语言学重要概念

1、主要概念:1、adjacency pairs相邻语对: a set of consecutive, ordered turns that "go together" ina conversation, such as question/answer sequence and greeting/greeting exchange.2、Anaphora回指: a process where a word or phrase(anaphorrefers back to another word or phrase which was used earlier in a text

2、or conversation.3、Antonym反义词: the sense relation of various kinds of opposing meaning between lexical items, e.g. big/small,alive/dead and good/bad.4、Bilingualism双语现象: the use of at least two languages either by an individual or by a group of speakers, such as the inhabitants of a particular region

3、or a nation.5、code-switching语码转换: the movement back and forth between two languages or dialects within the same sentence or discourse.6、contrastive analysis对比分析: a method of analyzing languages for instructional purposes whereby a native language and target language are compared with a view to estab

4、lishing points of difference likely to cause difficulties for learners.7、Creole克里奥尔语: a language that begins as a pidgin and eventually becomes the first language of a speech community through its being learned by children.8、Deixis指示: the marking of the orientation or position of entities and situat

5、ions with respect to certain points of reference such as the place(here/there and time(now/then of utterance.9、Dialect方言: a language variety characteristic of a particular social group; dialects can be characteristic of regional, social, temporal, occupational or gender groups. 10、Diglossia双言制: a si

6、tuation when two distinct varieties of the same language are used, side by side, for two different sets of functions.11、discourse analysis话语分析: the study of how sentences in spoken and written language form larger meaningful units such as paragraphs, conversations, and interviews.12、Duality二元性: the

7、way meaningless elements of language at one level(sounds and letters combine to form meaningful units(words at another level.13、Entailment蕴含: the relationship between two sentences where the truth of one(the sound is inferred from the the truth of the other, e.g. Corday assassinated Marat and Marat

8、is dead; if the first is true, the second must be true.14、Hyponymy下义关系: the sense relation between terms in a hierarchy,where a more particular term(the hyponymy is included in the more general one(the superordinate: X is a Y, e.g. a beech is a tree, a tree is a plant.15、Homonymy同形异义: the term used

9、for the state of having an identical form buta different meaning, e.g. "book a flight" and "buy a book".16、Euphemism委婉语: a word or phrase that replaces a taboo word or is used to avoid reference to certain acts of subjects, e.g. powder room for toilet.17、field dependence场依存: a le

10、arning style in which a learner tends to look at the whole of a learning task which contains many items. The learner has difficulty in studying a particular item when it occurs within a field of other items.18、field independence场独立: a learning style in which a learner is able to identify or focus on

11、 particular items and is not distracted by other items in the background or context.19、Idiolect个人方言: an individual's way of speaking or writing, reflecting that person's grammar.20、illocution/ illocutionary act言外行为: that part of the speech act which involves doing and not just saying somethi

12、ng, i.e. the performance of a recognized act of communication, e.g. Promise,confession, and invitation.21、inter language中介语: the type of language produced by second- and foreign-language learners who are in the process of learning a language, usually with certain types of errors.22、Language语言: a sys

13、tem of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication.23、language aptitude语言学能: the natural ability to learn a language, not including intelligence, motivation, interest, etc.24、Langue语言: Saussure's term for the abstract linguistic system which is common social knowledge and which underlie

14、s individual uses of language, or parole.25、Metaphor隐喻: an extension of a word's use beyond its primary meaning to include referents that bear some similarity to the word's primary referent, as in "eye ofa needle".26、Pidgin皮钦语: a variety of language that is not a native language of

15、 anyone, but is learned in contact situation.27、Polysemy多义词: the term used to refer to multiple meanings for a given word or sentence, for example, face meaning "face of a person", "face of a clock", and "face of a building".28、Presupposition预设前提: implicit assumptions a

16、bout the world required to make an utterance meaning or appropriate, e.g. "some tea has already been taken" is a presupposition of "Take some more tea!"29、Prototype典型: what members of a particular community think of as the best example of a lexical category, e.g. for some English

17、 speakers "cabbage"(rather than, say, "carrot" might be the prototypical vegetable.30、Parole言语: Saussure's term for the actual behavior of individual language users, as distinct from the abstract language system or langue.31、register theory(p20132、social dialect社会方言: a dialect spoken by a particular social class that is perpetuated by the integrity of the social class.33、Sociolinguistics社会语言学: the study of language and society: how socialfactors influence the structure and use of language.34、Sense (inten