英语专业毕业论(4)

1、.The Use of Body Language in Children English Teaching I. IntroductionChildren were born with a unique feeling and a special observational angle to the world, they are lively, curious about the surroundings; and they have a strong imitation ability, intellectual curiosity and creative thinking. As c

2、hildrens thinking is intuitive and concrete, their thinking mainly depends on the specific image, appearance and the associations of appearance. So, their language learning can not be separated from the specific objects, actions and situations. Therefore, in most cases children understand and expres

3、s language through intuitive movements, expressions or specific situation.American body language expert Patti Wood1 found in a long-term experiment: if a person wants to convey complete information to others, simple language only covers 7%, tone 38%, and the other 55% of the information needs to be

4、conveyed by non-verbal language. American psychologist Edward T. Hall2 also pointed out in his book the Silent language 3: the silent language not only shows much more meaning than the sound language, but also much more profound, as sound language tends to hide many or even most meaning of the expre

5、ssion. No matter “Non-verbal language” or “silent language”, both of them mainly refer to body language. So it is clear that body language plays a communicative role which can not be replaced by sound language, as it emphasizes the contents of the speech and increase special significance to the spee

6、ch. Then, what is body language?Body language, which is an important medium people use to communicate with each other, refers to the patterns of facial expressions and gestures people use to express their thoughts and feelings in communication. 4It not only refers to the body movements, gestures, po

7、stures, facial expressions, eye contact, voice, etc. in our ordinary sense, but also the space occupied and clothing. One of the most important features of body language is its large amount of information. Ones eye contact, clothing, gesture, posture, distance with others, voice pitch, language rhyt

8、hm can transmit variety of information simultaneously. It is limited and abstract for one to convey information only relying on hearing in communication; and appropriate use of body language is more visual, vivid and concrete, and can make the communication easier. As most of the body language is sh

9、own subconsciously, most of them reflect the actual state of peoples mind. As a result, the reliability of their information is much stronger. In addition, information of body language is continuous and changeable, peoples every movement, facial expression changes in the conversation pass the inform

10、ation at all times; as long as the two sides within the audio-visual scope, their language exchange of the information will continue, and the constant change of their facial expressions, gestures and body positions can cause visual attention of those who stimulate their interest.II. The Function of

11、Body Language in Children English Teaching A. Subsidiary FunctionSubsidiary function is the main function. Firstly, if body language is applied in class teaching appropriately and reasonably, the transmission of the sound language can be enhanced. In class, students learn primarily through auditory

12、and visual, and the flow of these two sources is determined by the exciting of auditory and visual nervous system. If teachers can not send out information with body language during the output of sound information to the students, the “gate” of students visual system will be shut down, and the infor

13、mation that students obtained by auditory system alone would be greatly reduced. Secondly, body language enables language expression more vivid. For example, when someone tries to prove his loyalty, he always says, “I swear”, and at the same time raises his right hand above his shoulder with palm fo

14、rward. In this way, the language appears more vivid. Thirdly, it can increase the content of semantic information, and deepen the content of expression. For example, if a teacher wants somebody to answer a question, he can hand up and ask with a smile, “Who can answer the question?”Thus, students wi

15、ll not be nervous and willing to answer it. And if the right answer is given, the teacher could send students a favorable gaze, thumb up or give him a clap; then students would be more proud than be given a common of only “good” by teacher.Whats more, with the reform of English teaching method, Engl

16、ish teachers often use English to achieve the purpose of Communicated English5. Simultaneously, however, children cannot speak English very well, as their vocabulary and expressive ability are limited. These limitations make it difficult to realize the utilization of Communicated English in classes;

17、 therefore body language is required by both teachers and students. For example, when a teacher gives out an instruction, “You two, please come to the blackboard.” Students can easily understand it if the teacher looks at or points to two of students and then he points to the blackboard. The student

18、s will carry out the order without obstacle even if they do not understand the key word “blackboard”. Thus, we can realize that in English teaching on children, the appropriate use of body language is necessary and practical, which can not only enrich the teaching methods, but also develop the stude

19、nts interest in learning English, improve their understanding ability, and play a very important subsidiary role.B. Feedback FunctionFeedback is not only an important mechanism for class activities, but also an important channel for teachers to understand students in psychology and learning conditio

20、ns. Classes are the special environments which do not allow students to disturb arbitrarily with oral language. In order to get the teaching effect on time, teachers can only rely on the physical feedback of students. When students physical feedback is the same as the teachers expectation, the teach

21、er could confirm his teaching content, method and behavior, and go on with recent process and plan; On the contrary, teacher should adjust the lecture content, improve the teaching method and expression in time in order to improve the teaching effect. For example, if students frown, it may mean that

22、 they “do not understand”; if they twist the bodies, it often shows they are “impatient”, and then teacher should adjust the lecture process or method.C. Substitute FunctionThe sound language teaching is the most important means of information transmission in English teaching. However, in some cases

23、, body language can replace the sound language in expression. According to the survey, if teachers keep far from students, and without expressions and gestures, students can receive only 25% of the information teachers send out; if visual aids (charts, captions, etc.) is used, the information that s

24、tudents receive can up to 40-50%; if gestures, movements, facial expressions are used, the students can receive more than 75%.6 Information or instructions provided through facial expressions, gestures or behaviors by teachers are useful in attracting students attention and inspiring their learning

25、initiative. And the knowledge and information that students received directly from the teachers body language is the most impressive. For instance, as the words “laugh”, “smile” and “grin” are similar in meaning, so it is difficult for students to distinguish these words without facial or body langu

26、age. However, if facial expressions and appropriate movements are used, the abstract meaning becomes concrete and intuitive, and students can easily understand the difference among these synonymous words.D. Regulatory FunctionMonotonous teaching makes children tired and bored, and even loses their a

27、ttention in study. The use of appropriate gestures, facial expressions or posture can regulate the atmosphere and keep the lecture lively, vivid, and eliminate the fatigue of students. At the same time, proper body language can effectively control the students behavior in class. For example, if a st

28、udent does not pay enough attention, the teacher can slow down or stop the speech and stare at him. In this condition, this student would look up at the teacher, stop his action immediately and concentrate on the lecture. This approach not only corrects the students bad behavior, but also maintains

29、the normal order of the lecture. When the class atmosphere becomes lifeless or students are abstracted, teacher can design a body language game - look and guess. Teacher performs an action on the stage, and then lets students guess what the action refers to freely. Take the learning of the adjective

30、 “funny”, “young”,“ old”, “active” for example, teacher can make a face, and students would say “funny”. Teacher pretends to gasp and cough as if he is very old, and students would say “old”. Teacher can also ask a student to perform and let others guess. This game not only recalls a large number of

31、 learned words, but also enriches the imagination of the students.III. The Concrete Application of Body Language in Children English Teaching A. Classification of Body Language1. Facial LanguageFacial language generally expresses through the action or state of eyes, eyebrows, lips, tongue and facial

32、 muscles, such as frown, pout, wink and so on. Generally speaking, facial expression which is showed by the change of the facial organ is random and spontaneous, but it can also be controlled. In communication, sometimes people control their own expression to reach the effect they want. In English t

33、eaching on children, the change of teachers facial expression will affect the teaching effect directly. In normal circumstance, teachers should keep smiling and have rich facial expressions in order to attract students and create a harmonious atmosphere. a. Smile LanguageSmile is a simple but attrac

34、tive facial expression, but not everyone has realized its importance. According to a survey7, more than 95 of students like teachers keeping smiling in classes, it is because smiles can make people relaxed and cheerful, and eliminate the tension and timidity. Slimes can also make the teacher-student

35、 relations closed. Therefore, smiling in teaching can influence the students attitudes towards studying by invisible mental force. For instance, if teachers get into the classroom with a smile, the class atmosphere will be much relaxed and in that case students are glad to express themselves freely;

36、 if teachers stare at students with a sincere smile when they are asking questions or expressing their own opinions, students always feel encouraged greatly and their self-confidence are normally be enhanced.b. Eye-contact Language As the saying goes，eyes are the window of the soul. Eye-contact is t

37、he expression of the inner world of teachers and students. Eye-contact causes the delicate exchange of feelings through eyes-open, close, squint, stare, blink, etc. On one hand, students can get strength and self-confidence from the eye-contact with teachers and listen to teachers carefully; on the

38、other hand, learned information could feed back to teachers through the expression of the childrens eyes, and provides a basis for teachers to examine their teaching effect and let them adjust teaching method accordingly.Teachers warmly gaze can narrow down the distance between teachers and students

39、. If a teacher often keeps a cold face, students would be nervous and fearful once they see the teacher. Every child needs to be accepted and respected, and teachers attitude upon them is very important for them and far more than their parents, partners and others. Children believe that their teache

40、rs attitude towards them reflects the degree of their knowledge, ability and teachers judges whether they are good students or not; their pure, tender and sensitive hearts need to be encouraged by their teachers. Sometimes, too much interpretation may delay the progress and instruction of teaching,

41、so eye-contact is a good way to save time and energy. For example, if some students do not listen carefully and do something irrelevant, in order not to interrupt the teaching thread, teachers can remind the students by eye-contact. Thus, children get the signal of “stop” and their self-respect is w

42、ell protected. 2. Clothing LanguageDifferent clothes give people different impressions and feelings. The decent, generous and clean clothes can not only show the self-cultivation and knowledge level of teachers, but also attract the attention of students, so that students could feel joy and relax, a

43、nd enjoy learning with the teacher. Psychological studies have shown that children born with the aesthetic and observational ability, and they are outspoken, once the teacher enters the classroom they may comment on what they are watching. Childrens impression to teachers would affect the teachers p

44、osition in these childrens minds; furthermore affects the emotional attitude of the students. At the same time, it is noteworthy that as childrens teacher, the clothes should neither be too old-fashioned nor too strict, and teachers can wear lively, vivid and casual clothes. On the one hand, the sty

45、le of clothes gives the students a feeling of freshness, and makes students attention concentrated unconsciously; on the other hand, it is in line with the childrens aesthetic idea, so that they prefer keeping close to their teachers, and regard teachers as their friends.3. Movement LanguageMovement

46、s mainly include the hand movements and body postures. Teachers accurate and appropriate gestures and body postures can not only transfer thoughts and express emotions, but also increase the efficiency of class instructions. The effect of movement language is broad. For instance, when teaching the b

47、eginners letters, teachers can fully mobilize every part of the body and make out the shapes of letters. Thus, the class would be much interesting, the impression of the letters will be remembered much deeper and the memory efficiency will be greatly improved.a. Gesture LanguageGesture language main

48、ly is accomplished through hand (one hand or both) and finger movements, such as saluting, snapping ones fingers, and thumbing ones nose at somebody and so on.8 It includes implied signals (e.g. pointing to the blackboard or a picture), described signals (e.g. drawing contour) and information tips,

49、which can attract students attention and create a relaxing atmosphere.In the teaching process, teacher can use gesture language to replace the speech or increase the expressive force of the speech, so that the lectures could become vivid and interesting. The gesture language should come out naturall

50、y and change with the teaching content. The appropriate gesture language can not only improve the teaching effect efficiently, but also show the demeanor and temperament of the teacher. Of course, if it is used improperly or excessively, the result may be contrary.b. Posture Language Posture languag

51、e refers to peoples body gesture. School is a place for education and is also the most frequent place for teachers and students to have the contact. Therefore, teachers should pay special attention to their own behavior as facing students, and show the qualities that a teacher should have from stand

52、ing, sitting, walking and other body movement. Appropriate posture can show a teachers temperament, qualities and personal characteristics and give students a good impression. In class, teachers had better avoid writing on the blackboard with his back towards the students for a long, and he had bett

53、er face or side face students as far as possible.c. Touch Language The relations between teachers and students should not only the teacher-student relation but also friendship. In the normal teaching and learning, sometimes teachers shake hands with students, clap their shoulders, stroke their heads

54、, or hold out the thumb to encourage them and stimulate their interest in learning; sometimes gently pat students back in order to criticize or warn. However, using touch language should pay attention to the situation, object, and degree of propriety; otherwise it may result in adverse effects.4. Sp

55、atial LanguageClassroom is always in a very small space. If this space is uncoordinated, the teaching atmosphere would be tense and there would be obstacles in the communication between teachers and students, thus the spatial language is needed. Teachers have to take the distance into consideration

56、in the teaching process. If stand much close to students, some students may feel uncomfortable, and for the others, the far distance is an indifferent behavior. However, the distance is very delicate to master, as it involves specific situation.Teachers should not stand in the same place habitually,

57、 no matter whether they have realized, some teachers take the platform as a symbol of protection or authority, which is a great obstacle for the communication between teachers and students. Generally speaking, experienced teachers would move around appropriately, so that they can observe and underst

58、and students more accurately.Of course, everything has its own limitation, if teachers can not hold the yardstick well, the students will feel uncomfortable: if only standing still, students feel bored; but frequent walking around also makes students uncomfortable. All the students hope their teache

59、rs pay attention to them, care about and approach them. Therefore, suitable distance between teachers and students can contribute to the individual communication; meet the demands of different students, so as to achieve the purpose of improving teaching quality.B. The Use of Body Language in Teaching 1. Teaching VocabularyVocabulary teaching is very necessary in English learning, which has always been a difficulty for both teachers and students. In the tradi