阅读理解--干扰项的设置方式

1、阅读理解-干扰项的设置方式怀宁二中 汪佳丽 阅读理解中的正确选项往往是命题人员把阅读材料的内容或信息用不同的语言形式再现出来。一般而言，答案项的设置有以下几种方法：(1)选用原文中的词句；(2)使用原文词句的同义词或相似结构；(3)使用原文词句的反义词或相反结构；(4)答案项是对生词、长句或难句的解释；(5)答案项是对原文词句或段落的归纳、推理或演绎。 在备考过程中，考生要注意试题中的干扰项，通过对干扰项的甄别提高答题的准确率。干扰项的设置通常有以下几种方式： 一、偷粱换柱一、偷粱换柱 干扰项用了与原文相似的句型结构和大部分相似的词汇，却在不易引人注意的地方换了几个词汇，造成句意的改变。例如：

2、(2014安徽D篇) Should we allow modern buildings to be built next to older buildings in a historic area of a city? In order to answer this question, we must first examine whether people really want to preserve the historic feel of an area. Not all historical buildings are attractive. However, there may b

3、e other reasons-for example, economic reasons-why they should be preserved. So, let us assume that historical buildings are both attractive and important to the majority of people. What should we do then if a new building is needed? Although we have to respect peoples feelings as fellow users of the

4、 buildings, I believe that it is the duty of the architect and planner to move things forward. If we always reproduced what was there before, we would all still be living in caves. Thus, I would argue against copying previous architectural styles and choose something fresh and different, even though

5、 that might be the more risky choice.69. Which of the following is true according to the author?A. We should reproduce the same old buildings.B. Buildings should not dominate their surroundings.C.Some old buildings have spoilt the area they are in.D. No one understands why people speak against new b

6、uildings. 【答案与解析】C推断题。根据文章第3段第1句It is true that there are examples of new buildings which have spoilt the area they are in, but the same can be said of some old buildings too 可知一些新的建筑会毁掉它们所在的地区，同样一些旧建筑也会毁掉它们所在的地区。故C项正确二、无中生有二、无中生有 干扰项往往是生活的基本常识和普遍接受的观点，但在原文中并无相关的信息支持点，这种选项的设置往往与问题的设问毫不相干。例如：(2014全国新

7、课标)Since the first Earth Day in 1970, American have gotten a 1ot “greener toward the environment,“We didnt know at that time there even was an environment, let alone that there was a problem with it, says Bruce Anderson, president of Earth Day USA.25. According to Anderson, before 1970, Americans ha

8、d little idea about 。 A. the social movement B. recycling techniques C. environmental problems D. the importance of Earth Day 【答案与解析】 C 从第1段的We didnt know at that time there even was an environment, let alone that there was a problem with it可知，那个时候我们不知道环境的存在，更别提环境问题了，说明了当时美国人对于环境问题没有足够的认识。A选项错在了指社会运

9、动，B选项主要指回收的技巧，范围太窄，D选项应该是environment的重要性，而不是Earth Day的重要性。上面的选项都是命题者设置的干扰项。故正确答案为C项 三、以偏概全三、以偏概全 考生在做猜测文章中心思想、给文章添加标题或推理判断题时，往往会犯以偏概全的错误。产生这类错误的原因是考生受思维定式的影响或考虑不周，以局部代替整体。其具体表现为合理关联与不合理关联、准确概括与不准确概括之间的错位。 不合理关联就是表层理解与深层理解相混淆。表层理解是对文章中客观事实的感知和记忆，往往是文章直接表述的结论；深层理解则是对文章中的客观事实进行逻辑推理、总结或概括后得出的结论。例如： (201

10、4福建) Perhaps you think you could easily add to your happiness with more money. Strange as it may seem, if youre unsatisfied, the issue is not a lack of means to meet your desires but a lack of desires- not that you cannot satisfy your tastes but that you dont have enough tastes. Real riches consist

11、of well-developed and hearty capacities (能力) to enjoy life. Most people are already swamped (淹没) with things. They eat, wear, go and talk too much. They live in too big a house with too many rooms, yet their house of life is a hut.Your house of life ought to be a mansion (豪宅), a royal palace. Every

12、new taste, every additional interest, every fresh enthusiasm adds a room. Here are several rooms your house of life should have.Art should be a desire for you to develop simply because the world is full of beautiful things. If you only understood how to enjoy them and feed your spirit on them, they

13、would make you as happy as to find plenty of ham and eggs when youre hungry.Literature, classic literature, is a beautiful, richly furnished room where you might find many an hour of rest and refreshment. To gain that love would go toward making you a rich person, for a rich person is not someone wh

14、o has a library but who likes a library. Music like Mozarts and Bachs shouldnt be absent. Real riches are of the spirit. And when youve brought that spirit up to where classical mu- sic feeds it and makes you a little drunk, you have increased your thrills and bettered them. And life is a matter of

15、thrills. Sports, without which you remain poor, mean a lot in life. No matter who you are, you would be more human, and your house of life would be better supported against the bad days, if you could, and did, play a bit. Whatever rooms you might add to your house of life, the secret of enjoying lif

16、e is to keep adding.71. What would be the best title for the passage? A. House of Life B. Secret of Wealth C. Rest and Refreshment D. Interest and Enthusiasm【答案与解析】A A现实生活里很多人物质上非常富有，住豪宅，享美食。但是他们真正幸福吗?他们的内心生活的房子又是如何呢?作者在文章里告诉我们，要想得到内心的幸福，需要了解艺术、文学、音乐等等不同的内容来丰富我们的内心世界。A项中House of Life涵盖了这些内容。故正确答案为A。

17、其他选项只是本文内容的一部分，故排除。 四、张冠李戴四、张冠李戴 命题者把文章作者的观点与他人的观点混淆起来，题干问的是作者的观点，选项中出现的却是他人的观点；或者题干问的是他人的观点，却把作者的观点放到选项中去。例如： (2014江西) It is peoples attitude towards progress that causes the type of influence that technology has on society. Technology is flexible. There is no fixed way of making use of it. Everyth

18、ing depends on peoples attitude. The worst effects of progress will fall on those who are unable to rethink their attitudes and views of society. When we accept progress and adapt it to suit our needs, a new past is created.75. What can be concluded from the last paragraph? A. Progress can suit the needs of daily life. B. People review the past with great regret. C. Technology should be introduced in a fixed way. D. Peoples attitude decides the use of technology. 【答案与解析】D D根据本段第1句“It is peoples attitude towards progress that causes the type of influence that technology has on society和第 4