言语交际中性别语言差异的语用研究

1、长春师范学院本科毕业论文（设计）文章总体修改意见文章章节衔接很不好 中心章节不突出 而且有部分语法错误。由于有的章节删除，所以需要重新改写。我在每段的地方都已经做详细标注。这是我的二稿 ，我是专门花钱找您修改的。希望写手能够尽自己最大努力接这个单子，咱们都不容易。互相体谅也请按时交稿，因为已经两次给我晚交稿了。而且希望给我按范文排版。谢谢 因为我们是省内重点我的导师是个老学究 所以论文要求有点深度 Introduction The science and technology of modern world is developing by leaps and bounds, thus the

2、 social life changes greatly. Language is the carrier of culture. People speak differently because they think differently. Because sex discrimination exists in most of the social environments and political systems, so it is reflected in language. In the traditional sense of gender, males are superio

3、r to females. As a universally social phenomenon, it is clearly reflected in language. More and more scholars concentrate on the relations between language and gender. Many people believe that language change must be in a dynamic state. This thesis analyses the social and cultural causes of such phe

4、nomenon and how people observe the cooperative principles when it comes to gender differences. The result gives a hint that the gender differences in verbal communication has already become a focus on the modern linguistics researches. I. A Brief Introduction of Gender language Differences. 1.1 Defi

5、nition of Gender Language Differences（老师说这段语法错误很多请仔细检查，她没有一个一个给我指出 而且这个也很重要 要是看你前面都改得不认真 就直接返功了） It is easy to find that gender differences are reflected in language as a basic fact existing in most of the countries and peoples daily life. Man and woman speak differently because they think different

6、ly. But what is the element that causes the difference? It may be very difficult to answer the question. A lot of linguists find their interests on it and have their researches. It is said by Lakoff, （老师说不明白什么意思） who published an article named Language and womens place. Lakoff的一个观点。He is the pioneer

7、 who holds the view that males speak different from females and the ways they speak differently reflect and produce a superior position in society. Then more and more researchers are taken on. First, what is gender? The definition of gender should be recognized more clearly if it is contrasted with

8、sex. According to Longman dictionary, sex and gender have several explanations. sex 1) the condition of being either male or female 2) the set of all male or female people 3) sexual intercourse 4) activity connected with this act. Gender 1）(in grammar ) the system (in some languages ) of marking wor

9、ds such as nouns adjectives and pronoun as being masculine female and neuter 2) the division into male or female. From the dictionary, we find that sex refers to the biological divisions into female and male but gender refers to the socially constructed categories based on sex. They are clearly dist

10、inguished in social and cultural fields, On the contrary; they have no big differences on biological dimension.Gender differences have been fundamental phenomena in social life and have attracted many scholars interests. It has been long studied from sociological anthropological and linguistic field

11、s. The research began firstly in ancient Greek, Cicero, who found the linguistic differences between men and women. Besides Ciceros finding, the drama of ancient Greek also reflected the phenomenon. But until the 20th century, gender differences are studied in linguistics. In 1922, Otto Jesphersen,

12、a Danish linguist wrote about the characteristics on females languages on his book language; its nature, its development and origin. But this period the study of language and gender is not systematic and casual. Robin Lakoff held a view that there must be closely related between gender differences a

13、nd social classes. At the same time, J.Cotes, who published her famous book, Women, Men and Language. In the book, she mentioned there are many differences between womens speech and mens speech and she tried to explain why it happens from sociolinguistics. In China, there are also many scholars who

14、probe into the question. The first Chinese is Gu Hongming (辜鸿铭) who wrote an article named Chinese Women. Then Chen Yuan published his book Sociolinguistic and Language and social life after the Cultural Revolution. There are also many books written by later scholars. All these books form the resear

15、ch on gender differences in China. 1.2 The Phenomenon of Gender Language Differences in Verbal Communication 那就不改标题了，不重写了，时间来不及Gender differences have been fundamental phenomena in social life and have attracted many scholars interests. Here are some examples of the phenomena of gender difference. 1

16、)M: What do you want for birthday? W: It doesnt matter. Anything is OK.M: Frankly, what do you want most?W: You dont need to buy something for me, because we cannot afford for it.M : How about going out for a dinner ?W: Thats right. I dont need the gift because you already have given me what I need.

17、 From the conversation, the females content is different from males speech. Females in most conditions are good at using indirect sentence, while males like to express their ideas in a direct way. 2) W: This TV show is very interesting M: Mm W: The man said he loved the woman, but this is not true.

18、M: Mm W: What do you think? M: Mm, what did you say?This is a normal conversation in daily life. The woman wants to talk with the man about love, But the man is not so cooperative that he thinks other things. There is also a common sense that females pay more attention to keep good relationship with

19、 others than males. In the above conversation, the woman wants to communicate with the man, and she also hopes the man can say “I love you ” to her. Then their relationship may become more close. To her disappointment, the man is not aware of what she said, then they are in an embarrassed situation.

20、3) W: How is your work going? M: I must have done it in two days. W: Would you like some tea? I guess you may be tired M: Yes, please. W : You are like my father. He is so industrious a person like you. M: Thanks.From the conversation we discover that the speech speaks by man is more powerful than t

21、he woman their talks are not imbalance with each other. The woman is in a good mannerIt is important for us to do researches on gender differences and language. As we all know, language is dynamic and it is the carrier of culture. In another way, what culture reflects is the life of our human beings

22、. While the most things we do in our life is communication. What distinguishes us and animals is we human have our thoughts. And we can communicate them by a lot of tools. Then we form our unique civilization. Art comes from life. So does our science. If we want to further our research its more impo

23、rtant for us to find something in our verbal communication.II. Introduction of the Cooperative Principle（整体需要重新写 这章要注意 有很多东西在介绍章节的时候都要交代清楚）The Oxford Dictionary of Philosophy gives the cooperative principle the definition of following: A convention suggested by Grice directing participants in conver

24、sation to pay heed to an accepted purpose or direction of the exchange. Contributions made without paying this attention are liable to be rejected for other reasons than straightforward falsity: something true but unhelpful or inappropriate may meet with puzzlement or rejection. We can thus never in

25、fer from the fact that it would be inappropriate to say something in some circumstance that what would be said, were we to say it, and would be false. This inference was frequently made in ordinary language philosophy, it being argued, for example, that since we do not normally say there seems to be

26、 a barn there when there is unmistakably a barn there, it is false that on such occasions there seems to be a barn there.2.1 Proposal of Cooperation PrinciplesCooperative Principle was put forward by Herbert Paul Grice in1975.In making conversation, Grice holds that there is a general principle whic

27、h all participants are expected to observe.Make your conversational contribution such as required at the stage at which it occurs by the accepted purpose or direction of the talk exchange in which you are engaged.2.2 Introduction of the Grices Theory In making conversation, Grice holds that thee is

28、a general principle which all participants are expected to observe. Grice, who is a philosopher, thinks there is a common rule that governs what the utterances are spoken of. Because pragmatics studies language in context, what the speakers say are utterance. Utterance meaning is context-dependent.

29、It is the product of sentence meaning and context. Therefore, it is richer than the meaning of the sentence. According to the principle, the speaker and addressee should cooperative with each other if they want get their conversation on smoothly. He believed a set of rules that guide the conversatio

30、n going on is the theory he put on. According to his theory, both sides of speaker should conform to the rules to make their conversation effective. There are four maxims, the maxim of quantity, the maxim of quality, the maxim of relation, and the maxim of manner. The maxim of quantity tells us that

31、 we should offer enough information about the topic. Neither should we speak too much nor too little. All what we say should be adequate. The maxim of quality shows what the speaker said should be true and exact. Never say something that the speaker himself believes is false. The maxim of relation s

32、hows us never speak something that has no relation with topic. If we do, the conversation will go on other directions. The maxim of manner tells us what we said must be clearly and without any ambiguities. In all, it is important for speakers to speak clearly, revelantly and sincerely.2.3 Maxims of

33、the Cooperation Principle The maxim of quantity1. Make your contribution as informative as required (for the current purpose of the exchange).2. Do not make your contribution more informative than is required.The maxim of quality1. Do not say what you believe to be false.2. Do not say that for which

34、 you lack adequate evidenceThe maxim of relationBe relevantThe maxim of manner1. Avoid obscurity of expression.2. Avoid ambiguity.3. Be brief.4. Be orderly.III. Theoretical Analysis of Gender Differences（这章是文章的重点篇章。Observing 和 flouting 都要重点写 而且就需要举一到二个典型的语料就好。There are four maxims in Grices theory,

35、the maxim of quantity, the maxim of quality, the maxim of relation, and the maxim of manner. 3.1 Observing the Cooperative PrincipleGenerally speaking, speaker and addressee will cooperate with each other when they are engaged in a conversation. If they are obedient to the conventional rules, it wil

36、l not be difficult for them to proceed to their talks. The conventional rules here are called the Cooperative Principle.3.1.1 in Observing the Maxim of QuantityThe maxim of quantity shows that speaker should give enough information, no more, no less. People observe this maxim to make their idea expr

37、ess more clearly. In order to convey their thoughts to others without mistakes, speakers must offer enough information; otherwise others would not get what the meaning of their words. Linguists believe that females tend to be more observable than males. 3.1.2 in Observing the Maxim of QualityThe max

38、im of quality requires that speakers speech should be true, in other words, speaker must not say things that he believes to be false or without grounds. There exist different degrees of observing the rule between different genders. Linguists believe females are more observable in consistency with it

39、. 3.1.3 in Observing the Maxim of RelationThe maxim of relation requires that context of the speaker say should be related. Never say something that has no relation with the topic. Otherwise others may mistake the speakers meaning. It is believed that females speech is more observable in observing t

40、he maxim of relation. 3.1.4 in Observing the Maxim of MannerThe maxim of manner requires speaker should express their ideas orderly, briefly and clearly. Try not to say thing in a mess, otherwise its more easily to be confused. Linguists find that females are more observable in conforming to the max

41、im of manner. 3.2 Flouting the Cooperative PrincipleWhen we violate these maxims, in some situations, conversational implicature will arise. Generally speaking, males tend to flout the principle in conversations.3.2.1 in Flouting the Maxim of QuantityIn daily life, it is universally found that males

42、 are easily out of their minds when they have conversations with females especially the talk between husband and wife. When the female try to express their views, the male usually use yes mm, oh, hmm and other interjective words. Actually, they dont know what the speaker say. Jill: What happened in

43、the Hangzhou Street, my dear? There are so many people talking about it outside the supermarket. Jack: I dont know. Jill: Have you finished your work at hand? I want to have a short tour with you. We havent enjoyed holiday for a long time. Do you think so? Jack: Yes. Jill: Where should we go? I want

44、 to go a small city with green mountains and clear water. Which place do you want to go? Jack: Mm, what did you say? From the example, we can see Jack did not offer enough information that Jill wanted to get from him, so the conversation cannot go on. Maybe of the inadequate information, Jill thinks

45、 Jack ignores her and they will have a quarrel.In this context, Jack flouts the maxim of quantity because his information is inadequate. It is found that man is easily negative to response womans questions. This act shows they are unwilling to engage in the topics because they are forced. 3.2.2 in F

46、louting the Maxim of QualitySpeakers are required to say something that is true and genuine. According to Grice, speakers do not say what they believe to be true or have adequate evidence. There is a classical example in literature. Mrs. Bennet: My dear, Mr. Bennet, have you heard that Netherfield P

47、ark is let at last?Mr. Bennet: No.Mrs. Bennet: But its. Mrs. Long has just been here, and she told me about it.Mr. Bennet: (No answer)Mrs. Bennet:Do you want to know who has taken it?Mr. Bennet: You want to tell me, and I have no objection to hearing it. (Pride and Prejudice)From the dialogue in Jan

48、e Austins famous book Pride and Prejudice, we can feel that Mr. Bennets attitude towards his wife. Mrs. Bennet is a noisy woman. All she want is to marry her five daughters. She is so ignorant and stupid. Mr. Bennet have no idea with his wife. He doesnt follow the maxim of quality. He gives a false

49、answer “You want to tell me, and I have no objection to hearing it.” What he really means is that I dont want to listen, but if you want me to know, I just listen. His answer has an ironic effect. The violation of the rule makes the conversation vividly and the peoples characters are portrayed. In t

50、his situation, Mr. Bennets words forms a humorous effect.3.2.3 in Flouting the Maxim of RelationThis is an important rule in cooperative principle. It is obvious that if what a speaker say that has nothing to do with what others say in a conversation, then the conversation is hard to proceed. People

51、 are easily to find that males tend to violate the rule than females. And these situations usually happen in inter-gender communication.Jane: The hostess is an awful bore. Dont you think?Jack: The roses in the garden are beautiful, arent they?In this dialogue, the girl Jane tried to gossip something

52、 about the hostess, but the boy Jack felt no interest in the topic. So he changed the topic and said something that had no relationship with hostess. Jack flouted the maxim of relation. Lucy: I should have a get -together with my townswoman, you know we havent seen each other for more than one year.

53、 You know her, who has a long brown hair, big eyes, slim building, and hum Tim: Excuse me, please open the door. Its time for me to receive our child.Lucy: How about this Sunday? I will be free if you can take care of our child.From this dialogue, the wife Lucy wanted to draw her husbands attention

54、with saying something concerning about herself. But instead of saying something related to her wifes friend, he said something else. So the man flouted the maxim of relation. From the two dialogues, we find males usually change topic if they are unwilling to talk about the previous topic. Linguists

55、tell us males tend more frequently to flout the maxim of relation. 3.2.4 in Flouting the Maxim of MannerThe maxim of manner requires speaker should express his ideas clearly, briefly and avoid ambiguities. It is believed females are easily to flout the maxim of manner because females usually say som

56、ething in an indirect way. Man: Your Birthday is coming. What present do you want? Woman: I don not need anything. Man: I must give a present to you. Woman: I like everything that you buy for me.We all know that the womans speech is indirect. She didnt answer the question without ambiguity. Accordin

57、g to her answer, the man got no useful information. So the woman flouted the maxim of manner. These maxims of cooperative principle require speakers speech should offer sufficient information and true facts. People sometimes flout the principle for their needs. According to De Franciscos study, male

58、s violate the maxims more frequently. He argues that females put more attention to deal with the interaction between different genders. Thus females tend to observe the principle that makes conversations going on and they seem to be supporters of conversations. While males seem more likely to flout the maxim and make the conversation stop to go on. IV. Three Causes of Gender Language Differences（这段要求写出文章的亮点 原因要深刻 这章也转变成为重点篇章，而且这段要和前面第三章举的例子照应。也就是第三章举得语料 要体现这章的原因。The m