高中语法---非谓语动词

1、4251 10011 0010 1010 1101 0001 0100 10114251 10011 0010 1010 1101 0001 0100 1011 定义定义：在句子中不是谓语动词叫做非：在句子中不是谓语动词叫做非谓语动词谓语动词,在句中可在句中可起名词起名词,形容词形容词,副词副词的作用的作用,在句中在句中充当充当主语主语,宾语宾语,表语表语,补补语语,定语或状语定语或状语. 【即动词的非谓语形式即动词的非谓语形式除了不能独立作谓语外除了不能独立作谓语外,可以承担句子可以承担句子的任何成分。的任何成分。】 三种形式三种形式：不定式：不定式(to do)，分词（现，分词（现在分词在

2、分词doing、过去分词、过去分词done），动），动名词名词 (doing)非谓语动词（非限定动词）非谓语动词（非限定动词）4251 10011 0010 1010 1101 0001 0100 10113.非谓语动词特征：非谓语动词特征：1）无人称和数的变化。）无人称和数的变化。2）不失去原意，可以加上自己的宾语或状语，）不失去原意，可以加上自己的宾语或状语，构成非谓语动词短语。构成非谓语动词短语。3）否定式不用借助于助动词，而是在谓语动词否定式不用借助于助动词，而是在谓语动词前加前加not 另外还有一些非谓语动词的特征，相当于名另外还有一些非谓语动词的特征，相当于名词、形容词等，在句子里

3、可以作这些词类所能用词、形容词等，在句子里可以作这些词类所能用作的句子成分。作的句子成分。 非谓语动词在句中不能单独作谓语动词。不非谓语动词在句中不能单独作谓语动词。不受主语的人称和数的限制。受主语的人称和数的限制。4251 10011 0010 1010 1101 0001 0100 1011Eg:He likes to sing. They like to sing.The man walking in front was carrying a book.The men walking in front were carrying books.4251 10011 0010 1010 11

4、01 0001 0100 1011非谓语动词非谓语动词 功能或承担的句子成分功能或承担的句子成分主主宾宾表表定定状状补补动词不定式动词不定式to doto do动名词动名词doingdoing分词（现在分分词（现在分词词doing/doing/过去过去分词分词donedone）4251 10011 0010 1010 1101 0001 0100 1011非谓语动词非谓语动词主动语态主动语态被动语态被动语态动词不定时动词不定时一般式一般式 to doto be doneto be done进行时进行时to be to be doingdoing完成时完成时To have To have don

5、edoneTo have To have been donebeen done动名词动名词/ /现在现在分词分词一般式一般式doingdoingbeing donebeing done完成时完成时having having donedonehaving been having been donedone过去分词过去分词 done done( (只有一种形式，可以表被动也可只有一种形式，可以表被动也可以表完成以表完成) )4251 10011 0010 1010 1101 0001 0100 1011常用常用it作形式主语，真正的主语作形式主语，真正的主语不定式放在句末，不定式放在句末，以使句子

6、保持平以使句子保持平衡。衡。Eg: To finish the work in ten minutes is very hard.It is very hard to finish the work in ten minutes.It means failure to lose your heart.4251 10011 0010 1010 1101 0001 0100 10111、It + be+名词名词+to do.2、It takes sb. +some time + to do.3、It + be +形容词形容词+for sb. + to do.4、It+ be +形容词形容词+of

7、sb. +to do.常用常用careless, clever, good, foolish, honest, kind, lazy, nice, right, silly, stupid, wise,等等表示赞扬或批评的形容词表示赞扬或批评的形容词，不定式前的，不定式前的sb.可作其逻辑主语。可作其逻辑主语。4251 10011 0010 1010 1101 0001 0100 1011Eg：To talk with her is a great pleasure.=It is a great pleasure to talk with her.To learn from others is

8、 very important. =It is very important to learn from others .It is very kind of you to help me.2.作表语：作表语：常用来常用来表示预定要发生的动作，表示预定要发生的动作，也可用来表示未来的可能性和假设也可用来表示未来的可能性和假设；但是当；但是当不定式所作的表语仅用来说明主语的内容时不定式所作的表语仅用来说明主语的内容时，这时的不定式只作单纯的表语，而不具有，这时的不定式只作单纯的表语，而不具有未来的含义。未来的含义。Eg: Her wish is to become a famous singer

9、.Our plan is to finish the work in two weeks.My job is to clean the rooms every day. . 4251 10011 0010 1010 1101 0001 0100 10113.3.作宾语作宾语: :表示下列含义的动词一般表示下列含义的动词一般只接不定式作宾语。只接不定式作宾语。口诀：口诀：决心学会想希望，拒绝设法愿假装。决心学会想希望，拒绝设法愿假装。主动答应选计划，同意请求帮一帮。主动答应选计划，同意请求帮一帮。( (decide/determine, learn, want, decide/determine

10、, learn, want, expect/hope/wish, refuse, expect/hope/wish, refuse, manage, pretend, offer, promise, manage, pretend, offer, promise, choose, plan, agree, ask/beg, choose, plan, agree, ask/beg, helphelp等词等词后一般只接不定式。后一般只接不定式。) )4251 10011 0010 1010 1101 0001 0100 1011Eg: He wishes to go abroad to have

11、 a further study.We have decided to give them a hand.I want to watch TV.注意：注意：不定式作动词（短语）不定式作动词（短语）learn， decide， know，wonder，show，tell，understand，explain，teach，advise，find out等词的宾语时，前面常带引导词等词的宾语时，前面常带引导词how，what，whether， where， when， who等。等。4251 10011 0010 1010 1101 0001 0100 1011Eg：Peter can show y

12、ou how to turn an idea into an act.I dont know what to do.注意注意：此用法中的：此用法中的不定式的逻辑主语须与主不定式的逻辑主语须与主句的主语或宾语保持一致句的主语或宾语保持一致，否则用宾语从否则用宾语从句。句。Eg：I wonder how he solved the problem.I dont know whether the guest will come tonight. 此外，还有一些此外，还有一些动词（短语）即可以动词（短语）即可以接动词不定式作宾语，也可以接动名词作接动词不定式作宾语，也可以接动名词作宾语，但表示含义不同

13、。宾语，但表示含义不同。4251 10011 0010 1010 1101 0001 0100 1011后接不定式后接不定式后接动名词后接动名词regret to do sth.遗憾要去遗憾要去做某事做某事regret doing sth. 后悔做后悔做过某事过某事forget to do sth.忘记要去忘记要去做某事做某事forget doing sth.忘记已做忘记已做过某事过某事remember to do sth.记得记得要做某事要做某事remember doing sth.记得记得做过某事做过某事mean to do sth.打算做某打算做某事事mean doing sth.意味着

14、做意味着做某事某事try to do sth.努力努力/企图做企图做某事某事try doing sth.试着做某事试着做某事cant help (to) do sth.不能不能帮助做某事帮助做某事cant help doing sth.情不情不自禁做某事自禁做某事4251 10011 0010 1010 1101 0001 0100 10114.4.作定语作定语（1 1）不定式作定语表示将来的动作。）不定式作定语表示将来的动作。EgEg：I have a lot of things to do.The question to be discussed at the meeting is ver

15、y important.（2 2）不定式常）不定式常放在某些名词或代词后作定语。放在某些名词或代词后作定语。若作若作定语的不定式是不及物动词，或者不定式所修饰的定语的不定式是不及物动词，或者不定式所修饰的名词或者代词是不定式动作的地点、工具等，不定名词或者代词是不定式动作的地点、工具等，不定式后需要加相应的介词。式后需要加相应的介词。EgEg：Im not sure which restaurant to eat at.I have no room to live in.He has no pen to write with.4251 10011 0010 1010 1101 0001 010

16、0 1011（3 3）不定式）不定式用来修饰用来修饰被序数词、被序数词、最高级或最高级或no, all, any等限定的中等限定的中心词心词，且与中心词为逻辑上的主，且与中心词为逻辑上的主动关系。动关系。Eg：I was the first woman to travel alone at the North pole.Shanghai is the first city in the world to have built a high-speed maglev train.4251 10011 0010 1010 1101 0001 0100 1011（4）被修饰词是）被修饰词是抽象名词抽

17、象名词，常用不定式，常用不定式作定语。常见的该类名词有：作定语。常见的该类名词有：ability, chance, idea, hope, wish, fact, excuse, promise, attempt, way等等。Eg：I have no chance to go sightseeing.（外出观光）（外出观光）The ability to express an idea is as important as the idea itself.（表达观点（表达观点的能力与观点本身同等重要。）的能力与观点本身同等重要。）4251 10011 0010 1010 1101 0001 0

18、100 1011注意：注意：不定式作定语时，若不定式作定语时，若句子的主语句子的主语是不定式动作的执行者，则用主动形是不定式动作的执行者，则用主动形式表被动含义；若不是，则用被动形式表被动含义；若不是，则用被动形式表被动含义。式表被动含义。Eg： She has a sister to look after.（she是是look after 的执行者）的执行者）I want to go to Beijing. Do you have anything to be bought? （you不是不是buy的执行者）的执行者）4251 10011 0010 1010 1101 0001 0100 1

19、011（1 1）作目的状语：）作目的状语：意为意为“为了为了”，可以单独放，可以单独放在句首、句中或句末。在句首、句中或句末。如果强调目的性，不定如果强调目的性，不定式前也可加式前也可加in order或或so as,但是但是so as to 不能不能用于句首。用于句首。He worked day and night to get the money.She sold her hair to buy the watch chain.The bus stopped (so as) to pick up passengers.He got up early (in order) to catch

20、the first bus.注意注意:不定式放句首时，逻辑主语与句子主语要不定式放句首时，逻辑主语与句子主语要一致一致：To save money, every means has been tried.(F)To save money, he has tried every means.(T) 4251 10011 0010 1010 1101 0001 0100 1011（2 2）作结果状语：）作结果状语：常表示令人意外的常表示令人意外的结果。常用于下面的句型中：结果。常用于下面的句型中：only/just to do表示意想不到的结果（表示意想不到的结果（only表示强调）表示强调）en

21、ough to do 足够做足够做tooto do太太而不能而不能so/suchas to如此如此以至于以至于4251 10011 0010 1010 1101 0001 0100 1011Eg: I hurried to the post office, only to find it was closed.He is old enough to go to school.Mary is too tired to do the job.Youre so stupid as to buy it.你笨到你笨到（如此地步以至于）去买这个东西（如此地步以至于）去买这个东西。Youre such a

22、fool as to buy it .4251 10011 0010 1010 1101 0001 0100 1011（3 3）作原因状语）作原因状语1 1）形容词或过去分词作表语时形容词或过去分词作表语时，后可接不定式，后可接不定式作原因状语，作原因状语，用以说明产生这种情绪的原因或用以说明产生这种情绪的原因或所表示的状况所表示的状况，该类词有：该类词有：sorry, surprise, disappointed, excited, glad, happy, anxious, delighted, pleased, foolish等，常用结构等，常用结构“主语主语+系动词系动词+形容词形容词

23、+to do”。Eg：We were astonished to find the temple still in its original condition.The old man sat in front of the TV every evening, happy to watch anything that happened to be on.（很快乐的看着电视上播出（很快乐的看着电视上播出的内容）的内容）4251 10011 0010 1010 1101 0001 0100 10112）在在“主语主语+ +系动词系动词+ +表语表语（adj.)+ to do”结构中。结构中。这类形

24、容词有：这类形容词有：easy, hard, difficult, cheap, expensive, fit, comfortable, heavy, good, important, impossible, dangerous等，表示主语等，表示主语的特征或性质，不定式和句子主语之的特征或性质，不定式和句子主语之间存在被动关系，但常用主动形式表间存在被动关系，但常用主动形式表被动意义。被动意义。Eg：English is easy to learn.The book is very hard to understand.4251 10011 0010 1010 1101 0001 0100

25、 1011（6 6）作宾语补足语）作宾语补足语1 1）作宾补时，）作宾补时，宾语和不定式之间在逻辑上是主宾语和不定式之间在逻辑上是主谓关系，不定式表将来、主动。谓关系，不定式表将来、主动。Eg：I didnt mean you to hear it.He wants me to go with him.2）有些动词或动词短语后接不定式作宾补，即）有些动词或动词短语后接不定式作宾补，即“动词（短语）动词（短语）+sb.+ to do”。常见的这类动词。常见的这类动词（短语）：（短语）：advise，beg, expect, intend, persuade, teach, want, wait

26、for, allow, cause, forbid, invite, prefer, remind, warn, call on, ask, encourage, force, order, require, tell, wish, depend on等。等。4251 10011 0010 1010 1101 0001 0100 1011Eg：You are not allowed to smoke here.The doctor warn him not to eat too much meat.He depends on you to help him with his English.【

27、特别注意】【特别注意】下列结构中下列结构中用不定式作主语补足语用不定式作主语补足语，即，即: :sb.+ be + said/believed/ known/ reported/considered/thought+to do/to have done/to be done/to be doing/to have been done sth.Eg: He is said to have been cheated in the street.Heat is considered to be a form of energy.4251 10011 0010 1010 1101 0001 0100

28、1011 7.非谓语动词作非谓语动词作感官动词、使役动词感官动词、使役动词的宾补的宾补(1)感官动词感官动词see, watch, observe, hear, notice, smell等词的宾补等词的宾补有以下形式（以有以下形式（以see为例）为例）see sb. do sth. 看见某人做了某事看见某人做了某事I saw him leave a few minutes ago.see sb. doing sth. 看见某人正在做某事看见某人正在做某事The suspect was seen entering the building.see sb./sth. done 看见某人看见某人/

29、某物被某物被Id like to see the plan carried out.4251 10011 0010 1010 1101 0001 0100 1011（2）常见的使役动词有四个：）常见的使役动词有四个：have, make, let, get,表示表示“使，让使，让”的含义。的含义。1）have/let/make sb. do sth. get sb. to do sth. 让让/使某人做某事。使某人做某事。（宾语与宾补为逻辑上的主谓关系）（宾语与宾补为逻辑上的主谓关系）Eg：The teacher had/made/let some students stay in the c

30、lassroom after school.=The teacher got some students to stay in the classroom after school.【注意】【注意】make 用于被动语态时，其后要用带用于被动语态时，其后要用带to的不定式作主语补足语。的不定式作主语补足语。Eg: He was made to work day and night. 4251 10011 0010 1010 1101 0001 0100 10112)have/get+sb./sth.+doing sth.让某人让某人/物一物一直做某事直做某事Eg：He had the fire

31、 burning all the night.She got her bike running very fast.【注意】【注意】have sb. doing sth.用于否定句中用于否定句中，常与，常与cant, wont等连用，表示等连用，表示“不能不能容忍某人做某事容忍某人做某事”。Eg：I wont have you speaking to your dad like that.4251 10011 0010 1010 1101 0001 0100 10113)have/get/make+宾语宾语+done 让让被被/遭遇某事（强调被遭遇某事（强调被动性动作）动性动作）Eg: Ill

32、 have/get/make my bike repaired tomorrow.He had his wallet stolen on his way home.4251 10011 0010 1010 1101 0001 0100 1011 动名词既有动词的一些特征，又具有名词的句法动名词既有动词的一些特征，又具有名词的句法功能。功能。1动名词的形式：动名词的形式： （1）一般式：）一般式： Seeing is believing. 眼见为实。眼见为实。（2）被动式：）被动式： He came to the party without being invited他未被邀请就来到了晚会。他未

33、被邀请就来到了晚会。（3）完成式：）完成式： We remembered having seen the film. 我们记得看过这部电影。我们记得看过这部电影。（4）完成被动式：）完成被动式： He forgot having been taken to Guangzhou when he was five years old.他忘记五岁时曾被带到广州去过。他忘记五岁时曾被带到广州去过。4251 10011 0010 1010 1101 0001 0100 1011（5）否定式：）否定式：not + 动名词动名词Eg：I regret not following his advice. 我后

34、悔没听他的劝告。我后悔没听他的劝告。（6）复合结构：物主代词（或名词所）复合结构：物主代词（或名词所有格）有格）+ 动名词动名词Eg：He suggested our trying it once again. 他建议我们再试一次。他建议我们再试一次。His not knowing English troubled him a lot.他不懂英语给他带来许多麻他不懂英语给他带来许多麻烦。烦。4251 10011 0010 1010 1101 0001 0100 1011（1 1）作主语：）作主语：动名词作主语表示一般的、抽象动名词作主语表示一般的、抽象的、泛指的概念，常用的、泛指的概念，常用i

35、tit作形式主语，动名词作形式主语，动名词作真正的主语放在句末。常用于固定句型：作真正的主语放在句末。常用于固定句型：Its no use/good/fun doing.It is useless/nice/interesting/.doingThere is no等等Eg: Reading aloud is very helpful. 朗读是很有朗读是很有好处的。好处的。Its no use quarrelling.争吵是没用的争吵是没用的.There is no joking about such serious matters.C Chosing what to eat is no lo

36、nger as easy as it once was.4251 10011 0010 1010 1101 0001 0100 1011（2）动名词作表语）动名词作表语多指抽象的、概念性多指抽象的、概念性的动作，句子主语常是表示无生命的名的动作，句子主语常是表示无生命的名词或词或what引导的名词性从句。引导的名词性从句。Eg:Eg:In the ant city, the queens job is laying eggs.在蚂蚁王国，蚁后的工作是产卵。在蚂蚁王国，蚁后的工作是产卵。A good way of saying “I am full ”is moving the hand in

37、circles over the stomach after a meal.My job is teaching you English.4251 10011 0010 1010 1101 0001 0100 1011（3）动名词作宾语：既可作动词宾语也）动名词作宾语：既可作动词宾语也可作介词宾语。此外，动名词作宾语时可作介词宾语。此外，动名词作宾语时,若跟有宾语补足语，常用若跟有宾语补足语，常用it作形式宾语。作形式宾语。Eg: They havent finished building the dam. 他们还没有建好大坝。他们还没有建好大坝。We have to prevent the

38、air from being polluted.我们必须阻止空气被污染。我们必须阻止空气被污染。We found it no good making fun of others. 我们发现取笑他人不好。我们发现取笑他人不好。I prefer watching TV and playing computer games.4251 10011 0010 1010 1101 0001 0100 1011表示下列含义的动词或动词短语后一般只接动名表示下列含义的动词或动词短语后一般只接动名词作宾语。词作宾语。考虑建议盼原谅，承认推迟没得想。考虑建议盼原谅，承认推迟没得想。避免错过继续练，否认完成就欣赏。

39、避免错过继续练，否认完成就欣赏。禁止想象才冒险，不禁介意准逃亡。禁止想象才冒险，不禁介意准逃亡。consider, suggest/advise, look forward to, excuse/pardon, admit（承认），（承认），delay/put off, fancy, avoid, miss, keep/keep on, practice, enjoy/appreciate, finish, avoid（避免）避免）, imagine, miss, deny（否认）（否认）, mind,allow/permit, forbid, risk（冒险）（冒险）, escape等等。4

40、251 10011 0010 1010 1101 0001 0100 1011be busy (in), be worth, feel like, cant stand, cant help（情不自禁地）（情不自禁地）, think of, dream of, be fond of, prevent/keep/stop/protectfrom, set about, be engaged in, spend(in), succeed in, be used to, object to, pay attention to, insist on, feel like, get down to（开始

41、考虑，着手做）（开始考虑，着手做）, thank you for, apologize for, have difficulty/trouble/problem (in)，lead to, devote to, go back to（回去，返回，追溯到）（回去，返回，追溯到）, stick to（坚持）（坚持） 等等此外，还有一些动词也可以此外，还有一些动词也可以to do或动名词作宾或动名词作宾语。（参考不定式）语。（参考不定式）4251 10011 0010 1010 1101 0001 0100 1011（4）动名词作定语，说明被修饰词的用）动名词作定语，说明被修饰词的用途或目的。途或目

42、的。Eg: He cant walk without a walking-stick. 他没有拐杖不能走路。他没有拐杖不能走路。Is there a swimming pool in your school? 你们学校有游泳池吗？你们学校有游泳池吗？They want to go to the reading room this afternoon.4251 10011 0010 1010 1101 0001 0100 10111.1.现在分词现在分词既具有既具有动词动词的一些特征，又具有的一些特征，又具有形形容词和副词的句法功能。容词和副词的句法功能。In the In the follow

43、ingfollowing years he worked even years he worked even harder. harder. 2.2.过去分词过去分词只有一种形式：规则动词由动词原只有一种形式：规则动词由动词原形加词尾形加词尾-ed-ed构成。不规则动词的过去分词没构成。不规则动词的过去分词没有统一的规则要求，要一一记住。有统一的规则要求，要一一记住。Our class went on an Our class went on an organized organized trip last trip last Monday. Monday. 上周一我们班开展了一次有组织的上周

44、一我们班开展了一次有组织的旅行。旅行。4251 10011 0010 1010 1101 0001 0100 1011(1).作表语作表语 (具有形容词的特征）具有形容词的特征）:现现在分词在分词用来说明主语的特征，意为用来说明主语的特征，意为“令人令人的的”；过去分词过去分词用来说明用来说明主语的状态，意为主语的状态，意为“感到感到的的”Eg：The news is surprising.We are surprised at the news.4251 10011 0010 1010 1101 0001 0100 1011(2)(2)分词作定语分词作定语1 1）作定语的及物动词的分词形式有

45、：）作定语的及物动词的分词形式有：现在分词现在分词：当被修饰的：当被修饰的名词与分词名词与分词之之间为间为主动关系主动关系being+being+过去分词：过去分词：当被修饰的当被修饰的名词与名词与分词分词之间为之间为被动关系且表示正在进行被动关系且表示正在进行过去分词过去分词：当被修饰的：当被修饰的名词与分词名词与分词之之间为间为被动关系且表示完成被动关系且表示完成4251 10011 0010 1010 1101 0001 0100 1011Eg: A young teacher teaching Chinese came to apply for this position.（主动）（主

46、动）We must keep a secret of the things being discussed here.（被动、正在进行（被动、正在进行）The players selected from the whole country are expected to bring us honor in this summer game.（被动、完成）（被动、完成）The houses being built are for the teachers.（被动、完成）（被动、完成）4251 10011 0010 1010 1101 0001 0100 10112 2）作定语的不及物动词的的分词

47、形式：）作定语的不及物动词的的分词形式：现在分词：表示动作正在进行现在分词：表示动作正在进行过在分词：表示过去一个动作已经完成过在分词：表示过去一个动作已经完成，不表被动。，不表被动。 developing country falling leaves developed country fallen leaves boiling water the changing world boiled water the changed world 4251 10011 0010 1010 1101 0001 0100 10113.作宾补作宾补现在分词：表示主动、进行现在分词：表示主动、进行Eg: O

48、ther nutrients help keep our body functioning well.We found the students reading outside.过去分词：表示被动、完成过去分词：表示被动、完成. We found our hometown completely changed. He tried to get his work recognized in the medical circle.4251 10011 0010 1010 1101 0001 0100 10114.分词作状语分词作状语现在分词现在分词：表示的动作与句子主语是主动：表示的动作与句子主语

49、是主动关系，且含有进行的含义。关系，且含有进行的含义。过去分词过去分词：表示的动作与句子主语是被动：表示的动作与句子主语是被动关系，且含有完成的含义。关系，且含有完成的含义。(1)作时间状语：相当于作时间状语：相当于when, while, before, since, as引导的时间状语从句。引导的时间状语从句。Eg: Translated into English, the sentence was found to have an entirely different word order.4251 10011 0010 1010 1101 0001 0100 1011(2)作原因状语：

50、相当于作原因状语：相当于because, since, as引导的引导的原因状语从句。原因状语从句。Eg：Not understanding this, he asked the teacher about it.= Because he didnt understand this, he asked the teacher about it.Defeated by his desk mate, he felt discouraged.= Because he was defeated by his desk mate, he felt discouraged.(3)作条件状语：相当于作条件状

51、语：相当于if，unless等引导的条件等引导的条件状语从句。状语从句。Eg：Given another hour, I can also work out the problem.4251 10011 0010 1010 1101 0001 0100 1011(4)作结果状语：常用现在分词表示自然而然的作结果状语：常用现在分词表示自然而然的结果，分词前可接结果，分词前可接thus.Eg：More highways have been built in China, making it much easier for people to travel from one place to ano

52、ther.(5)作方式或伴随状语：表示一个同时发生的次作方式或伴随状语：表示一个同时发生的次要的（或伴随的）动作，常用逗号与句子主体要的（或伴随的）动作，常用逗号与句子主体部分隔开。部分隔开。Eg：Gathering around the fire，the tourists danced with the local people.Do you wake up every morning feeling energetic and ready to start a new day?4251 10011 0010 1010 1101 0001 0100 1011(6)作让步状语从句：相当于作让步

53、状语从句：相当于though， although，even if/though 等引导的让步等引导的让步状语从句。状语从句。Eg：Warned of the danger, he still went skating on the thin ice.=Though he was warned of the danger, he still went skating on the thin ice.Having been told many times, he still repeated the same mistake.= Though he had been told many times

54、, he still repeated the same mistake.4251 10011 0010 1010 1101 0001 0100 10111 1、独立成分作状语：、独立成分作状语：有些分词或不定时短语作状语，其有些分词或不定时短语作状语，其形式的选择不收上下文影响，称为独立成分。形式的选择不收上下文影响，称为独立成分。独立成分独立成分含义含义Generally speaking一般来说一般来说Frankly/honestly speaking坦白说坦白说/老实说老实说Judging from/by根据根据来判断来判断considering/takinginto consider

55、ation/account考虑到考虑到To tell you the truth说实话说实话Seeing考虑到考虑到Given考虑到考虑到Compared to/with与与相比相比4251 10011 0010 1010 1101 0001 0100 1011Eg：Judging by his accent, he is from the South.Considering your health, youd better have a rest.To tell you the truth, Im a little tired.2.独立主格结构：独立主格结构：n./pron.+n./adj.

56、/adv./prep.ph./非谓语动词（动词不定式、动名词、分词），非谓语动词（动词不定式、动名词、分词），用于用于修饰整个句子修饰整个句子。独立主格结构中的。独立主格结构中的n./pron.与其后的成分构成逻辑上的主谓或动与其后的成分构成逻辑上的主谓或动宾关系。可置于主句前、主句中或主句末，畅宾关系。可置于主句前、主句中或主句末，畅游逗号将其与主句分开，在句中作状语，相当游逗号将其与主句分开，在句中作状语，相当于一个状语从句。于一个状语从句。4251 10011 0010 1010 1101 0001 0100 1011(1)逻辑主语逻辑主语+ n./pron.+n./adj./adv./

57、prep.ph./(非谓语动非谓语动词：动词不定式、动名词、分词）词：动词不定式、动名词、分词）Eg：The situation getting worse，they had to ask for help.Thousands of eyes fixed on him, Tom felt nervous.No one to wake me up, I might be late for the first class.The guard stood by the door, gun in hand.The meeting over, our headmaster soon left the m

58、eeting room.4251 10011 0010 1010 1101 0001 0100 1011(2)There+being+n./pron.和和it+being+n./pron/adj.Eg: There being no bus, we had to walk home.It being Sunday, I didnt need to get up early this morning.(3)with/without +复合宾语：复合宾语：“介词介词with/without+宾语宾语+宾补宾补”结构可构成独立结构可构成独立主格结构，在句中常作伴随状语和原因状主格结构，在句中常作伴随

59、状语和原因状语。语。with+n./pron.+doing表正在进行，主动表正在进行，主动Eg：I couldnt do my homework with all that noise going on.4251 10011 0010 1010 1101 0001 0100 1011with+n./pron.+done 表被动，完成表被动，完成It was a pity that the great writer died with his works unfinished. with+n./pron.+动词不定式动词不定式 表将来表将来The girl feels existed with

60、so many places of interest to visit.with+n./pron.+ n./adj./adv./prep.ph. 表宾表宾语的性质或状态语的性质或状态With production up by 60%，the company has had another excellent year.4251 10011 0010 1010 1101 0001 0100 1011Pressing ones palms together and resting ones head on the back of ones hand while closing the eyes a