句子成分详解

1、句子成分v （一）句子成分的定义：v 构成句子的各个部分叫做句子成分。v 句子成分有主要成分和次要成分；v 主要成分有主语和谓语；v 次要成分有表语、宾语、定语、状语、补足语、同位语和插入语。v 主语 (Subject) 表示句子说的是什么人或什么事. 是一个句子所叙述的主体，一般位于句首。但在there be结构、疑问句（当主语不疑问词时）和倒装句中，主语位于谓语、助动词或情态动词后面。主语可由名词、代词、数词、不定式、动名词、名词化的形容词和主语从句等表示。例如：1.During the 1990s, American country music has become more and m

2、ore popular. 2.We often speak English in class. 3.One-third of the students in this class are girls.4.To swim in the river is a great pleasure.5.Smoking does harm to the health. 6.The rich should help the poor. 7.When we are going to have an English test has not been decided. 8.It is necessary to ma

3、ster a foreign language.v 谓语 (Predicate) 说明主语所做的动作或具有的特征和状态。动词在句中作谓语，一般放在主语之后。谓语的构成如下：v 1、简单谓语：由一个动词或动词短语构成。如： He practices running every morning. The plane took off at ten oclock.v 2、复合谓语：（1）由情态动词加动词原形构成。如： You may keep the book for two weeks. （2）由助动词加动词原形,现在分词,过去分词构成(随谓语动词的时态而改变）。如： Do you speak E

4、nglish？ They are working in a field. He has caught a bad cold. （3）由系动词加表语构成。如： We are students.注意：谓语与主语在人称与数方面要保持一致。v 表语(Predicative)用以说明主语的性质、特征、状态与身份，它一般位于系动词（如be, become, get, look, grow, turn, seem等）之后。v 表语一般由名词、代词、形容词、数词、 副词、不定式、动名词、分词、介词短语及表语从句表示。例如： 1.Our teacher of English is an American.2.I

5、s it yours?3.The weather has turned cold.4.The speech is exciting.5.Three times seven is twenty one?6.His job is to teach English.7.His hobby is playing football.8.The meeting is of great importance.9.Time is up. The class is over.10.The truth is that he has never been abroad.注意：系动词（Linking verb)用于连

6、接主语和表语，说明主语的状态，性质特征和身份等。1）状态系动词用来表示主语状态，只有be一词，例如： He is a teacher. 2）持续系动词用来表示主语继续或保持一种状况或态度，主要有keep, remain, stay, lie, stand, 例如：He always kept silent at meeting.  The passengers remained stuck at the airport due to the bad weather3）表像系动词用来表示“看起来像”这一概念，主要有seem, appear, look, 例如：He seems (to

7、be) very sad.  4）感官系动词主要有feel, smell, sound, taste, 例如：This kind of cloth feels very soft. 5）变化系动词表示主语变成什么样，主要有become, grow, turn, fall, get, go, come, run.例如：The river was beginning to run dry.   6）终止系动词表示主语已终止动作，主要有prove, turn out, 表达"结果是;证明是 "，之意，例如：The rumor proved

8、false. His plan turned out a success.  v 宾语（Object）表示动作的对象或承爱者，一般位于及物动词和介词后面。例如： 1.He is doing his homework.2.The heavy rain prevented me from coming to school on time.3.How many dictionaries do you have? I have five.4.They helped the old with their housework yesterday.5.He pretended not t

9、o see me.6.I enjoy listening to popular music.7.I think（that）he is fit for his office.宾语种类：（1）双宾语（间接宾语+直接宾语），例如：Lend me your dictionary, please.To: write, tell, pass, give, send, promise, show, hand, read, tell, bring, throw等，例如： He sent the novel to William yesterday.For: leave, buy, build, choose,

10、 cook, draw, find, get, order, post, save等，例如： She bought a gift for her mother.（2）复合宾语（宾语+宾补），例如：They elected him their monitor.下列动词只能接不定式做宾语： ask, agree, care, choose, demand, dare, decide, expect, fail, help, hope, learn, manage, offer, plan, prepare, pretend, promise, refuse, want, wish, desire等

11、，如： He refused to lend me his bike.v 下列动词只能接动名词做宾语 admit, avoid, advise, consider, enjoy, excuse, escape, finish, imagine, mind, practise, suggest等，如： John has admitted breaking the window .v 下列动词既可接不定式，也可接动名词做宾语，但意义不同，如mean, try, remember, forget, regret等。v forget to do表示“未发生的动作”，forget doing表示“已完成

12、的动作”。如：v Don't forget to come here earlier tomorrow.(还没来)v I forgot returning the book to him.(书已还给他了)v 宾语补足语（Object Complement）用于补充说明宾语的动作，一般位于宾语之后，宾语与宾语补足语一起构成复合宾语。需接复合宾语的动词有：tell，let，help，teach， ask，see，have，order，make等。“宾补”一般可由名词、形容词、副词、不定式、分词、介词短语和从句充当。例如：1.His father named him Xiaoming. （名

13、词）2.They painted their boat white. （形容词）3.Let the fresh air in. （副词）4.You mustnt force him to lend his money to you. （不定式短语）5.We saw her entering the room. （现在分词）6.We found everything in the lab in good order. （介词短语）7.We will soon make our city what your city is now. （从句）v 定语(Attribute)修饰名词或代词的词、短语或

14、从句称为定语。定语可由以下等成分表示：1.Guilin is a beautiful city.（形容词）2.China is a developing country; America is a developed country.（分词） 3.There are thirty women teachers in our school.（名词）4.His rapid progress in English made us surprised.（代词）5.Our monitor is always the first to enter the classroom.（不定式短语）6.The te

15、aching plan for next term has been worked out.（动名词）7.He is reading an article about how to learn English.（介词短语）8.She is the girl who sings best in my class.(定语从句)v 状语（Adverbial）修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子，说明动作或状态特征的句子成分，叫做状语。可由以下形式表示 ：1.Light travels most quickly. （副词及副词性词组）2.He has lived in the city for ten y

16、ears. （介词短语）3.He is proud to have passed the national college entrance examination. （不定式短语）4.He is in the room making a model plane. （分词短语）5.Wait a minute. （名词）6.Once you begin, you must continue. （状语从句）9种状语种类如下： 1. How about meeting again at six? （时间状语）2.Last night she didnt go to the dance party b

17、ecause of the rain. （原因状语）3.I shall go there if it doesnt rain. （条件状语）4.Mr Smith lives on the third floor. （地点状语）5.She put the eggs into the basket with great care. （方式状语）She came in with a dictionary in her hand. （伴随状语）6.In order to catch up with the others, I must work harder. （目的状语）7.He was so ti

18、red that he fell asleep immediately. （结果状语）8.She works very hard though she is old. （让步状语）9.I am taller than he is. （比较状语）v 同位语（Appositive）对前面的名词或代词做进一步的解释，通常由名词、数词、代词或从句担任，如：This is Mr. Zhou, our headmaster.v 插入语（Parenthesis）对一句话做一些附加的解释，通常有to be honest , I think (suppose, believe-)等，如：To be frank, I dont quite agree with you.句子成分详解表句子成分意义充当词类例句主语表示句子说的是什么人或什么事名，代，数，不定式，动名词，短语或句子We study in HuangQiao Middle School.谓语说明主语做什么，是什么或怎么样动词或动词词组She is dancing under the tree.宾语表示动作行为的对象同主语Both of us like English.表语与联系动词连用，一起构成谓语，说明主语的性质或特征同主语Her fath