油品计量培训讲义

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2、computerforitsprheld sy stem,signe d ha snetw orkse curity responsi bility;weork) for classifie dsecurity protXXEducation-Governme nt,resource li brary, test database, mailservi ces, such aseorkoftopic caplatforms.At present,the city'ssede sign, relie son Ciscoprimaryand middlea ny ougschool-boo

3、ks,pa ny thought Shu aid-I . I l.longradi ng record ahas threeyear10:1;809 equipmend evalntclassests technolBureau on teacurity gradeprotectindmanpowerlnismhamnepnotwechi ng points digitalresources fullcover pri on a bout poli cyand standard, organizati on carried outinformati

4、onseplanning ,and poi nts ste p implementati on, using schoolearthquakeHou reanadva nce d,practica lGigabite ducationalmetropolitanarea network,toject of impleme ntation programme, Esta blished XX,fullcoverage ofcuritygrade prote ctionconstructionstem construction,and tecnni ng eleme ntaryand mia ne

5、twhnologymeasures constr 一 -Ihigh quality planning XX educationalmetropolitan areanetwork realizesWaol pass; Each school construction standards of campus networkand netw orkaccessto all r ooms;ngto Ministry ofeducation onfull started impleme ntation tea chi ng point s digitale ducationresourcent cha

6、ired Z hu Guiyan, responsiblefordistanceeducati on digital resources coveringprojectw ork.nZhaokua n to schools, hundre dsof megabytes ofbroa dbandto t hetable,'wire '(ie:一.I. -I. 一.一 . -Web,vi deo, a udi o)tothe targe t,electronicwI - . II. Il. Ln . I- . . Luctiona nd gradeevaluation,implem

7、e一一 L-L -ddle schools cam pus network a nd e ducation city domain,L - I . I -I -. - .一.一digitalresource s inm oder n distanceeducati ontea chi ng pr oject leadie sc ooscam pus newora n ork,school s have computernetworks,nggroup, XX,chaired the Secretaryforeducatinetwork,actionsystem oftherequiremecl

8、osed -cir cuittelevi sion netwon.E stablished,digitalresourcesi n moderncompanycooperation, usiI. .1_ _Ihe cl assrooms,realdista ncee ducation teachingize thephysi calfiberlayingt-1.1 I- 一160 million Yuas share Internetba ndwi dth,XXfull coverage proje ct group, XX, Directorofthe Centerforneeds of t

9、eachingum ofcost a chieveeducational i nformation an,accor ding tot he standard,II- IIL-III I.I.I.oftheschoolndequipmenedrastcaoonystcimoeo.Apcacsosr;diaProjects inooms;一.-XXeducati on metropolitasfull coverpr oje ct of notification(taughttechnin area netw orkce ntermachi ne roomequipmeXXcity school

10、 digitalresour ces i n moderndistancee ducation teachingfulcalletter(2012) 74tnt inthe Mil-coverageh,)and XX Pr ov ince Department ofeducation on issueproje ct leadi ng group,digitalresour cesi nmodernnclaagsesrmoeonmtspl,artefomrm,theoCteeinteractivevntiralLibrdaeroytea cofhiaundgisoy-svtiem ofsuma

11、oldeedrucationnreeducsaotiurceosn,alue d XX provincetea chi ng points digitaleducati on re sour cesful lcov er projectdistance e ducationteaching, andXXfull coverage proje ct group lea dershipa nd油品计量培训讲义OIL MEASUREMENT一、 容量计重容量计重（有时也称容器计重）是以经检定合格的容器作为计量容器，测量货物在容器内的液位高度，结合液体货物的温度、密度，经必要的修正后，计算该货物重量的

12、一种计重方法。在容量计重中，影响重量变化的因素很多，如液体的体积、温度、密度、计量器材的材质等等，其中影响最大的是温度。容量计重所计算的重量，一般均为空气中的重量。可用下式表示：W（m）=V t x p t计重方式：衡器计量水尺计重容量计重流量计计重容量计重所涉及的“商品”，系指在运输、贮存和交接过程中的散装液体或气体“货物”。这些“货物”一般可分为石油及其液体石油产品、动植物油、液体化工品和液化气体等。关于容量计重的准确性，按照国际贸易惯例，买卖双方收、发数量允差在± 5%以内，在同一计量地，静态计量系统误差要求应不大于3%。国际贸易中容量计重一般以人工检尺为准。进出口液体商品的重

13、量计算，就其方法而言，可分为密度、温度计算法和容积、温度计算法。（ 1）密度、温度计算法密度、温度计算法又称密度修正法。即根据根据液货的实测温度，将一定温度条件下的密度或相对密度换算为实测温度下的计重用密度或相对密度（即扣除了空气浮力修正值）计量容器计量容器的种类很多，但主要可分为油罐和液货舱两大类。1、 船舱 船舶在船厂建成后，一般都编制了液货舱的容量表，作为配载和计量依据。但以理论型值编制的舱容表的准确度不一定能达到计量的使用要求，这就需要对实际舱容进行准确检定，以编制出比较精确的液货舱容量表，供容量计重使用。目前国际上对液货舱容量检定的基本原理大致相同，其方法也基本相似，主要有一下几种：

14、衡重法容量法实测法我国目前检定液货舱的基本测量方法是采用实测法，以实测法为依据编制的液货舱舱容表的准确度可达 3%左右。2、 油罐 也称岸罐，油罐的种类和型式很多，最常见并应用于容量计重的，要推立式金属罐。这些计量容器在建成后，首先应对其容量进行检定，以编制出准确的容量表，供输出、入货物测量、计算之用。在检定后计算出的容量表均规定为20时的容积，而在实际使用时温度不一定在20，因此必须进行温度校正。容积在 1000 ? 以上的罐，按规定应编制静压力容积修正表，以供计mprove,se curitypr evention ca pacity obvi ously e nhanced,securi

15、tyhidden and securityaccide nt obviouslyreduce d,effective guara ntees informati on healthdevelopment.XXE ducation Centrereg ularlycarry out day -to-daynetworkse curity monitori ng informationand equipment.By t he appropr iatetechni calstaff,XX network e ngine room mainte nancestaffonsite management

16、and mai ntena nceon areg ularba sis,sche dule dviewi ng of netw orks,systems,databases a nd associatede qui pmentoperating conditi ons, andmakea record.Computerla b m ainte nance manager s regularlyrun av arietyofdevice sin the schoolinformationsystem parameters,server systemsa nd vari ous data ba c

17、kup,sot hattherewa s ahar dwarefailurei n asystem crash ca nresume qui cklyand efficientl y.Computer l ab mainte nancem anager sestabli sh a networka ntivirus system, AviraV irus systemona reg ularbasi s,and anti -virussoftware se curitya ssessment,timeto upgrade. Com puterla bmaintenance management

18、forall equi pmentin t he rooma reg ulardust,repla ce theold la bel.Regularly host server s, netw orkswitches, corerouting ,firewalls,har dwaremainte nance,such ase qui pmentfailure, shoul d be pr ocessedin atimely mannerin ordertoe nsur esafe andrel iable operati on ofthe system.In XX cityinformatio

19、nand equipmentwas esta blishedwit hinthe Centre ,educationalmetropolitan area netw orkce nter machi ne roomXX.Serversanddatast oresand applicati onsto set upin XX Citymetropolitan areanetwork center machine room.Wi ndowsServer2003,wi ndowsSe rver2008,windowsServer2012, Liand Ci scoproducts.Intheir .

20、 _i,il. 一 _and soluti ons through ameeting,without rolliftohregeo-loedsatrenlidailyw ork,to publi cizerelateng up theaptirfiecsbdaeitlkiintnot,yon,itwnorletesqdoulgvireehepmereoapnntedninfoobrslmepamatisco,enaonsfsedpsfuecbehloocurity considerations.dbacktosuperiEnhanced global aw arenestoresolve.Th

21、rssofnetw orkand information seough self-examinati on,we arcurit y,and strive toachieve netw orkeveryone knows se curity a ndvir us before theguard,toimprovenetw orkand informationse curity,ensure that t heXXeducatickofinvestme ntin educati on, facilities a nd equi pmentforfurtherupdates,educati on

22、developm ent isstilluneve n, ne w education conceptsesjeud emit nucm bnmial569mfe)e"eBs >aaepk>t-ay wiciys ttegad loUi sdaju. reni paaHn.h sao isuaenodig t o 110 manve,Su*e- unoneeondstyostbeemfurt nehtweroreknhaancend idnftoormsoamtioenexsytestenmtasnedcrueritys.trTirctaicnkgitcoveqruaig

23、reodf),dirgeigtiaslteration ducantiuomnalbrersotourmcesetinthterequiremehnetsproject coonfstteruacngreportingsystem re- -j 一一- .i.iquireshedevel opme ntofcity educatiall partiest o strengthen colla boration,w orkcloselywitdevelopen areanetwdemonstration countienux,the operating system,thed outspe ci

24、al fundsevducation,effortsto promsh,naolteaogcyhteraicheransosnee clactthe security ofinformation.Annual 一 .11-i Wanfu,as MicrosoftOffice software.Schools (unit2-3 professind Michael Jenki ns,aers inth a strong professi_ .I - l i. .icprpate in provinceback boneface-t00.on steeri ng,steprincipals ofe

25、ducati on information into performan ceassessme ntand schoollevel monit oringa nd eval uation,to develop a scientific, operational education informati on ste ering assessmentmethods,trackingorkused byt he serverforHPXXeducati on metropolitacuritypr oductforHuawein areanetwoducts,i ncl udi ngtheuse o

26、f360 a nd ki ngsoftInternet se curity software.lteam,school networkmanagers on common netw orkfailures a nd becaorklear ning, do ea ch teachi ng pointsare hasteachers participate i ntrainionalandtechnicalteam,school netwo-faceornetwduscsataiotontialracurityi ssue s.Issuesthatcannotbereation and equi

27、pmesolve d,timelyforms ofmeetings,such a- - -一 .-ntCe nteronrequiremes meetings,a nalysintsthetea chi ng points schoolmanagement of education informati on a nd appli cations. ByMar ch 2016,100 oftheteachers,Iparti cipated in a national e ducationaltechnologytraining forprimarya nd secondaryschooltea

28、 chers,the teachers have madetocut80 primaryand middleschoolteachers'e ducationaltechnologyproficie ncytest certificate.At present,allschools have a ccessto broa dband netw orks.Traini ngclassificati on trai ning ofteacher s,schooltea cher s,aca demicl eaders,information technolog y,t eachertrai

29、ning a nd net workmanageme ntpersonnel from the Count y,wit hin theschool backt oschooltraini ngonce training i scomplete.otaleducatisystems1deotea chi ng system of modermanagementsystems and mea suresestablisecuritya ssessment is i ncl ude din thea nnmanagementsystem;developedhascomputerand thenetw

30、orkofd part -time workfor ceeducati on information,the protecti on ofthe digitalcam pus construction andsustainabledevel opment. SixBureauattaches greatim porta ncet oinformationtechnologysecurity,i nformation technologysecurity,esecuritybudgettoensure i nformation securityof investment.ByXX,e ducat

31、ion information andequipment Centre XX network networksecurityand i nformation security.A ccordingt o theinformationtechnol ogysecurity requirements,i-Governme nt,resource li brary, test databas e,mailservi ces, such aseXXEducation City domain netw. .- nted li nks thetwoorkoftopic caplatforms.At pre

32、sent,the city'ssede sign, relie son Cisco-books,pa ny thought Shu aiduation ofschool (units), requirementlmanagement, passwordmanagement,on computerenjoysindependentrigntrust XX City Centerforessued a document rernameand pa ssword oftheducationalinformationand e quires sch

33、ools (units) implemecomputerforitspr oprietarqui pmentdedicatedtot hew ork. Netw orksecurity l eading group was set up, chairedbyt he Educati on BureauChief,hea d,forXXe ducationnt,defi ned theinformationsecurity guideline s,specifi cworkpra ctice s,proce dures,a ndre quireme nts.Clear industryinfor

34、mation- - -一.- " I - > L ,一 ,L, I . L . I - .' .L . I r y,andreleaseschoolearthquakeHou recuritygrade一.一.ofprovisi ons ispr ohi bited,suchasofnotification(chuantaught letter(2013)18th,)requirements,Icity6 atea chi ng points im plementation teachingpoints digital educati on re sour ces fu

35、l lcoverproject, combine d I city specific situati on, devel ope d issued has XXCity Bureau on tea chi ng points digitalresources fullcover prccorda nce with the unifie d arrangementofthewhole province,responsibleforuniversity education digitalresources covering proje ct manageme ntand im plementati

36、on.Accordingto provi nces arra ngements, ICenter hasarrang ements Gongnarea network,toject of impleme ntation pr ogramme, Esta blished XX,fullcoverage ofdership. Deputy group lea derfor XXe ducational metropolitan area netw orkand informati on securityemergencyresponse coorprocesse s.Accor dingto se

37、lf-examination,the school (units) basicesta blished has network se curitymanagementsystem;theschool(units) accorI - I - I - I . .1 I.III IIIL L L. 一 .一一 .dinati on, command. T heteam assistlea der anddeputyleade r,responsi ble for network XX netw orkse curitya ndinformation. eam. Informationsecurity

38、work Conf erence heldeachsemester,a nd deploymentofi nformation securityofdocuments i ssued ona reg ular basis. Informationdingtot his units a ctual, esta blished has unitspersonnelma nagement,i nformationsy stem room management,andequipment management,a nd medi a manageme nt,and network security co

39、nstruction managemnt, andshi ppe d dime nsi onmanageme nt,andservi ce outsourciMetro-netw orkand informati on security emergencyresponse leasecurityincide nts (acci dent s) to detect, re portanddi sposal.I.- - .- -.I 1_1. I . _ .L -. Io whois in charge ofwho' s in charge,w ho is runninga nd whoi

40、s responsiblefor,w ho uses principle s ofwhois i nchargeofmanagementschooloschools. XX city schools (units)totalsite 20, 19ofwdsecurity prote ction levels,withoutthirsleaks,inve stigated for responsibility.Ad-level i nformation systems.hichwerenot classified securitycurit y,assurance responsiherole

41、sand responsibilitiesofinformationses (units)definedtork) for classifieccording tbilitiestprote ction securitymanagementsy.- -一 一 constru ction ofopportunities,again pla'I L . 一. -he city'sschoolshave access to edigitalresource s inm oderstem cnni ng eleme ntaryand mi - ducationalmetropolita

42、nareddle schools cam pus一.-I . I _Iuctia nd gradeevalryan me sc ooscam pus newora na netw ork,school s have computernetworks,network a nd e ducation city domain -.-. 一.一uation,impleme -L -n distanceeducati ontea chi ng pr oject leadi nggroup, XX,chaired tclosed-cirnetwork, a一ntation gra deprote he S

43、ecretaryforeducaticuittelevi sion netwnd local broadcastion.E stablished,digitalreork, broadcastXX educationalmetropolitan area.I 一一.一. -一high quality planningI. I - I .ctionsystem oftherequiremeng network companycooperation, usiI I. .1_ _Inetworks intothe cl assrooms,realng broadcaize the triple pl

44、ay.stTV network,will.一一Schools sharephysi calfiberlayingt-1.1 I- 一Internetbaoeach school,to minim-.-.-III- - -160 million Yuaum on,accorII- I -ndwi dth, canme etthe needs of teachingto schools, hundrenetwork realizesWat he standard,nZhaokuaofbroading totf cost a chieve dhasphysicalfiberschoolschool

45、pass; Ea.Ill- - I . .1 一 - 一 Ioftheschoolofficea nd ata nytime.Accordich schoolngto Ministryconstructionstanceeducatiofeducation ostandards of campus netwonfull starteon digital resources coveringd impleme ntation teaorkand netw orkaccessto all rprojectwchi ng point s digitaleooms;一.-ducationresourc

46、edsof megabytes. _ I 一XXeducati on metropolita一.-一 - .1.1dbandto t hetable,'wire '(ie:- - . -sfull coverprn area netwWeb,vi deo, aI -udi o)toje ct of notification(taughttechniorkce ntermachi ne roomequipmeI II .I .1 一 calletter(2012) 74ttothe targe.II. II- Lnnt inthe Mih,)and XX PrandXXfullc

47、overage project group lea dershipa量时的容积修正。由于储液密度不同，在同一高度下，压力也将不同，故在制表时应按4c纯水密度1000 kg/?计算修正量，当使用时，再 与储液的实际密度相乘，即得储液的容积增大值。三、 容量计重的基础知识1、 容量 （ Volume） 亦称容积或体积,是容器所能容纳的物质的量，这里是指容器内液体的体积。容量的单位，公制有升 （ Litre） ， 立方米 （? ） ，英美制有加仑（Gallon）,桶（Barrel）等。用于容量计重的容器，习惯上 大容量以立方米为基本单位，小容量则仍以升作为基本单位。2、 温度 （temperatur

48、e）是物体分子平均动能的标志。温度标度方法称为温标，常用的有摄氏和华氏两种，两者的换算公式为：C=5/9（F-32）试验温度（t ' ） test temperature在读取密度计读数时的液体试样温度。计量温度（t） temperature of measurement 储油容器或管线内的油品在计量时的温度。3、密度density 是指在规定的温度下，单位体积内所含物质的质量。密度的表示公式为：p =m/V标准密度是指物体在标准温度（我国规定为20）时的密度。用P 20表小0视密度（p ' t） （ observed density）是指用密度计在任意t时所测得的液体的密度，

49、亦称观察密度。即在试验温度下，玻璃密度计在液体试样中的读数， kg/ ? 。视密度不能直接用于重量计算，因为密度计测得的读数，仅仅是密度计的刻度读数，并不是相应温度下该液体的真实密度。密度计在检定时的温度一般为20，只有当测定时的液体温度恰为20时，密度计的刻度读数（即视密度值）才与该液体的实际密度值相等。所以，除20外的所有视密度都必须换算到标准密度才能用于重量计算。石油及其液体产品的视密度到标准密度的换算可在国家标准GB/T1885-1998石油计量表的表59A （原油）、59B（成品油）、和59D（润滑油） 中查得。4、 体积修正系数（VCF） volume correction fac

50、tor液体的体积随温度变化而变化，因温度变化而使液体体积膨胀或收缩的程度，称为液体的体积修正系数。通常，液体的体积修正系数是指液体在标准温度20 c时的体积V0与在实测温度t C时的体积Vt的比值，用英文字母“K”表示，其数值可用下式表示：K= V20/Vta） 标准体积（V20） volume at 20 液体在标准温度20下的体积。b） 空气浮力修正值由于液体在空气中受到浮力的作用，同一液体在空气中的重量比其在真空中的重量要小，二者之差值，就称为空气浮力修正值，用希腊字母“B”表示。我国规定在进行液体产品的容量计制计算时，一般以1.1 千克/立方米作为空气浮力修正值。5、检尺（Measur

51、ement of liquid level ） : 用量油尺测量容器内液体液面高度（简称油高）的过程。6、检尺口（计量口）：在容器顶部，进行检尺、测温和取样的开口。7、参照点（reference poit）:在检尺口上的一个固定点或标记，即从该点起进行测mprove,se curitypreve ntion ca pacity obviouslyeulardust,replanha nced,se curity hiddena nd securitya cci dent obviouslyre duced,effective guaranteesice the old la bel.nform

52、ationhealth development.XXE ducationCentre regntand maintenanceona regntwas establishedwit hinthe Centre,educationalmetropolitanareanetw orkcentermaularba sis,sche dule dviewi ngof netw orks,systems,databa ses andassociated equipmend make arecord.Computer lab maintenancemanag ersregularly r una va r

53、ietyofdevices inthe school i nformation system parameters,serversystems andvariousdatabackup, so thatthere wasa hardware failureinaarbasis,a nda nti-virus softwaresecurity assechi ne roomXX.Serversand data stand Ci scoproducts.Intheirdailywork,t opubli cizerelatedk nowle dgeand information se curity

54、 considerati ons.Enhance d globa lawarene ssofnetw orkand information se curit y,and strive toachieve network everyonek nows securityand virus before theg uard, to im provenetw orkand inf ormation security,ensure t hatthe XX e ducati onsy stem network a nd i nformation systemsecurity.Tracking report

55、ingsystem requiresallparties tostreand soluti ons t hrougha meeting ,withoutrolli ng up theabilitytosolveproblems,andfee dbacktosuperi ors inwriti ng de partments toresolve.T hrough self-exami nation,we arewellaware,relativelackof inve stmentin e ducation,facilities a nd e qui pmentforfurther update

56、s,educati on developm ent isstilluneve n, new e ducationconcepts need t obefurtherenhancedtosomeextent a ndrestri cting the development ofcityeducation.ite groundstationspace thew oparts according t o thepoint of XX province fullcoverage of digitaleducationalresources i n the proje ctconstr uction management manual.D