初中英语零基础学语法英语句子结构

1、关于初中英语零基础学语法英语句子结构现在学习的是第一页，共34页 主语主语 系动词系动词 表表 (S + LV + predicative) 主语主语 不及物动词不及物动词 （ S + Vi ） 主语主语 及物动词及物动词 宾语宾语 ( S + Vt + O)主语动词主语动词+间宾间宾+直宾直宾(S +Vt +O.indir+O. dir) 主语主语 动词动词 宾语宾语 补语补语 (S + Vt. + O + O. compl)简单句的五种基本句型简单句的五种基本句型主语、动词（不及物动词、及物动词、双宾动词、系动词、宾补动词)、宾语及补语可以称为基本句子成分基本句子成分。完整的句子一般至少包

2、含2个基本成分，至多4个基本成分。现在学习的是第二页，共34页nounadj. / adv.infinitiveV-ing V-edetc.主主语语谓谓语语宾语宾语宾语宾语宾补宾补表语表语宾语宾语(间)宾语宾语(直直)Vt系动词ViNoun / PronounThe + adjV-ingNoun / Pronoun / The + adjV-ing / Clause / Infinitivebe / feel / seem / lookappear / stand / lie become /get / grow / turn go / come / remain/ keeptaste / s

3、mell etc. nounpronounadj. / adv.infinitiveV-ing / V-edclauseetc.现在学习的是第三页，共34页1、主语、主语 系动词系动词 表语（主语补语）表语（主语补语）She is happy2、主语、主语 不及物动词不及物动词She came/ My head aches.3、主语、主语 及物动词及物动词 宾语宾语She likes English.4、主语、主语 动词动词 间接宾语间接宾语 直接宾语直接宾语She bought John a book/She bought a book for John.5、主语、主语 动词动词 宾语宾语

4、补语补语She makes her mother angryThe teacher asked me to read the passage.简单句基本句型实例简单句基本句型实例现在学习的是第四页，共34页There be 结构1、定义：There be句型表示某处存在某物或某人。2、结构：(1) There is +单数可数名词/不可数名词+ 地点状语. (2) There are +复数名词+地点状语. 注意事项：注意事项： there是引导词，在句中不充当任何成分，翻译时也不必译出。句子的主语是某人或某物，谓语动词be要与主语（某人或某物）的数保持一致。当主语是两个或两个以上的名词时，谓

5、语动词要与跟它最近的那个名词一致。如： There is a bird in the tree. 树上有一只鸟。 There is a teacher and many students in our classroom. 我们教室里有一位老师和许多学生。 There are two boys and a girl under the tree. 树下有两个男孩，一个女孩。 现在学习的是第五页，共34页1.不定式(to do) Father will not allow us to play on the street. 父亲不让我们在街上玩耍。 2.名词 At the meeting we

6、elected him monitor. I think your brother a clever boy. 3.形容词 I found the classroom empty. 4.副词 Please call the students back at once. 5.现在分词 We hear him singing in the hall. I found him lying in bed, sleeping. 6.过去分词 He saw his face reflected in the water.认识补语认识补语现在学习的是第六页，共34页附属成分附属成分基本成分的修饰语。可以是：

7、基本成分的修饰语。可以是： 定语：即用来修饰名词的单词、短语或从句定语：即用来修饰名词的单词、短语或从句 状语：即用来修饰名词或代词以外的词的单词、短语或从句。状语：即用来修饰名词或代词以外的词的单词、短语或从句。定定 语语Poor John tottered toward a hospital nearbyShe likes oranges imported from the USA.John gave Mary many books，which are full of illustrationsHave you seen the book on the desk?The boy playi

8、ng over there is my brother.People there like sports.现在学习的是第七页，共34页John often came to chat with meJohn likes oranges very muchWhenever he gets drunk，John makes Mary very angryHearing the news, he jumped with joy.As he was ill, he didnt come to class yesterday.She is sitting at the desk, doing her ho

9、mework.My father worked in this school ten years ago.Youd better stay here.状状 语语现在学习的是第八页，共34页Examples:Oh！What is that！（惊叹词）！（惊叹词）He has，alas，failed again (哎呀哎呀,唉唉) Come here，John（呼语）（呼语）Roll on，Ocean，roll on(流动啊，海洋，流动 )句中可以去掉的成分，去掉后不影响句子的完整性。这种成分和句子的句中可以去掉的成分，去掉后不影响句子的完整性。这种成分和句子的其他词没有语法的关系。其他词没有语法

10、的关系。独立成分独立成分现在学习的是第九页，共34页（You） Come here（I wish you）Good luck！Some gave him praises，but others（gave him）rotten eggsHe runs as fast as, if ( he does ) not ( run ) faster, than you. ( I ) Hope you like it. John should clean the room today and Peter ( should clean it ) tomorrow.句中被省略的成分，虽然未说出来，却在句中表示句

11、中被省略的成分，虽然未说出来，却在句中表示一定的意思：一定的意思：省略成分省略成分现在学习的是第十页，共34页连接成分实际上是一个连词，用来连接两个或几个平行的词、连接成分实际上是一个连词，用来连接两个或几个平行的词、短语和分句。这种连词叫做短语和分句。这种连词叫做并列连词并列连词。He tried hard but he was unsuccessful. I used to live in Paris and London. 另一类连接成分是用来连接两个句子、且一个句子从属于另一另一类连接成分是用来连接两个句子、且一个句子从属于另一个句子（即从句）的连词。这类连词叫个句子（即从句）的连词。

12、这类连词叫从属连词从属连词。从属连词主。从属连词主要用于引导各种从句。要用于引导各种从句。He said that he did not want to go . You may come if you want to. 一个完整的句子（主句或从句）必须包含一个完整的句子（主句或从句）必须包含2个到个到4个基本成分，个基本成分，此外，如果意思上有需要，还可包含一个或更多其他的句子此外，如果意思上有需要，还可包含一个或更多其他的句子成分。成分。连接成分连接成分现在学习的是第十一页，共34页There be 结构1、定义：There be句型表示某处存在某物或某人。2、结构：(1) There i

13、s +单数可数名词/不可数名词+ 地点状语. (2) There are +复数名词+地点状语. 注意事项：注意事项： there是引导词，在句中不充当任何成分，翻译时也不必译出。句子的主语是某人或某物，谓语动词be要与主语（某人或某物）的数保持一致。当主语是两个或两个以上的名词时，谓语动词要与跟它最近的那个名词一致。如： There is a bird in the tree. 树上有一只鸟。 There is a teacher and many students in our classroom. 我们教室里有一位老师和许多学生。 There are two boys and a gir

14、l under the tree. 树下有两个男孩，一个女孩。 现在学习的是第十二页，共34页总结：总结：句子必须主谓俱备句子必须主谓俱备一般情况下主在谓前一般情况下主在谓前表语定在系动词后表语定在系动词后宾语有双宾结构和复合结构（宾补），宾补肯定在宾语后宾语有双宾结构和复合结构（宾补），宾补肯定在宾语后定语不一定在它修饰的词前面定语不一定在它修饰的词前面状语最灵活，功能最为强大状语最灵活，功能最为强大除了谓语、宾补之外，其它都可以由从句充当除了谓语、宾补之外，其它都可以由从句充当现在学习的是第十三页，共34页简单句只有一个限定动词（即只有一个主谓结简单句只有一个限定动词（即只有一个主谓结构）

15、，它是最小的句子单位。主要起下列四种作构），它是最小的句子单位。主要起下列四种作用中的一种。用中的一种。 作一种陈述作一种陈述 提出一个问题提出一个问题 发出一种命令或请求发出一种命令或请求 表示一种感叹表示一种感叹Examples:The boy hit the dog. / The dog bit the boy.The girl read the books. / The books pleased the girl.Stephen apologized at once.Does the shop close at 7 tonight?Shut the door.What a slow

16、train this is!现在学习的是第十四页，共34页简单句的基本词序简单句的基本词序主语主语动词部分动词部分宾语宾语 状语状语（谓语）（谓语） 方式方式地点地点时间时间Iboughta hat yesterday.The children ran home.The taxi driver shouted at me angrily.We ate our meal in silence.The car stopped suddenly.A young girl walked confidently in the room.They drove him away in a police ca

17、r.现在学习的是第十五页，共34页简单句的扩展成份简单句的扩展成份简单句的主语、宾语可以加上一个短语（如定语）来扩展，及物动词或不及物动词也简单句的主语、宾语可以加上一个短语（如定语）来扩展，及物动词或不及物动词也可以与其它短语（如状语）连用进行扩展。可以与其它短语（如状语）连用进行扩展。I bought a rain coat with a warm lining.The dog jumped through the window.He is saving up to buy a mobile phone.A bright little boy with rosy cheeks put th

18、ree bottles of milk quietly on my doorstep before seven oclock.He worked like a madman in the garden on Saturday.The young girl with long black hair seems to be very happy.现在学习的是第十六页，共34页两个简单句的主语可以连词两个简单句的主语可以连词and、but、both.and、eitheror、neithernor、not onlybut also等连词连接组成一个简单句，等连词连接组成一个简单句，但应注意主语和谓语动

19、词的一致性。但应注意主语和谓语动词的一致性。The boss is flying to Paris. His secretary is flying to Paris. The boss and his secretary are flying to Paris. Both the boss and his secretary are flying to Paris.The boss is flying to Rome. His secretary is not flying to Rome. The boss but not his secretary is flying to Rome.T

20、he boss may be flying to Berlin. His secretary may be flying to Berlin. Either the boss or his secretary is flying to Berlin.The boss is not flying to York. His secretary isnt flying to York. Neither the boss nor his secretary is flying to York.主语、谓语、宾语的合并主语、谓语、宾语的合并现在学习的是第十七页，共34页两个简单句的宾语可由两个简单句的宾语

21、可由and、bothand等连词连接组成一个简等连词连接组成一个简单句。单句。I met Jane. I met her husband.I met Jane and her husband.I met both Jane and her husband.It was cold. It was wet.It was cold and wet.I didnt meet Jane. I didnt meet her husband.I didnt meet either Jane or her husband. I met neither Jane nor her husband.两个或两个以上限

22、定动词也可合并为一个简单句。两个或两个以上限定动词也可合并为一个简单句。We sang all night. We danced all night.We sang and danced all night.主语、谓语、宾语的合并主语、谓语、宾语的合并现在学习的是第十八页，共34页并列句并列句需把几个意思连接在一起时，可用分号或把需把几个意思连接在一起时，可用分号或把两个或几个简单句用两个或几个简单句用并列连词并列连词连接起来，这连接起来，这种结构即构成一个并列句。种结构即构成一个并列句。用分号：用分号：We fished all day; we didnt catch a thing.用分号

23、，后跟一个连接副词：用分号，后跟一个连接副词：We fished all day; however, we didnt catch a thing.用并列连词（如用并列连词（如and、but、so、yet等）等）We fished all day, but (we) didnt catch a thing.现在学习的是第十九页，共34页并列句并列句常用并列连词常用并列连词coordinating conjunctions 平行并列连词平行并列连词: 转折并列连词：转折并列连词： 因果并列连词因果并列连词: 选择并列连词选择并列连词:and, bothand, not onlybut also,

24、 neithernor, and thenbut, however, while, yetfor, soor, eitheror现在学习的是第二十页，共34页并列句并列句并列句的词序：并列句的词序：并列句基本上保留了简单句的并列句基本上保留了简单句的词序。词序。主语主语 谓语谓语 宾语宾语 连词连词 主语主语 动词动词 表语表语Jimmy fell off his bike but (he) wasnt hurt.五种简单句型可用五种简单句型可用并列连词并列连词连接起来组成并列句。连接起来组成并列句。 主主 谓谓 状（方式）状（方式） 连连 主主 谓谓 表表Frank worked hard

25、and (he ) became an architect.主主 谓谓 宾宾 连连 主主 谓谓 地点地点I ve got a cold, so I m going to bed. 主主 谓谓 宾宾 宾补宾补 连连 主主 谓谓 宾宾They made him chairman, but (they) didnt increase his salary.现在学习的是第二十一页，共34页Exercise:请用合适的并列连词把每组句子合并为一个并列句请用合适的并列连词把每组句子合并为一个并列句。He was tired, so he went to bed.1. He was tired. He we

26、nt to bed. 2. The child hid behind his mothers skirt. He was afraid of the dog.3. He made a promise. He didnt keep it.He made a promise, but He didnt keep it. The child hid behind his mothers skirt, for he was afraid of the dog.现在学习的是第二十二页，共34页由一个主句和一个或者一个以上从句所由一个主句和一个或者一个以上从句所构成的句子。在英语书面语中应用广泛。构成的句

27、子。在英语书面语中应用广泛。主句是一个完整的句子主句是一个完整的句子,它可以独立存在。它可以独立存在。从句是一个不完整的句子从句是一个不完整的句子,它必须和一个它必须和一个主句连用，不能独立存在。主句连用，不能独立存在。复合句可以通过把两个以上简单句连接复合句可以通过把两个以上简单句连接在一起构成在一起构成,但复合句的各组成部份并非但复合句的各组成部份并非同等重要，其中一个句子由同等重要，其中一个句子由从属连词从属连词引引导（从句），用以修饰另一句子（主句）。导（从句），用以修饰另一句子（主句）。 复合句复合句 = 主句主句 + 从句从句复合句复合句现在学习的是第二十三页，共34页复合句是在简

28、单句的基础上，通过从属连词将两个或两个以复合句是在简单句的基础上，通过从属连词将两个或两个以上简单句连接在一起而构成。从属连词所引导的从句起形容上简单句连接在一起而构成。从属连词所引导的从句起形容词、名词、副词的作用。复合句主要包含以下类型从句：词、名词、副词的作用。复合句主要包含以下类型从句： 1. 主语从句主语从句 2. 宾语从句宾语从句3. 表语从句表语从句 4. 定语从句定语从句5. 状语从句状语从句 6. 同位语从句同位语从句 英文写作中最常使用的从句英文写作中最常使用的从句 宾语从句宾语从句状语从句状语从句 1. 定语从句定语从句现在学习的是第二十四页，共34页复合句与简单句：复合

29、句复合句与简单句：复合句 = 简单句简单句 + 从属连词从属连词 +简单句简单句He told me the news.that the match had been cancelled.宾语宾语how much he was prepared to pay for my car.that I could have the money without delay.how much he was prepared topay for my car and that I couldhave the money without delay. when he was leaving for Paris

30、.that his fatherwas working in that school.宾语从句宾语从句现在学习的是第二十五页，共34页复合句与简单句：复合句复合句与简单句：复合句 = 简单句简单句 + 从属连词从属连词 +简单句简单句I dont knowhim.He has finished his work that he has finished his work.whether he has finished his work.宾语从句宾语从句He is leaving for Washington.that he is leaving for Washington.when he i

31、s leaving for Washington.why he is leaving for Washington.how he is leaving for Washington.whether he is leaving for Washington.现在学习的是第二十六页，共34页复合句与简单句：复合句复合句与简单句：复合句 = 简单句简单句 + 从属连词从属连词 +简单句简单句the people surprised That What he saidwhat he did主语主语That he didnt know the answerin the room.定语定语who were

32、 sitting in the room.who were present.whose sons were at war.who had signed the contract.现在学习的是第二十七页，共34页复合句与简单句：复合句复合句与简单句：复合句 = 简单句简单句 + 从属连词从属连词 +简单句简单句That is the fact.表表 语语what he needs.what he gave me.why he was late.because he was ill.what has happened.现在学习的是第二十八页，共34页复合句与简单句：复合句复合句与简单句：复合句 =

33、 简单句简单句 + 从属连词从属连词 +简单句简单句He worked in that factorythree years ago.地点状语地点状语时间状语时间状语where his father workedin that factorywhere I livedwhen he lived thereHis father worked there.I lived there.He lived there three years ago.现在学习的是第二十九页，共34页复合句与简单句：复合句复合句与简单句：复合句 = 简单句简单句 + 从属连词从属连词 +简单句简单句Put the book on the desk.where you took it.where it was.地点状语地点状语where you found it.You cant camp here.where there are a lot of trees.wherever you like.现在学习的是第三十页，共34页指出下列各从句的类型指出下列各从