选修8unit1语法整理版

1、人教课标版人教课标版 高二高二 选修选修 8Unit 1GrammarLook at the following clauses in the sentences and think about what role do these clauses play in the sentences.What attracts people to California is its pleasant climate and relaxed lifestyle. This is why each year a great number of people from all over the world

2、try to immigrate to California.However, most applicants know that they have very little chance of getting a visa. 主语主语表语表语宾语宾语1. 概念概念 在句子中起名词作用的句子叫名词在句子中起名词作用的句子叫名词性从句性从句 (Noun Clauses)。 名词名词性从句的功能相当于性从句的功能相当于名词词组名词词组, 它在复合句中能担任主语、宾语、它在复合句中能担任主语、宾语、表语、同位语、介词宾语等表语、同位语、介词宾语等, 因此根据它在因此根据它在句中不同的语法功能句中不同

3、的语法功能, 名词名词性从句又可分别性从句又可分别称为主语从句称为主语从句(Subject Clause)、宾语从句、宾语从句(Object Clause)、表语从句、表语从句(Predicative Clause) 和同位语从句和同位语从句(Appositive Clause)。What he wants to tell us is not clear. I believe (that) he is honest. The question is who (which of you) will be the next speaker. The news that he had landed

4、on the moon spread all over the world. 主语从句主语从句宾语从句宾语从句表语从句表语从句同位语从句同位语从句2. 引导名词性从句的连接词可分为三类引导名词性从句的连接词可分为三类: 连接词连接词/从属连词从属连词that, whether, if 不充不充当从句的任何成分当从句的任何成分 连接代词连接代词: what, whatever, who, whoever, whom, whose, which. 连接副词连接副词: when, where, how, why3. 不可省略的连词：不可省略的连词：1) 介词后的连词介词后的连词 2) 引导主语从句和

5、同位语从句的连引导主语从句和同位语从句的连词不可省略。词不可省略。 That she was chosen made us very happy.We heard the news that our team had won. Subject Clause (主语从句主语从句)Object Clause (宾语从句宾语从句)Predicative Clause (表语从句表语从句) Noun clause一、主语从句在复合句中作主语一、主语从句在复合句中作主语, 它可它可 以位于句首以位于句首, 但常见的主语从句多放在但常见的主语从句多放在句末句末, 句首则用形式主语句首则用形式主语it。 T

6、hat the earth is round is true. = It is true that the earth is round. 主语从句的用法主语从句的用法2. Whether he will come hasnt been decided. = It hasnt been decided whether he will come. 注意注意: 连词连词that, whether在从句中不担任在从句中不担任句子成分句子成分, 只起连接作用只起连接作用, 不能省略不能省略 (注注: if不可用来引导主语从句）不可用来引导主语从句）二、用二、用it 作形式主语的结构作形式主语的结构(1

7、) It is名词从句名词从句 It is a fact that 事实是事实是 It is an honor that 非常荣幸非常荣幸 It is common knowledge that是常识是常识(2) It is形容词从句形容词从句 (多用多用 should) It is natural that 很自然很自然 It is strange that 奇怪的是奇怪的是(3) It is 不及物动词从句不及物动词从句 It seems that 似乎似乎 It happened that 碰巧碰巧 It appears that 似乎似乎(4) It is 过去分词从句过去分词从句 I

8、t is reported that 据报道据报道 It has been proved that 已证实已证实 It is said that 据说据说It is certain that he will come.It is said that some American friends will visit our school next week.It happened that we were out for a walk yesterday evening.It doesnt matter whether I stay or not.三、用带三、用带-ever的引导词的引导词 (如

9、如whoever, whatever) 引导的主语从句一般不后置。引导的主语从句一般不后置。 Whoever leaves the room last should close the door. Whatever we do must be in the interests of the people.四、四、it作形式主语和作形式主语和it引导强调句的比较引导强调句的比较 it作形式主语代替主语从句作形式主语代替主语从句, 主要是为主要是为了平衡句子结构了平衡句子结构, 主语从句的连接词有变主语从句的连接词有变化。而化。而it引导的强调句则是对句子某一部引导的强调句则是对句子某一部分进行强

10、调分进行强调, 无论强调的是什么成分无论强调的是什么成分, 都可都可用连词用连词that。被强调部分指人是也可用。被强调部分指人是也可用who/whom。例如。例如:uIt is a pity that you didnt go to see the film.uIt doesnt interest me whether you succeed or not.uIt is in the morning that the murder took place.uIt is John that broke the window.五、五、what与与that在引导主语从句时的区别在引导主语从句时的区别

11、 what引导主语从句时在从句中充当句引导主语从句时在从句中充当句子成分子成分, 如主语、宾语、表语如主语、宾语、表语, 而而that则不则不然然, 即不担任成分。例如：即不担任成分。例如： What you said yesterday is right. That she is still alive is a consolation. 句子结构：句子结构：主句主句 + 连接词连接词(引导词引导词) + 宾语从句宾语从句连接词连接词: 从属连词从属连词that, whether, if 连接代词连接代词 who, whom, whose, which, what 连接副词连接副词 wher

12、e, how, why, when宾语从句的用法宾语从句的用法He has got a pen. I thinkI think (that) he has got a pen.Where do they study English? Lily asksLily asks where they study English. Will you help me? I askI ask if you will help me.一、连词一、连词 (引导词引导词)1. 当宾语从句是陈述句时当宾语从句是陈述句时(包括肯定句包括肯定句和否定句和否定句), 连词由连词由that引导引导, 因为因为that在从句

13、中不作任何成分在从句中不作任何成分, 也没有任何也没有任何具体意思具体意思, 因此在口语或非正式文体因此在口语或非正式文体中常省略中常省略。 He said (that) he would like to see the headmaster. Jane said (that) she wasnt late for the meeting. 2. 当宾语从句是特殊疑问句时当宾语从句是特殊疑问句时, 由特殊由特殊疑问词充当连接词疑问词充当连接词, 因为该特殊疑问因为该特殊疑问词词 (即连接词即连接词) 在从句中担任一定的在从句中担任一定的句子成分句子成分, 具有一定的意义具有一定的意义, 所以不

14、所以不可以省略。可以省略。 Do you know what he said just now? I dont remember when we arrived. I asked him where I could get so much money. Please tell me who we have to see. Do you know what time the plane leaves?Mary wrote an article on _ the team had failed to win the game.A. why B. whatC. who D. that I was s

15、urprised by her words, which made me recognize _ silly mistakes I had made.A. what B. thatC. how D. which3. 当宾语从句是一般疑问句时当宾语从句是一般疑问句时, 由连词由连词whether或或if引导引导(口语中常用口语中常用if), 因为因为if/whether翻译成是否翻译成是否, 具有一定的意具有一定的意义义, 所以不能省略。所以不能省略。 Lily wanted to know if /whether her grandma liked the handbag. Lets see

16、if /whether we can find out some information about that city. 注意注意: 关联词只能用关联词只能用whether不能用不能用if 表示表示 “是否是否”的情况如下：的情况如下： A) 在表语从句和同位语从句中。如：在表语从句和同位语从句中。如： The question is whether the film is worth seeing. The news whether our team has won the match is unknown.B) 在主语从句中，只有用在主语从句中，只有用it作形式主作形式主语时语时, wh

17、ether和和if 都能引导主语从句都能引导主语从句, 否则否则, 也只能用也只能用whether。如。如: Whether we shall attend the meeting hasnt been decided yet. It hasnt been decided whether (if) we shall attend the meeting.C) 在介词之后。在介词之后。(介词往往可以省略介词往往可以省略) 如如: It all depends (on) whether they will support us.D) 后面直接跟动词不定式时。如：后面直接跟动词不定式时。如： He

18、doesnt know whether to stay or not.E) 后面紧接后面紧接or not 时。如：时。如： We didnt know whether or not she was ready. 关联词关联词if, whether均可使用的情况如均可使用的情况如下：下： A) 引导宾语从句。如：引导宾语从句。如： I wonder if (whether) the news is true or not. B) 在在 “be+形容词形容词” 之后。如：之后。如： He was not sure whether (if) it is right or wrong. 关联词只能用关

19、联词只能用 whether或或if, 不能用不能用that的情况如下：的情况如下： 若若doubt一词作一词作“怀疑怀疑”解接宾语解接宾语从句时从句时, 主句为肯定句用主句为肯定句用whether或或if, 主句为否定句或疑问句用主句为否定句或疑问句用that。如：。如： I doubt whether he will come soon. I do not doubt that he will come soon.Do you doubt that he will come soon注意注意: 下面这个例句中下面这个例句中doubt的含义为的含义为“认为认为未必可能未必可能”。 I doub

20、t that he will come.4. 跟在介词后的宾语从句跟在介词后的宾语从句: 宾语从句放宾语从句放在介词后作介词的宾语在介词后作介词的宾语, 在使用这种结在使用这种结构时不能丢掉介词。构时不能丢掉介词。 There is no news about whether a new bridge will be built. We are considering of where these trees should be planted.二、语序二、语序: 连接词陈述句连接词陈述句 合成一个句子：合成一个句子：He would be back in an hour. He said H

21、e said (that) he would be back in an hour.Do they speak English? We want to know We want to know if/whether they can speak English.What is her name? He asks me He asks me what her name is.三、时态：三、时态： 如果主句是过去的时态如果主句是过去的时态(包括一般过包括一般过去时去时, 过去进行时过去进行时), 那么从句的时态那么从句的时态一定要用相对应的过去的某种时态。一定要用相对应的过去的某种时态。 When

22、 will Professor Li give us a talk? We wanted to know We want to know when Professor Li would give us a talk. Jim is a good student. The teacher said The teacher said (that) Jim was a good student. Has Mr. Green been in Beijing for five years? He asked He asked if/whether Mr. Green had been in Beijin

23、g for five years.四、在四、在think, believe, suppose, expect 等动词之后等动词之后, 宾语从句中谓语的否宾语从句中谓语的否定常转移到主句的谓语上。定常转移到主句的谓语上。 I dont think he will see you. I dont believe he will go. We dont expect he is coming. I dont think he can do it, can he? 注注: 此种用法主句的主语必须是第一人此种用法主句的主语必须是第一人称称I或或we，而且它的反意疑问句的，而且它的反意疑问句的助动词由从句

24、的助动词来定。助动词由从句的助动词来定。 I dont think he can do it, can he? I dont think you are right, are you? 在在suggest, insist, demand, order, require等表示建议等表示建议, 命令命令, 要求的动词要求的动词后后, 从句的谓语动词要用虚拟语气。如从句的谓语动词要用虚拟语气。如: I insisted that he (should) do it at once. She suggested that the work (should) be finished at once. 注

25、意注意:1. 当从句是客观真理当从句是客观真理, 定义定义, 公理公理, 定理时定理时用一般现在时。用一般现在时。2. 如果主句的谓语动词是如果主句的谓语动词是ask时时, 连词不连词不可能是可能是that; 如果主句的谓语动词是如果主句的谓语动词是say时时, 连词用连词用that。1) She says (that) she will leave a message on his desk.2) He asks if I like playing the piano.3. 如果从句中含有如果从句中含有or或或or not时时,只能用只能用whether而不用而不用if。 Do you kn

26、ow whether he is right or not? I dont care whether hell stay here or not. I dont know whether it is going to rain or not.五、在接复合宾语的句子中五、在接复合宾语的句子中, 为了保持为了保持句子平衡句子平衡, 用用it作形式宾语作形式宾语, 将从句放于将从句放于句尾句尾, 常接复合宾语的动词有常接复合宾语的动词有: make, find, see, hear, feel, think. I think it necessary that we take plenty of h

27、ot water every day. I think it a pity to waste the food. 1. He asked _ for a violin. (MET1992) A. did I pay how much B. I paid how much C. how much did I pay D. how much I paid2. It is generally considered unwise to give a child _ he or she wants. (NMET1997) A. however B. whatever C. whichever D. wh

28、enever 在复合句中用作表语的从句是表语从在复合句中用作表语的从句是表语从句句, 引导表语从句的关联词与引导主语从引导表语从句的关联词与引导主语从句的关联词大致一样句的关联词大致一样, 表语从句位于连系表语从句位于连系动词后动词后, 有时用有时用as if引导。其基本结构为引导。其基本结构为:主语主语 + 系动词系动词 + that从句。从句。 Thats what we should do. Thats why I want to see you. 表语从句的用法表语从句的用法 The reason for my absence was that I was ill. 1. be, se

29、em, look等动词后均可跟表语等动词后均可跟表语从句：从句： My suggestion is that we should go shopping. It seems that it is going to rain. 2. as if, because 也可引导表语从句。也可引导表语从句。 It looks as if its going to rain. It was because I got up late. 3. 在非正式文体中在非正式文体中, 引导表语从句的引导表语从句的that可以省略。如可以省略。如: The trouble is (that) he is ill. 注意

30、注意:在表语从句中在表语从句中, 当当reason做主语时做主语时,引导词只能用引导词只能用that, 不能用不能用because,如如:他迟他迟到的原因是因为他没有赶上早班车。到的原因是因为他没有赶上早班车。 The reason why he was late was that he didnt catch the early bus. 4. 主句的主语是名词主句的主语是名词idea, advice, suggestion, order, request, requirement时时, 表语从句应用虚拟语气表语从句应用虚拟语气, 即即: (should) +v. My suggestion

31、 is that we should have a discussion about this matter instead of just setting it aside. What the doctors really doubt is _ my mother will recover from the serious disease soon（上海（上海2001年春季招生）年春季招生） A. when B. how C. whether D. why - I drove to Zhuhai for the air show last week. - Is that _ you had

32、a few days off ? (NMET1999)A. why B. what C. when D. where1. Not until noon did it stop raining. _ _ not until noon _ it stopped raining.It that was2. People believe that this medicine will cure his disease. _ _ _ that this medicine will cure his disease.3. Soon we arrived at the place we called the

33、 Fairy Island. Soon we arrived at _ we called the Fairy Island.Itisbelievedwhat1. 正是因为恶劣的天气正是因为恶劣的天气, 足球赛才推迟足球赛才推迟了。了。2. 据说他去过美国的很多地方。据说他去过美国的很多地方。It was because of the bad weather that the football match had to be put off.It is said that he has been to many places in the USA.3. 事实是我们已经输了这场比赛。事实是我们已

34、经输了这场比赛。4. 他给我们提出了一条建议他给我们提出了一条建议: 我们应该我们应该用省下的钱在乡下买个房子。用省下的钱在乡下买个房子。The fact is that we have lost the game.He has given us a suggestion that we should buy a cottage in the country with the money we have saved.5. 计算机只能做你指示它做的事情。计算机只能做你指示它做的事情。6. 他没有去参加会议似乎是个事实。他没有去参加会议似乎是个事实。It seemed to be a fact t

35、hat he didnt go to attend the meeting.A computer can only do what you have instructed it to do.7. 毫无疑问她胜任这项工作。毫无疑问她胜任这项工作。8. 问题是谁会被派去执行这个任务。问题是谁会被派去执行这个任务。The problem is who can be sent there to carry out the project.There is no doubt that she is qualified for the job. Host: In this hour, well talk

36、about _ our life will be like in the future. Lets warmly welcome Dr. Smart, a professor from Future University! Hell tell us _ he thinks about our future. whatwhatProfessor Smart, many of your predictions made 30 years ago about our life in the future have mostly come true. People want to know more.

37、 There are many high school students here who are curious to know _ new predictions you will make about the future.whatDr. Smart: Society is developing fast and there will be many new things that will make our lives much more convenient, but at the same time many new problems will threaten the quali

38、ty of life. Whats important is not _ my predictions come true or not, but _ they help us make better decisions about our future. _ we live today will influence the future.whetherwhetherHowIV. 改错改错1). I want to know that what it is. I want to know what it is.2). I cant understand that the teacher sai

39、d. I cant understand what the teacher said.3). I dont know this is whose bike. I dont know whose bike this is.4). He asked me where was Mary. He asked me where Mary was .5). Do you remember how much did you pay for the book? Do you remember how much you paid for the book?1. _ a certain doubt among t

40、he people as to the practical value of the project. （09安徽）安徽）A. It has B. They have C. It remains D. There remains2. She is very dear to us. We have been prepared to do _ it takes to save her life. （09湖南）湖南）A. whichever B. however C. whatever D. whoeverDC3. The fact has worried many scientists _ the earth is becoming warmer and warmer these years. （09江西）江西） A. what B. which C. that D. though4. Could I speak to _ is in charge of International