22,000 per day. You have a 1-in-600,000 chance of bring struck by lightning during your lifetime. Lightning can strike twice or more in the same spot. The Empire State Bu

17、ilding in New Yorkis struck by lightning about two dozen times annually.You can measure how far you are from a lightning strike by counting the seconds between viewing the flash and hearing the bang, and then dividing by five. This approximates the mileage.练习： 1-4题的要求是，从第一个方框的六个选项A、B、C、D、E、F 中选出四个选项

18、为注明的段落各配一个合适的小标题。 5-8题的要求是，从第二个方框的六个选项A、B、C、D、E、F 中选出四个选项完成每个句子。1. Paragraphs 2 and 32. Paragraph 43. Paragraph 54. Paragraph 6A Cloud-to-ground lightning occurring in the U.S. B Types of lightningC Cause of lightningD Differences between thunder and thunderstormE Frequencies of thunderstorms occurr

19、ing in the world and the U.S. F Shock waves as thunder5. In most cases of cloud-to-ground lightning, the grounds surface6. One form of lightning that is ball lightning7. Cloud lightning looks like a ribbon when its lighting channel8. Although not fully understanding processes of lightning, manA occu

20、rs most infrequently.B is shifted sideways by strong winds. C is often hidden from our view.D is equipped with a good knowledge of various forms of lightning . E is estimated at 20 millions a year.F is positively charged.KEYS: CBFE FABDPASSAGE 19Geology and HealthThe importance of particular metals

21、in the human diet has been realized within the past few decades, and the idea that geology might be related to health has been recognized for a number of elements suchas iodine,zincandselenium.Forexample,soilswithlowiodinecontentsproducecrops,andanimals deficient in iodine. A lack of iodine in the h

22、uman diet leads to some serious diseases.The ultimate source of metals within the human body is rocks, which weather into soil, gaining or losingsome of their chemical constituents. The crops we eat selectively remove from the soil the elements that they require for growth. The water we drink contai

23、ns trace elements leached from rock and soil. Thus the geology and geochemistry of the environments have effects on the chemistry and health of plants, animals and people.So far there is no data to suggest that people living on metal-rich soils experience a potential healthhazard. The levels of meta

24、ls within naturally contaminated soils are generally not high enough to cause serious health problems. Living on metal-rich soils does not represent a health risk unless large quantitiesofsoilaredigestedormetal-richdustis inhaled.However, smallchildrenareparticularlyexposedto metal-richtopsoilin pla

25、ygroundsandgardens.Theyarealsothemostlikelyonestoeatpotentially dangerous metal-rich soil.Heavymetalsarepersistent;theydonotbreakdowntootherchemicalsintheenvironment.Industrially polluted sites usually undergo intensive clean-up and rehabilitation because heavy metals are a health concern once they

26、enter the food chain. Some trace metals are alleged to cause cancer and are also known to cause poisoning.In contrast, naturally contaminated soils have not been subject to risk assessment studies andrehabilitation measures, despite the fact that they frequently possess metal concentrations well abo

27、ve those of such polluted by humans and above environmental quality criteria.There is a vital need to understand the potential risks and long-term health effects of living on naturallycontaminated soils. Future environmental investigations of naturally polluted soils should concentrate on the potential pathways of metals into the food chain and human body. Geologists should be part of such studies as they can provide the essential background information on rock and soil chemistry as w