高级英语第一册修辞总结

1、Unit 1 Middle Eastern Bazaar1. Onomatopoeia: is the formation of words in imitation o the sounds associated with the thing concerned. e.g. 1) tinkling bells (Para. 1) 2) the squeaking and rumbling (Para. 9)2. Metaphor: is the use of a word or phrase which describes one thing by stating another compa

2、rable thing without using “as” or “like”. e.g. 1) the heat and glare of a big open square (Para. 1) 2) in the maze of vaulted streets which honeycomb this bazaar (Para. 7)3. alliteration: is the use of several words in close proximity beginning with the same letter or letters. e.g. 1) thread their w

3、ay among the throngs of people (Para. 1) 2)make a point of protesting4. Hyperbole: is the use of a form of words to make sth sound big, small, loud and so on by saying that it is like something even bigger, smaller, louder, etc. e.g. a tiny restaurant (Para. 7) a flood of glistening linseed oil (Par

4、a. 9)5Antithesis: is the setting, often in parallel structure, of contrasting words or phrases opposite each other for emphasis. e.g. 1) a tiny apprentice blows a big charcoal fire with a huge leather bellows(Para. 5) 2) which towers to the vaulted ceiling and dwarfs the camels and their stone wheel

5、s. (Para. 5)6. Personification: a figure of speech in which inanimate objects are endowed with human qualities or are represented as possessing human form. e.g. 1)as the burnished copper catches the light of (Para.5) 2) Quickly the trickle becomes a flood of glistening linseed oil as the beam sinks

6、earthwards, taut and protesting, its creaks blending with the squeaking and rumbling of the grinding-wheels and the occasional grunts and sighs of the camels. (Para.9)练习题：1. little stalls where goods of every conceivable kind are sold. (hyperbole)2. The machine was operated by one man, who shovels t

7、he linseed pulp into a stone vat, climbs up nimbly to a dizzy height to fasten ropes, (transferred epithet)3. It grows louder and more distinct, until you round a corner and see a fairyland of dancing flashes. (personification)4.Little donkeys with harmoniously tinkling bells thread their way (onoma

8、topoeia)5.The dye-market ,the pottery-market ,and the carpenters market lie elsewhere in the maze of vaulted streets which honeycomb this bazaar. ( )6.Every here and there, a doorway gives a glimpse of a sunlit courtyard, perhaps before a mosque or a caravanserai, where camels lie disdainfully chewi

9、ng their hay, while ( ) Unit 2Metaphor: 暗喻A figure of speech in which a word or phrase that ordinarily designates one thing is used to designate another, thus making an implicit comparison.暗喻是一种修辞，通常用指某物的词或词组来指代他物，从而暗示二者之间的相似之处。1). And secondly, because I had a lump in my throat and a lot of sad tho

10、ughts on my mind that had little to do with anything in Nippon railways official might say.2). I was again crushed by the thought(Page 13, Para. 4, Line 1)3). At last the intermezzo came to an end and(Page 13, Para. 4, Line 1)4). when the meaning of these last words sank in, jolting me(Page 15, Para

11、. 7, Lines 13)Synecdoche: 提喻A figure of speech in which a part is used for the whole (a hand for sailor ), the whole for a part (as the law for police officer ), the specific for the general (as cutthroat for assassin ), the general for the specific (as thief for pickpocket ), or the material for th

12、e thing from which it is made (as steel for sword ). 举隅法，提喻法：一种修辞方法，以局部代表整体（如用手 代表 水手 ），以整体代表局部（如用 法律 代表 警官 ），以特殊代表一般（如用 直柄剃刀 代表 杀人者 ），以一般代表特殊（如用 贼 代表 扒手 ），或用原材料代表用该材料制造的东西（如用 钢 代表 剑 ）e.g. The rather arresting spectacle of little old Japan adrift amid beige concrete skyscrapers is the very symbol of

13、 the incessant struggle between the kimono and the miniskirt. (Para. 7)little old Japan: traditional Japanese housesMetonymy: 换喻 A figure of speech in which one word or phrase is substituted for another with which it is closely associated, as in the use of “Washington” for “the United States governm

14、ent” or of “the sword” for “military power”. 换喻，转喻：一种一个词或词组被另一个与之有紧密联系的词或词组替换的修辞方法，如用“华盛顿” 代替 “美政府” 或用 “剑” 代替 “军事力量”The rather arresting spectacle of little old Japan adrift amid beige concrete skyscrapers is the very symbol of the incessant struggle between the kimono and the miniskirt. (Para. 7)th

15、e kimono and the miniskirt: the Japanese culture and the western cultureIrony：反语 The use of words to express something different from and often opposite to their literal meaning to achieve the humorous and ironic effect.反语：用词语表达与它们的字面意思相异或相反的用法,以达到幽默和讽刺的效果。e.g. Hiroshimathe “liveliest” City in Japan

16、This way I look at them and congratulate myself on the good fortune that my illness has brought me. (P. 17)Climax: 层进法A series of statements or ideas in an ascending order of rhetorical force or intensity.层进法：在不断增强的修辞力度或强度中使用的一系列陈述和方法l No one talks about it any more, and no one wants to, especially

17、the people who were born here or who lived through it. (page 1516, Para. 12, Lines 13)Anti-climax: 渐降Anti-climax, as used in the text, states ones thoughts in a descending order of significance or intensity from strong to weak, from weighty to light. It has achieved a humorous or surprised or even a

18、 sarcastic effect when the mayor was introducing his city to the visitors, who were expecting his answer to have something to do with the atom bomb, but who ironically heard “oysters” in the end.渐降表述概念的方式是使意义强烈的语言按照步步降低的语气顺序排列，语势由强而弱，语气由重到轻，有此达到取笑、讽刺或是喜剧的效果。e.g. “seldom has a city gained such world

19、renown, and I am proud and happy to welcome you to Hiroshima, a town known throughout the world for itsoysters.”(p.15)Simile 明喻 is an expression making a comparison in the imagination between two things using the words as or likee.g. Serious looking men spoke to one another as if they were oblivious

20、 of the crowds about them练习题：1. The rather arresting spectacle of little old Japan adrift amid beige concrete skyscrapers is the very symbol of the incessant struggle between the kimono and the miniskirt. (metonymy /Synecdoche)2. Seldom has a city gained such world renown, and I am proud and happy t

21、o welcome you to Hiroshima, a town known throughout the world for its-oysters. (anti-climax)3.This way I look at them and congratulate myself on the good fortune that my illness has brought me. (irony)4.“Seldom has a city gained such world renown, and I am proud and happy to welcome you to Hiroshima

22、, a town known throughout the world for its-oysters”. ( )5.But later my hair began to fall out , and my belly turned to water .I felt sick ,and ever since then they have been testing and treating me .( ) Unit 5 Speech on Hitlers Invasion of the U.S.S.R.1. Periodic sentences: Periodic sentences achie

23、ve forcefulness by suspense (悬念). The essential elements in the sentence are withheld until the end.A sentence in which the main clause or its predicate is withheld until the end; 周期句（掉尾句）：主句或谓语在句末的句子，有两种句型：一：修饰语（尤其是状语）在句首的简单句；二：从句在前主句在后的复合句a) The past, with its crimes, its follies, and its tragedie

24、s, flashes away.(p.79)b) Any man or state who fights on against Nazidom will have our aid. (p.80)c) If Hitler imagines that his attack on Soviet Russiahe is woefully mistaken.(p80, L22)d) When I awoken on the morning of Sunday, the 22nd, the newsinvasion of Russia.(p.77)2. Rhetorical question (inter

25、rogation)Interrogation asks a question not in order to obtain an answer, but for the purpose of making an assertion in a striking and lively way.E.g. but can you doubt what our policy will be?3. parallel structure a) We will never parley We will never negotiate with Hitler or any of his gang(p.80) b

26、) we shall fight him by land we shall fight him by sea we shall fight him in the air. (p.80) c) behind all this glare behind all this storm I see(p.80) d) I see the Russian soldiers standing I see them guarding I see the ten thousand villages I see advancing upon(p.79)4. Inversion A change in normal

27、 word order, such as the placement of a verb before its subject a) From this nothing will turn usnothing P. 805. Repetition The repeated use of the same synonymous words, to add force, clearness or balance to a sentenceWe have but one aim and one single, irrevocable purpose. (p.78)He has so long thr

28、ived and prospered. (p.81)We will never parley, we will never negotiate(p.80)6. simileA figure of speech in which two essentially unlike things are compared, often in a phrase introduced by like or as, as in “How like the winter hath my absence been” or “So are you to my thoughts as food to life” (S

29、hakespeare). 明喻：一种修辞手法，把两种基本不相像的东西进行比较，通常在由like 或 as 引导的短语中，如 “我的离开好象是冬天来临” 或 “你对我的思想就象食物对于生命一样重要” （莎士比亚）I see also the dullGerman soldierscrawling locusts.(p79-80)7. metaphorA figure of speech in which a word or phrase that ordinarily designates one thing is used to designate another, thus making a

30、n implicit comparison.暗喻是一种修辞，通常用指某物的词或词组来指代他物，从而暗示二者之间的相似之处。a) I see the Russian soldiers standing on the threshold of their native land threshold refers to the threshold of their nation. (p.79)b) Behind all this glare, behind all this storm, I see that small group of (p.80)Glare: a fierce or angry

31、 stare; Here it refers to war fire.Storm: strong wind and rain; Here it refers to war or Hitlers assault on the other countries.c) delighted to find what they believe is an easier and a safer prey (the Russian soldiers). (p.80)d) I suppose they will be rounded up in hordes. (Page 77, Para. 1, the la

32、st sentence)e) We are resolved to destroy Hitler and every vestige of the Nazi regime. (Page80, Para. 3, Lines 68)f) we have rid the earth of his shadow (influence) and liberated its peoples from his yoke(control). (p.80)8. alliterationThe repetition of the same consonant sounds or of different vowe

33、l sounds at the beginning of words or in stressed syllables, as in头韵：在一组词的开头或重读音节中对相同辅音或不同元音的重复。如：“on scrolls of silver snowy sentences”(Hart Crane)“写满银色雪般句子的卷轴上”(哈特·克兰)a) Hearth and home (p.82)b) I also see the dull, drilled, docile, brutish masses of the Hun soldiery plodding on like a swarm

34、of crawling locusts.(p.79)Let us learn the lessons already taught by such cruel experience. (p.82)9. PersonificationA figure of speech in which inanimate objects or abstractions are endowed with human qualities or are represented as possessing human formI see the German bombers and fighters in the s

35、ky, still smarting from many a British whipping, delighted to find what they believe is an easier and a safer prey. (p.79-80)10. hyperboleA figure of speech in which exaggeration is used for emphasis or effect, as in I could sleep for a year or This book weighs a ton. 夸张法：一种比喻，使用夸张来强调或产生某种效果，比如在我能睡一

36、年 或 这书有一吨重 中where thousands upon thousands of people had been slain in one second;If Hitler invaded Hell I would make at least a favourable reference to the Devil in the House of Commons. (Hitler is much eviler than the devil.) (p.78)e.g. I will love you till the seas goes dry, the rocks melt with t

37、he sun. 我爱你到海枯石烂练习题：1. I see also the dull, drilled, docile, brutish masses of the Hun soldiery plodding on like a swarm of crawling locusts. (alliteration) 2. From this nothing will turn usnothing. (repetition)3. I see the Russian soldiers standing on the threshold of their native land, guarding th

38、e fields where their fathers have tilled from time immemorial. (metaphor)4. We will never parley; we will never negotiate with Hitler or any of his gang. We shall fight him by land, we shall fight him by sea, we shall fight him in the air. ( )5. His competitors envisioned the greater potential for e

39、ntertainment and art, where he saw internal memos, someone else saw Beethoven. ( )Unit 9 Mark TwainMirror of America1. Simile: Please refer to Lesson 2. e.g. 1) Indeed, this nations best-loved author was every bit as adventurous, patriotic, romantic, and humorous as anyone has ever imagined. (Para.

40、1) 2) Toms mischievous daring, ingenuity, and the sweet innocence of his affection for Becky Thatcher are almost as sure to be studied in American schools today as is the Declaration of Independence. (Para. 15)2. Metaphor e.g. 1) who saw clearly ahead a black wall of night. (Para. 1) 2) main artery

41、of transportation in the young nations heart. (Para. 3)4. Alliteration: please refer to Lesson 1. e.g. It was a splendid population for all the slow, sleepy, sluggish-brained sloths stayed at home. It was that populationand rushing them through with a magnificent dash and daring and a recklessness o

42、f cost or consequences”5. Antithesis: please refer to Lesson 1. e.g. 1)of the difference between what people claim to be and what they really are. (Para. 5) 2)a world which will lament them a day and forget them forever.6. euphemisme.g. 1) He tried soldiering for two weeks with a motley band of Conf

43、iderate guerrillas who diligently avoided contact with the enemy. 2) he commented with a crushing sense of despair on mans final release from earthly struggles7. metonymye.g. but for making money, his pen would prove mightier than his pickax.练习题：1. He tried soldiering for two weeks with a motley ban

44、d of Confederate guerrillas who diligently avoided contact with the enemy. (euphemism)2. Twain gained a keen perception of the human race, of the difference between what people claim to be and what they really are.( antithesis) 3.He commented with a crushing sense of despair on mans final release fr

45、om earthly struggles. (euphemism)4.“.where they have left no sign that they had existeda world which will lament them a day and forget them forever.” (antithesis) 5.Most Americans remember Mark Twain as the father of Huck Finns idyllic cruise through eternal boyhood and Tom Sawyers endless summer of

46、 adventure.( hyperbole ) 6.For making money, his pen would prove mightier than his pickax. (metonymy) 7.It was a splendid populationfor all the slow, sleepy, sluggish-brained sloths stayed at home. (alliteration)Unit 10 The Trial that Rocked the WorldVII: Rhet

47、orical devices  1. Metaphor:  No one,. that may case would snowball into.  .our town .had taken on a circus atmosphere.  The street .sprouted with .  

48、He thundered in his sonorous organ tones.  .champion had not scorched the infidels. after the preliminary sparring over legalities 2. Simile:  .swept the arena like 

49、a prairie fire  .a palm fan like a sword.  3. Metonymy  .tomorrow the magazines, the books, the newspapers.  The Christian believes that man came from above. .below. 4. Hyperbole: The trial that rocked the world His reputation as an authority on Scripture is recognized