Robinson-Crusoe-(罗宾逊漂流记)

1、 Comments on Defoeu Selected ReadingsDaniel DefoeDefoes Life u Defoes Wuborn in 1661, died in 1731uson of a London butcher named Foeuat 40, added the aristocratic prefix De-ua jack-of-all-trades as well as a writerua radical Nonconformist in religionua journalist and a pamphleteeruknew prison life (

2、for writing the pamphlet The Shortest Way with Dissenters) Defoes Life Verses:Hymn to the Pillory 枷刑颂 (1702)Fictions:Robinson Crusoe (1719) Captain Singleton辛格尔顿船长 (1720) Duncan Campbell (1720) Memoirs of a Cavalier (1720) Colonel Jack (1722) Moll Flanders 摩尔弗兰德斯 (1722) Journal of the Plague Year 大疫

3、年纪事 (1722) The History of the Devil (1726) Defoes W Comments on Defoeu Along with Samuel Richardson, Defoe is considered the founder of the English novel (before his time stories were usually written as long poems or dramas) u often given the credit for the discovery of the modern novel; but whether

4、 or not he deserves that honor is an open question (Robinson Crusoe is largely an adventure story rather than the study of human character)BackgroundBackgroundRobinson Crusoe was partly based on was partly based on the actual deeds of Alexander Selkirk, an the actual deeds of Alexander Selkirk, an 1

5、8th century Scottish sailor who spent 18th century Scottish sailor who spent almost five years alone on a desert island.almost five years alone on a desert island. T This novel is famous for its lovely details his novel is famous for its lovely details and its expression of belief in mansand its exp

6、ression of belief in mans ability when left alone in natureability when left alone in nature. Plot summaryCrusoe set sail on the sea voyage in 1651 against the wishes of his parents. After the tumultuous journey, his ship wrecked in a storm. His lust for the sea remained so strong that he set out to

7、 the sea again. This journey ends in disaster too and Crusoe became a slave. After 2 years of slavery, he was rescued by a captain of Portuguese, with whose help, Crusoe became an owner of plantation in BYears later, he joined an expedition to bring slaves from Africa. But he was shipwrecked, his co

8、mpanions all died, saved himself and three animals -the captains dog and two cats. Then he lived the lonely life in an isolated island. Years later, Crusoe saved a prisoner, named him Friday. Crusoe then taught him English and converted him a Christianity. Four years later, they were rescued and ret

9、urned to England. Crusoe lived on uninhabited for 28 Saving F Building a fenced-in 每个成长中的青少年，尤其是每个成长中的青少年，尤其是男孩子都应该读读它男孩子都应该读读它 。 卢梭卢梭鲁滨孙漂流记鲁滨孙漂流记笛福笛福鲁滨孙漂流记一问世即风靡全球又历久不衰。至今已出了几百版，几乎译成了世界上所有各种文字。据说除圣经之外，鲁滨孙漂流记是再版最多的一本书。在欧美国家是儿童的必读书。鲁滨孙漂流记鲁滨孙漂流记生存问题生存问题生存，还是毁灭，生存，还是毁灭，这是一个值得思考这是一个值得思考的问题。的问题。鲁滨孙及时调整悲观

10、绝望的心态，决定在岛上顽强地生存下去。吃喝吃喝住穿住穿是人是人生存生存所依所依赖的赖的物质物质条件。条件。物质问题物质问题计算时间、获得的东西、缺乏的东西、打造木栅栏围墙、每天觅食人没有精神人没有精神寄托，灵魂寄托，灵魂就无所依附就无所依附。精神问题精神问题写日记，思考处境；得出经验教训，希望得到理解；安心于荒岛生活 在海难中，同船的在海难中，同船的 11 11人中，死了十个，就人中，死了十个，就他一个人活着，这是上帝对他的特别关照。他一个人活着，这是上帝对他的特别关照。 从船上获得大量维持生活的必需品，这是上从船上获得大量维持生活的必需品，这是上帝对他的特别恩赐。帝对他的特别恩赐。 他日记本

11、上列出的六大他日记本上列出的六大“好处好处”更体现了他更体现了他要顽强活下去的理由。要顽强活下去的理由。鲁滨孙虽身陷绝境, 但他说服自己顽强的活着, 并打定主意在岛上独自生活一辈子, 这需要巨大的勇气。可以看出他是一个非常热爱生命、珍惜生活的人。他活着也许并非为了什么, 仅仅是因为自己是一条生命, 既然是生命就应该善待它。况且他活的积极、主动, 活出了尊严, 这样的人值得活着。鲁滨孙是一个珍惜生命，热爱生活；意志坚强，生存信念执著；勇于创造，务实肯干的人。“在最不幸的处境之中，我们也可以把好处和坏处对照起来看，从而找到聊以自慰的事情。”可以概括为一个人在逆境中不要悲观失望，而要努力看到积极的因

12、素，从而改变自己被动的局面。 鲁滨孙记录时间, 是为了清楚地了解自己是怎么活着的, 可以活多长时间。这表明了他对生存下去充满信心。 记叙了他制作日历, 记录时间, 从船上获得物品, 艰难地打造木栅栏围墙, 以及每天在岛上各处寻找食物。这样写, 从一个侧面体现了人类创造生活的艰难, 也表现了鲁滨孙勤于创造、务实肯干的精神。 日记是为了记录生活，抚慰心灵，而且要面对自我。鲁滨孙记日记的行为，表明他作为一个文明人精神方面的需要，为了使自己的精神有所寄托，减轻心中的苦闷，便于深入思考当前的处境。在荒岛上，鲁滨孙有理由相信上帝的存在（这部作品里多次提到圣经及鲁滨孙对上帝的祈祷，有了这个前提，鲁滨孙就有了

13、活下去的精神支柱，活的有理由，有意义。 本文没有生动的故事，作者是通过心理描写来刻画人物性格表现作品主题的。 用第一人称来写，便于展现“我”的内心世界,使作品更具真实感,缩小了作品和读者之间的距离。坏处坏处 我陷在一个可怕的荒岛上我陷在一个可怕的荒岛上, 没有重见天日的希望。没有重见天日的希望。 我现在被剔出来我现在被剔出来, 与世隔绝与世隔绝, 困苦万状。困苦万状。 我与人类隔绝我与人类隔绝, 仿佛一个隐士。仿佛一个隐士。 我没有衣服穿。我没有衣服穿。 我没有抵御野人和野兽袭击的防御力和手段。我没有抵御野人和野兽袭击的防御力和手段。 我没有人可以说话我没有人可以说话, 也没有人来解除我的愁闷

14、。也没有人来解除我的愁闷。 好处好处 但我还活着但我还活着, 没有想我同船的伙伴们一样没有想我同船的伙伴们一样, 被水淹死。被水淹死。 但我也从全体船员中被剔出来但我也从全体船员中被剔出来, 独免一死独免一死, 上帝既然用神力上帝既然用神力把我从死亡里救出来把我从死亡里救出来, 一定也会救我脱离这个境地。一定也会救我脱离这个境地。 但我并未因为没有粮食但我并未因为没有粮食, 饿死在这不毛之地。饿死在这不毛之地。 但我是在一个热带气候里但我是在一个热带气候里, 即使有衣服即使有衣服, 也穿不住。也穿不住。 但我所流落的岛上但我所流落的岛上, 没有我在非洲看到的那种野兽。假使没有我在非洲看到的那种

15、野兽。假使我在那里覆了舟我在那里覆了舟, 我又将怎样？我又将怎样？ 但上帝却不可思议把我送到海岸附近但上帝却不可思议把我送到海岸附近, 使我可以从里面取使我可以从里面取出许多有用的东西出许多有用的东西, 使我终身用之不尽。使我终身用之不尽。 坏处坏处 好处好处 我陷在一个可怕的荒岛上，没有我陷在一个可怕的荒岛上，没有重见天日的希望。重见天日的希望。我现在被剔出来，与世隔绝，困我现在被剔出来，与世隔绝，困苦万状。苦万状。我与人类隔绝，仿佛一个隐士。我与人类隔绝，仿佛一个隐士。我没有衣服穿。我没有衣服穿。我没有抵御野人和野兽袭击的防我没有抵御野人和野兽袭击的防御力和手段。御力和手段。我没有人可以说

16、话，也没有人来我没有人可以说话，也没有人来解除我的愁闷。解除我的愁闷。但我还活着，没有想我同船的伙但我还活着，没有想我同船的伙伴们一样，被水淹死。伴们一样，被水淹死。但我也从全体船员中被剔出来，但我也从全体船员中被剔出来，独免一死，上帝既然用神力把我独免一死，上帝既然用神力把我从死亡里救出来，一定也会救我从死亡里救出来，一定也会救我脱离这个境地。脱离这个境地。但我并未因为没有粮食，饿死在但我并未因为没有粮食，饿死在这不毛之地。这不毛之地。但我是在一个热带气候里，即使但我是在一个热带气候里，即使有衣服，也穿不住。有衣服，也穿不住。但我所流落的岛上，没有我在非但我所流落的岛上，没有我在非洲看到的那

17、种野兽。假使我在那洲看到的那种野兽。假使我在那里覆了舟，我又将怎样？里覆了舟，我又将怎样？但上帝却不可思议把我送到海岸但上帝却不可思议把我送到海岸附近，使我可以从里面取出许多附近，使我可以从里面取出许多有用的东西，使我终身用之不尽。有用的东西，使我终身用之不尽。FridayFriday is loyal to Robinson. he has no temper and he is outgoing ,kindhearted. Friday to Robinson is what a child to father, whenever and whatever it is, Friday pr

18、efers to sacrifice himself to protect Robinson. Robinson has saved a poor savages life and soul ,he feels very happy. in this lonely island ,it is Friday who release Robinson deep inner pressure. but he feels superior to Friday, he asks Friday to call himself “master”, that implies his ambition to d

19、ominate and colonize other savage tribes. excuse to colonization by the The book proved so popular that the name of the two main protagonists have entered the language. The term “Robinson Crusoe” is virtually synonymous with the word” castaway” and is often used as a metaphor for being rejected.Idio

20、ms from the Robinson Crusoe usually referred to his servant as My man Friday, from which the term Man Friday originated, referring to a dedicated personal assistant, servant, or Everyone can be abandoned on the desert island like Robinson, the truth is even we are now living around in a hustle and b

21、ustle of large crowds, we still have a lot of moment to be alone, to work our own path of life all alone. but luckily, what Robinson Crusoe shows us is: solitude is not a horrible thing; the really sad thing is we can not stand on our own feet in the misery of that endless loneliness.Deeper meaning

22、He is considered one of the greatest fiction writers of 18th-century England. Defoe was a very good story-teller. He had a gift for organizing minute (careful and exact) details in such a vivid way that his stories could be both credible and fascinating. His sentences are sometimes short, crisp and

23、plain, and sometimes long and rambling, while leave on the reader an impression of casual narration. His language is smooth, easy, colloquial and mostly vernacular. There is nothing artificial in his language: it is common English at its best. Adventures of Robinson C The story of Robinson Crusoe is

24、 well-known throughout the world. It tells of how Robinson Crusoe, an English mariner, having shipwrecked on an island, managed to struggle for live for 28 years there and rescued a black man, whom he named Friday, from the cannibals (person who eats human flesh). Later, Robinson got hold of a ship

25、and sailed home. The books “realistic” touch and ingenuity (originality) aroused great interest from the readers both in England and The story was based on the life of Alexander Selkirk, who was put ashore on an uninhabitated island and spent 5 years there. Defoe was probably familiar with several v

26、ersions of this tale, and added many incidents from his own imagination to his account of Crusoe, presenting it as a true story. The story starts with Robinson Crusoes running away from home. An inexperienced teenager and a young man full of bright fancies about the future, he naturally chooses goin

27、g to sea, because in those days it meant a chance to live a chivalrous life, to see the wonders of the world and to make a fortune. After many setbacks and adventures on the sea, he settles down in Brazil as a planter. But the call of the sea is so strong that he soon embarks on another voyage, this

28、 time, to Africa. Unfortunately a frightful storm blows the boat off its course and shipwrecks it near an Of all the ships crew Robinson alone escapes to the shore after strenuous efforts. After salvaging from the wrecked ship some stores of necessities such as bread, rice, barley, corn, planks, lea

29、d and gunpowder, an axe and two saws, which he later manages to bring to the island with a self-made raft. After several futile attempts to leave the island, Robinson settles himself down to a hard and lonely life. He grows crops, domesticates animals and builds comfortable homes himself. His life t

30、akes a turn for the better when he saves from the hands of savages a young Negro, whom he names Friday. Robinson teaches him English and educates him in such a way that Friday soon becomes a loyal servant and an indispensable help to him. Finally they are picked up by an English ship and return to E

31、ngland. Thus ends the first part of the In Robinson Crusoe, Defoe traces the growth of Robinson from a nave and artless （simple, innocent） youth into a shrewd and hardened (strong-minded) man, tempered by numerous trials in his eventful life. The realistic account of the successful struggle of Robin

32、son single-handedly against the hostile nature forms the best part of the novel. Robinson is here a real hero: a typical eighteenth-century English middle-class man, with a great capacity for work, inexhaustible energy, courage, patience and persistence in overcoming obstacles, in struggling against

33、 the hostile natural environment. He is the very prototype of the empire builder, the pioneer As a member of the middle class, Defoe spoke for and to the members of his class and his novels enjoyed great popularity among the less cultivated readers. In most of his works, he gave his praise to the ha

34、rd-working, sturdy (不屈的) middle class. 37Life on the islandCharacters of RobinsonRobinsons companionsTools and foodCrusoe Visits the WreckThe FootprintCrusoe Saves Friday fromthe Cannibals Plot overviewBackgroundPu Defoes masterpiece u consisting of three volumes, only the first one very popular, pu

35、blished in hundreds of editions and scores of languagesu based on the experiences of Alexander Selkirk, a captain lived alone in an island for 5 yearsu creating a visual picture that manifests how human history has developed from the primitive to the feudal and then to the capitalistic in the 18th c

36、enturyAbout Robinson Crusoe ua glorification of bourgeois qualities of individualism, private enterprise, and even of laboruits details told in a simple, straightforward style, adding to the realistic effect of the storyustarting the tradition of realistic description and presenting authentic detail

37、s which are important for the later development of the novel.About Robinson Crusoe u at the early stage, an individual laborer, and then a master, until at last an exploiter, a colonizer.u an image of an enterprising Englishman of the 18th centuryu an embodiment of the spirit of individual enterpris

38、e and colonial expansion.u a man struggling against nature and human fate, with indomitable will . The hero: Robinson CrusoeThe hero: Robinson Crusoe Robinson Crusoe Click to add title in here Friday is loyal to Robinson. He has no temper and he is outgoing, kindhearted. Friday to Robinson is what a

39、 child to father. Whenever and whatever it is, Friday prefers to sacrifice himself to protect Robinson. Friday Robinson Crusoe Click to add title in here Although Robinson has tested Friday many times, Friday Although Robinson has tested Friday many times, Fridays behavior s behavior doesndoesnt dis

40、appoint him, Fridayt disappoint him, Friday proves proves his loyalty. Robinson has saved a his loyalty. Robinson has saved a poor savagepoor savages life and soul, he feels very happy. In this lonely island, it is s life and soul, he feels very happy. In this lonely island, it is Friday who Friday

41、who releaserelease Robinson deep inner pressure. Friday Robinson deep inner pressure. Fridays appearance s appearance makes Robinson not so confused. He becomes makes Robinson not so confused. He becomes positivepositive to life . to life . In fact, everyone living in noisy society will have the fee

42、ling of loneliness, In fact, everyone living in noisy society will have the feeling of loneliness, Robinson is a member in the real society and he is the model of ourselves. Robinson is a member in the real society and he is the model of ourselves. Friday is the Friday is the inner true egos inner t

43、rue egos in our hearts. He leads us to find the directions in our hearts. He leads us to find the directions and helps us to overcome the difficulty.and helps us to overcome the difficulty.Friday Characteristic of the style and language simple language, concise description, and well-knit plot Featur

44、es of Daniel Defoes novels Daniel Defoe is remembered chiefly, for his novels. The central idea of his novels is that man is good and noble by nature but may succumb to an evil social environment. The writer wants to make it clear that society is the source of various crimes and Daniel Defoes intent

45、ion is that the readers should regard his novels as true stories. For this reason, he deliberately avoids all arts, all fine writings, so that the reader should concentrate only on a series of plausible (似乎真实的) events. Daniel Defoes novels all take the form of memoirs or pretended historical narrati

46、ves, everything in them giving the impression of Theme Characterization of Crusoe Defoe traces the development of Crusoe from a nave and artless youth into a clever and hardened man tempered by numerous trials in his eventful life. Crusoe is a hero with undaunted will and power. Crusoe represents a

47、typical of the English bourgeoisie at the early stages of its development, practical, religious and mindful of his own profits. Crusoe is condemned as an image of a colonist, for he supports Negro-slavery and teaches the first word “master” to Friday. Friday Writing Robinson Crusoe Click to add titl

48、e in here Click to add title in here Click to add title in here Crusoe save a prisoner, naming his new companion Friday after the day of the week he appeared. Crusoe then teaches him English.Last part:Robinson Crusoe Click to add title in here Friday is extremely grateful and becomes Robinsons devot

49、ed servant. He learns some English and takes on the Christian religion. For some years the two live happily. Click to add title in here Part 5:Robinson Crusoe Click to add title in here Then, another ship of savages arrives with three prisoners. Together Crusoe and Friday are able to save two of the

50、m. One is a Spaniard; the other is Fridays father. Their reunion is very joyous. Both have come from the mainland close by.Click to add title in here Following:Robinson Crusoe Click to add title in here With the help of his new workers, Crusoe increases his agricultural capacity. After a few months,

51、 they leave to bring back the rest of the Spaniards men. Crusoe is happy that his island is being peopled.What will happen next following:Robinson Crusoe Click to add title in here Before the Spaniard and Fridays father can return, a boat of European men comes ashore. There are three prisoners. Whil

52、e most of the men are exploring the island.What will happen next following:Robinson Crusoe Click to add title in here Crusoe saves them. He learns from one that he is the captain of a ship whose crew mutinied. Robinson says he will help them as long as they leave the authority of the island in his h

53、ands, and as long as they promise to take Friday and himself to England for free. So they fight with their enemies wisely. following:Robinson Crusoe Click to add title in here Friday is loyal to Robinson. He has no temper and he is outgoing, kindhearted. Friday to Robinson is what a child to father.

54、 Whenever and whatever it is, Friday prefers to sacrifice himself to protect Robinson. Although Robinson has tested Friday many times, Fridays behavior doesnt disappoint him, Friday proves his loyalty. Robinson has saved a poor savages life and soul, he feels very happy. In this lonely island, it is

55、 Friday who release Robinson deep inner pressure. Fridays appearance makes Robinson not that confused. He becomes positive to life . Friday L/O/G/ORobinson Crusoe I had been telling him how the devil was gods enemy in the hearts of men, and used all his malice and skill to defeat the good designs of

56、 providence, and to ruin the kingdom of Christ in the world, and the like. “Well,” says Friday, “but you say, god is so strong, so great, is he not much strong, much might as the Devil? “ “Yes, yes,” says I, “Friday, god is stronger than the devil, God is above the devil, and therefore we pray to Go

57、d to tread him down under our feet, and enable us to resist his temptations and quench his fiery darts. “ ”But”, says he again, “if god much strong, much might as the devil, why god no kill the Devil, so make him no more do wicked? “Robinson Crusoe 我又告诉他，在人们心里，魔鬼是上帝的敌人。他一贯心我又告诉他，在人们心里，魔鬼是上帝的敌人。他一贯心存

58、恶意，使尽阴谋诡计来破坏上帝善良的计划，试图毁灭存恶意，使尽阴谋诡计来破坏上帝善良的计划，试图毁灭世界上的基督天国等等。世界上的基督天国等等。 于是，星期五说：你说，上帝是强大的，伟大的，他不是于是，星期五说：你说，上帝是强大的，伟大的，他不是比魔鬼更强大、更有力吗？比魔鬼更强大、更有力吗？ 是的，是的，我说，星期五，上帝比魔鬼更强大，上帝高是的，是的，我说，星期五，上帝比魔鬼更强大，上帝高于魔鬼。因此，我们应该祈祷上帝，使我们有力量把魔鬼于魔鬼。因此，我们应该祈祷上帝，使我们有力量把魔鬼踩在我们的脚下，并使我们有力量抵制他的诱惑，扑灭他踩在我们的脚下，并使我们有力量抵制他的诱惑，扑灭他的火箭

59、。的火箭。 可是，星期五又问，可是，星期五又问，;既然上帝比魔鬼更强大、更有力，既然上帝比魔鬼更强大、更有力，为什么上帝不把魔鬼杀死，免得他再作恶事呢？为什么上帝不把魔鬼杀死，免得他再作恶事呢？ Robinson Crusoe I said, god will at last punish him severely; he is reserved for the judgment, and is to be cast into the bottomless-pit, to dwell with ever lasting fire. 上帝最终将严惩魔鬼，魔鬼必定受到审判，并将被投入无上帝最终将严惩魔鬼，魔鬼必定受到审判，并将被投入无底的深渊，经受地狱之火的熬炼，永世不得翻身。底的深渊，经受地狱之火的熬炼，永世不得翻身。 Robinson Crusoe he returns upon me, repeating my Words, “RESERVE, AT LAST, me no understand; but, Why not kill the Devil now, not kill great ago? “ 他用我的话回问我：最终、必定，我不懂。但是，为什么他用我的话回问我：最终、必定，我不懂。但是，为什么不现在就把魔鬼杀掉？为什么不老早就把魔鬼杀掉？不现在就把魔