上海高中英语语法整理集-市重点内部资料

1、 高中英语语法整理集-市重点部资料情态动词情态动词是一种本身有一定的词义，但要与动词原形及其被动语态一起使用，给谓语动词增添情态色彩，表示说话人对有关行为或事物的态度和看法，认为其可能、应该或必要等。情态动词没有人和数的变化，后面加动词原形，没有不定式，分词或动名词的形式。英语中主要的情态动词有：canmaymustshallwilldareneed等。情态动词的用法和要点：can和could的用法can和could都表示能力或客观可能性，还可表示请求或允许。Can you work out this math problem on your own?（能力）Water can be chan

2、ged into ice.（客观可能性）Can I go now?(Could I go now?这里could用在疑问句中，表示语气委婉，并不表示过去式，回答应用Yesyou can.)(表示请求)can表示能力时，可以用be able to代替，但当我们要表示“某事已成功”时，应用was(were) able to(相当于manage to do或succeed in doing)而不能用could。此外，be able to 可以用于各种时态。He can/is able to enter for the English contest.(能力)They will be able to

3、tell you the news soon.（将来时态）He was able to flee Europe before the war broke out.=He managed to flee Europe before the war broke out.情态动词cancould用在否定、疑问句中表示推测，怀疑或惊讶。He couldnt be a wealthy man.(推测)You cant be hungry so soonTom.You have just had（怀疑）How can that be!（惊讶）may和might的用法may和might都表示允许或请求。在语

4、气上might比may委婉。此时may的否定式是mustnt，表示“不可以，禁止”。can也可以表示允许，多用于口语，语气比较随便。在句型May/Might?中，表示征求对方许可，在文体上比较正式，在语气上较为客气。在日常生活中常用Can I?征求对方意见更为常见。You may(can)ring us up any time during office hours.Can/May(Might)I have your name?Of courseyou may/can.May I take the magazine out of the reading-room?Noyou mustnt.Co

5、uld I leave for a while?表示可能、推测（一般不用于疑问句中）。此时may的否定式是may not（可能不），cant表示不可能。might表示推测时，如指现在的情况，只是表示可能性比may 小，并不表示过去。may放在句首，表示祝愿。Dont disturb him.He may(might)get angry.She may not go to the concert tonight.Our teacher said that he might test us on grammar the next day.May God bless you!must和have to

6、的用法两词都是“必须”的意思，must表示说话人主观上的看法，have to表示客观的需要。must的否定式，不能用mustnt，而要用neednt或dont have to，表示“不必”。mustnt(禁止，不许)是may的否定式。My brother was very illso I had to call the doctor in the middle of the night.（客观上需要做这件事）He said that they must work hard.（主观上要做这件事）Must we hand in our exercise books today?Yesyou mus

7、t.(Noyou neednt./Noyou dont have to.)You mustnt waste our time.must只有一种形式现在式，而have to有人称、数、时态的变化，但must可用于间接引语中表示过去的必要或义务。Everyone must obey the traffic rules when driving in the city.They have to empty the house because a couple will soon move in.I am afraid you will have to wait a while.He told us

8、we must all be ready by nine.must表示推测。must用在肯定句中表示较有把握的推测，比may肯定得多，意为“一定”或“准是”。must表示对现在的状态或现在正发生的事情的推测时，后面通常用动词的进行式。否定式则用cant来表示。You have worked hard all day.You must be tired.Grandpa Liu must be over eighty years old.You ate a big cake half an hour ago.You cant be hungry now.He must be working in

9、his office.She cant be waiting for us at the bus stop because I saw her in the room just now.will和would的用法用于各种人称，表示“意志”、“意愿”和“决心”。Who will take the difficult job?I will.(愿意)They would walk home though it was raining heavily.（意志）I have advised her not to give up the planbut she will.（决心）用于第二人称疑问句中，Wi

10、ll you?或Would you like?句型中，表示征求对方意见或请求、建议。would较will语气婉转。Will you be so kind as to open the door for me?Would you like to have a drink with me?Yesof course.Would you mind showing me the way to the hospital?表示一种习惯性动作或状态，will表示“总是”，would表示“过去总是”。Water will boil at100degree Centigrade.We would play jok

11、es on each other when we were in the countryside.He would e to see us during his stay in Beijing.shall和should的用法:/shall用于第一、第三人称疑问句中，表示征求对方意见或对方请示。Shall I put the table near the door?Please dont.Shall he fetch the magazine for you?Nothanks.What shall they do this evening?shall用于第二、第三人称，表示说话人给对方的命令、警

12、告、允许或威胁。Please tell him that he shall have the book as soon as I have finished it.(允诺) You shall do the jobwhether you like it or not.（命令）You shall get into trouble if you dont follow my advice.（警告）He shall be punished if he keeps on stealing like that.（威胁）should作为情态动词，并不一定表示过去时态。它通常表示“劝告；建议”，常译作“应该

13、”，同义词组时ought to，但其语气不如should强。We should listen to the teachersadvice and study hard.You shouldnt leave so early this morning.命题热点：情态动词的基本用法辨析，情态动词表示态度的用法辨析，情态动词表示推测的用法辨析，情态动词在虚拟语气中的运用。考查形式：主要体现在听力理解、单项填空和完形填空中。倒装句倒装：将某些句子成分移至句首而引起主语和谓语词序的颠倒，称为倒装（Inversion）。倒装分为完全倒装和部分倒装两种。完全倒装结构：提前成分谓语动词主语部分倒装结构：提前成

14、分情态动词/助动词主语（主要动词）完全倒装1.Herethere放在句首，谓语动词一般为，be，egoe.g.There goes the bell.Here es the bus.但当主语为人称代词时不引起倒装。e.g.Here we are.2.表示位置转移的副词如updowninoutawayahead在句首。e.g.Up went the rocket.Away went the boy.但当主语为人称代词时不引起倒装。e.g.Away they went.3.句首状语为表示地点的介词词组。e.g.In the centre of the square stands a high mo

15、nument.On the mountain lies a temple.4.分词结构位于句首。e.g.Seated on the grass are a group of students.Lying about on the floor are books and magazines.部分倒装1.句首有含有否定意义的副词如:neverlittleseldomrarelynothardly.e.g.Little does he care for dress.Hardly any sound could we hear.Not a single mistake did he make in t

16、he test.Not until then did he know the truth.2.在sothat的结果状语从句中，so位于句首。e.g.So hot was the weather that we couldnt sleep indoors.So loudly did he shout that all the people in the room got a fright.Such.that.Such was the disaster that no one could escape.3.soneithernor做替代词指代上文情况。e.g.Tim bought a nice b

17、ycicle.So did Liz.I have no money with me.Nor/Neither have I.so表示对上文情况的肯定，“确实如此”，不用倒装。e.g.He can speak good Chinese.So he can.4.only 状语在句首e.g.Only in this way can we succeedOnly in my house do they feel at home.Only then did he learn about the truth.only修饰主语不引起倒装。e.g.Only Miller has got the invitati

18、on.5.not onlybut also当not only位于句首时not only部分引起部分倒装，but also部分不引起倒装。e.g.Not only could he type but also he could operate the puter.not onlybut also连接并列主句不引起倒装。e.g.Not only the children but also the grown-ups took interest in the cartoon.注意:让步状语从句中的as倒装结构。e.g.Hard as he tried=Although he tried hard.B

19、oy as he is=Although he is a boy.虚拟语气倒装If I were you=Were I youIf I had known the truth=Had I known the truthIf I should meet him tomorrow=Should I meet him tomorrow分词的时态和语态1形式：分词可分现在分词和过去分词，但按时间和语态又可分为以下五种，各表示不同的意思：现在分词doing主动，进行现在分词被动式being done被动。进行现在分词完成式having done主动，完成现在分词完成被动式having been done

20、被动，完成过去分词done被动，完成分词的否定式：在分词前加not.Not doing/Not having done2.作用：1)作定语：The lady carrying a suitcase is Ms Wang.The girl dressed in white is my sister.The lady who is carryingThe girl who is dressed:/2)作状语；Cooking dinnerI heard the door bell ring.（时间状语）Feeling tiredhe went to bed early.（原因状语）Heatedwat

21、er can be changed into vapour.(条件状语)The film star walked out of the hallfollowed by a group of journalist.（伴随状语）When I was cooking dinnerBecause he felt tiredIf water is heatedand he was followed by a group of journalist3)作表语：The story is touching.The window is broken.4)作宾语补足语：I found a man sitting

22、in his car.补充说明正坐在汽车里面He had the car mended.汽车是被修，所以用被动注意：1)现在分词作定语与被修饰词成主谓关系；过去分词作定语与被修饰词成动宾关系，都可改写成定语从句，而动名词作定语与被修饰词之间无此种关系，只能用for的介词短语改写。e.g.The man selling the newspaper is gone.?The man who sells the newspaper is gone.The bridge built100years ago is still in very good condition.The bridge which

23、 was built100years ago is still in very good condition.The washing machine is quite expensive.?The machine for washing is quite expensive.2)表示“使感到种类动词时，常用现在分词描述事物，用过去分词表示人的感情。e.g.the frightening look(令人可怕的相貌)；the excited people（激动的人群）3)分词作表语，起到形容词的作用，表示主语的特性，而动名词作表语起名词作用，代替主语，而动词不定式作表语则含有将来的意思。Your

24、job today is to go shopping.4)分词作状语时，分词的逻辑主语要与句子的主语一致，它们之间的关系是主谓关系，用现在分词，动宾关系用过去分词，如果分词的动作先于谓语，分词要用完成式。e.g.Following instructionsthe man guided the plane towards the airfield.The man followed instructionsand guided the planeA cold rain was fallingmixed with snow.a cold rain was mixed with snow.Havin

25、g finished his homeworkthe boy watched TV.After the boy had finished his homework以下保留文字5)如果分词短语的逻辑主语与句子不是相同的，则要用分词独立结构来表示。e.g.Their work donethe workers left the construction field.?After their work was donethe workers left the construction filed.Weather permittingwe will go camping.If weather permi

26、tswe will go camping.6)分词的完成式一般不用来作定语，因此，要表示完成主动的意思用定语从句。e.g.The accident which happened yesterday is very serious.7)动词不定式与分词都可以作宾补I have him polish the floor.(动词不定式作宾补表动作的全过程)She felt her heart beating fast.(现在分词作宾补强调主动，进行;)You must make your voice heard(过去分词作宾补表示被动)名词性从句(Noun Clause)名词性从句包括主语从句、宾语

27、从句、表语从句和同位语从句。常用来引导名词性从句的连接代词有whowhich和what。连接副词whenwherehow和why以及连接词thatif和whether。注意：在用连接代词或连接副词引导的名词性从句中，主语和谓语应按述句的语序排列。主从句的谓语动词的时态要保持一致。I主语从句：1.What I need is a cup of coffee.All that I need is a cup of coffee.2.It is quite clear that he told a lie.That he told a lie is quite clear.(that不能省略)3.W

28、hether he will e or not is not important.(句首不能用if)4.Whoever breaks the law will be punished.Anyone who breaks the law will be punished.(Whatwhateverwhoever引导的主语从句在意义上等于名词加上定语从句。)II.宾语从句：1.We really appreciate what you have done for us.2.Are you sure that he will e?3.The difficulty lies in(the fact)t

29、hat we can not speak French.4.在动词makethinkconsiderfeelfind等之后用动词 it 形容词宾语从句。They find it hard that they should finish this job within two hours.5.在thinkexpectsupposebelieveguess等引导的宾语从句中否定词一般要前移。I don't think he will win the game.III.表语从句：1.My request is that we should be given another chance.2.

30、It looks as if it is going to snow.IV.同位语从句；1.The news that there will be a flood is true.定语从句和同位语从句的区别：定语从句的that在从句中担任成分；同位语从句的that不担任成分。同位语从句不能用whichif引导。同位语从句通常在一些抽象名词的后面，如：ideanewsfactsuggestionhopewish 等词后面。除了that，同位语从句还可用其他连词引导。注意要点：that引导主语从句常见句型：1.It be adj. that从句（常见形容词clearobviouslikelytru

31、eprobable possiblecertain;当形容词为surprisingstrangenaturalnecessary essentialimportant时，需用虚拟语气should 动词原型）2.It be n. that从句(常见名词a pitybeliefmon knowledgea facta shamea surpriseno wonder)3.It be 过去分词 that从句（常见过去分词saidbelievedreportedhoped estimatedannouncedknown句型it be suggested that后需虚拟）4.It 不及物动词 that

32、从句（常见不及物动词seemhappenappearturn out）知识点拨：定语从句（Relative Clause）Relative Clause1Relative Pronouns:whowhomthatwhichwhose关系代词引导定语从句的特性：1.关系代词在从句常作主语或宾语。This is the man who helped me.The book which you are looking for has been lent to my roommate.2.That的先行词既可是人，也可是物。This is the man that helped me.The buil

33、ding that stands near the river is our school.3.Whose表示先行词和whose之后的名词之间的所有格关系。Do you know the man whose notebook is left here?Relative Clause2Relative Adverbs:whenwherewhy关系副词引导定语从句的特性：1.关系副词有whenwherewhy可代替的先行词是表示时间、地点或理由的名词。在从句中作状语。This is the city where I lived two years ago.Do you know the day w

34、hen I became a league member?That is the reason why I didnt attend the meeting.2.关系副词whenwherewhy的含义相当于“介词 which”结构，因此常常和“介词（in/on/at/for） which”结构交替使用。There are no occasions when(on which)we shall give in.Hang Zhou is the place where(in which)I was born.Have you learned the reason why(for which)he

35、refused our offer?Relative Clause3The Non-restrictive Relative Clause定语从句有限定性定语从句和非限定性定语从句两种。非限定性定语从句的特征：1.非限定性定语从句是先行词的附加说明。The housewhich we bought last monthis very nice.2.非限定性定语从句与主句之间通常用逗号分开。Have you seen the film“Who am I”whose leading actor is Jackie Chan？I bought a vasethe price of which is

36、very reasonable.3.关系代词that不能引导非限定性定语从句。非限定性定语从句中作宾语、表语的关系代词不可以省略。The housewhich we bought last monthis very nice.4.Which引导的非限定性定语从句还能指代整个主句，相当于and this或and that。He didnt keep his promisewhich we were unhappy about.知识点拨：状语从句Adverbial Clause状语从句可分为时间、地点、原因、目的、结果、条件、方式、让步从句。要点：?引导时间状语从句的连词whenwhileasWh

37、en/While/As he was in Japanhe picked up some Japanese.从句的谓语是持续性动词，三者可以互换。When还可表示某事突然发生。I was walking along the street when someone shouted"Help!Help!".As之后不能用分词作状语。As还可用于表示两个动作几乎同时进行。As I looked upI noticed him looking at me.引导时间状语从句的连词after，beforeIt won't be long before we graduate f

38、rom high school.After he graduated from Yale Universityhe worked in a big pany.引导时间状语从句的连词sinceever since（ever强调since）It is three years since her son had a chance to go back home from Canada.Great chances have taken place in Shanghai since I visited Shanghai last time.引导时间状语从句的连词Until/tillMary didn&

39、#39;t tell us the truth until she left Shanghai.It was not until she left Shanghai that Mary told us the truth.Not until Mary left Shanghai did she tell us the truth.引导时间状语从句的连词as soon asoncethe momentno soonerthanhardlywhen As soon as he saw the firehe rushed into the room.On seeingThe moment I saw himI fell in love with him.Once I see himI will tell him the news.I had no sooner entered the room than the telephone rang.(No sooner had