各种物流管理策略

1、各种物流管理策略Objectives of the firmVisioning processDefinitive plansCorporate strategyFunctional strategyFour components of strategyCustomersSuppliersCompetitorsCompanyCorporate strategy The corporate strategy drives the functional strategies since they are contained within the former, as shown in Figure

2、 2-1.Corporate strategy Box 2.1 example Xeror : to be No. 1 in field service Star Kist Food : supply-side strategy, marketing and logistics responded with their plan to control the potential excess inventories. Logistics strategy Three objectives :1. cost reduction warehouse location, transport mode

3、s2. capital reduction shipping directly, public warehouse3. service improvement Logistics strategy qBox 2.2 exampleOffice machine company :Traditionally, technicians were assigned from a service center to the customer repair site.Improve when a machine broke down; a replacement machine would be sent

4、 to the customer and the broken machine sent to the service center for repair. See figure 2-2, flow of logistics planning. Logistics strategy Flow of Logistics Planning各種物流管理策略 基本策略 環境因應策略 減少物流時間為基礎之策略 提高資產生產力之物流策略物流基本策略 最小總成本策略 最高顧客服務策略 最大利潤策略 最大競爭策略環境因應策略1 配銷策略 目標 成本 服務 環境變數 顧客變數 特性 服務水準 數量 訂貨型態 通

5、路變數 結構 議價能力 績效 功能 產品變數 物徵 物流變數 運輸 存貨 設備 資訊環境因應策略2 供給策略 目標 連續性 協調性 成本 環境變數 物料-產品 價格 風險 市場：供給，需求變動 供應商 可靠度 容量 品質 運送 整合性 物流變數 運輸 存貨 訂貨處理 協調環境因應策略3 國際物流策略 國際分工 物流效率生策略 關稅優勢&物流效率比較利益 政府影響 財務因素 財務風險 貨幣匯率 公司環境減少物流時間之策略 及時化系統(Just-in-Time, JIT)與快速回應系統(Quick-Response System, QR) 條碼之應用 先進科技之應用 EDI, VAN 直接送貨月台

6、(Cross-Docking)提高資產生產力之物流策略 直接由工廠送貨 第三者物流服務( Third Party Logistics)Logistics planning Strategic planning : usually more than one year.Tactical planning : usually less than one year.Operational planning : is short-range decision making.vSee table 2-1, examples of strategic, tactical and operational d

7、ecision making.Table 2-1, Examples of strategic, tactical and operational decision making.Logistics planning Four major problem areas:a. customer service levelsb. facility locationc. inventory decisionsd. transportation decisions?See Figure 2-3, the triangle of logistics decision making.Links: the l

8、inks of the network represent the movement of goods between various inventory storage points.Nodes: the storage points retail stores, warehouse, factories or vendors.Logistics system : include product flow and information flow.Order cycle time inventory levels customer service. affectaffect4 when to

9、 plan a. logistics system not exist.b. to modify the existing system.(1) Demand(2) Customer service : includes inventory availability, speed of delivery, and order-filling speed and accuracy.(3) Product characteristics Ex: product weight, volume (cube), value and risk.(4) logistics costsa.total cost

10、. b.to improve the logistics system.(5) Pricing policyEx f.o.b factory price vs. delivered price.1.Total cost concept2.Differentiated distribution3.Mixed strategy4.Postponement5.Consolidation6.StandardizationTotal cost concept qTrade-off analysis : is the recognition that cost patterns of various ac

11、tivities of the firm frequently display characteristics that put them in conflict with one another. aTransportation service characteristics : Transportation cost vs. Inventory cost.aThe best economic choice occurs at the point where the sum of both costs is lowest. (dashed line)vimproved customer se

12、rvice level will reduce lost sales cost.vimproved service usually means that more must be paid for transportation, order processing and inventories.When the number of stocking points is increased (1) transportation costs decline.(2) inventory costs rise.When safety stock is increased:(1) customer se

13、rvice (2) inventory carrying cost (3) lost sales cost (4) transportation costs remain relatively unaffected.As the production sequence is changed.1.inventory carrying cost (mass production)2.production costs (setup times changeover cost )Box 2.4 Application Marine products manufacturer constructing

14、a warehouse in St. Louis Consider transportation costs minimize Consider inventory costs minimize Constructing warehouse in Chicago. Final, the partially constructed warehouse and move the inventory to ChicagoDifferentiated distribution Not all products should be provided the same level of customer

15、service. Different customer service requirement, different product characteristics, and different sales levels. Inventory location. Transportation rate (vehicle load volumes) Sales volume.Differentiated distribution See Box 2.5 application.A small specialty chemical company.All products were produce

16、d at a single location.All large customer orders (top 10% of the companys volume), will to be shipped direct to customers from the plant.Other small shipment sizes, were to be shipped out of two strategically located warehouse.Saved 20% distribution costs.Others: regular distribution channel might b

17、e to fill orders from warehouses. out-of-stock, a backup distribution might be to fill orders from secondary stocking points.Mixed strategyThe concept of a mixed strategy is similar to that of differentiated distribution.See Box 2-6 application.Drug retailer: Six warehouses was used to service about

18、 1000 stores.Strategy:1.Private warehouses and trucks to provide high levels of service to the stores.2.Use some public (for rent) warehouse space, could offer lower total costs.Mixed strategyA total cost curve for single and mixed warehousing strategies.Postponement The time of shipment and the loc

19、ation of final product processing in the distribution of a product should be delayed until a customer order is received.Ex: Dell computer corporation, practices form postponement by configuring microcomputer system to customer order from available options.Postponement type Postponement is favored wh

20、en the following characteristics appear to be present: Technology & process characteristics Product characteristics Market characteristicsConsolidation Creating large shipments from small ones. Ex: customer orders arriving at a warehouse might be combined with orders received at a later time period.Box 2.9 applicationBA firm had a master warehouse in the Rochester, NY.BThe merchandise