英语国家概况简答题+翻译

1、1.Shakespeare:GreatTragedies:HamletMacbethOthelloKingLearGreatComedies:TheMerchantofVeniceTheTwelfthNightAMidsummerNight'sDreamAsyoulikeit2 .ThePrivyCouncilwasformerlythechiefsourceofexecutivepowerinthestateandgiveprivateadvicetotheKing.SothePrivyCouncilwasalsocalledtheKing'sCouncilinhistory

2、.Todayitsroleislargelyformal,advisingthesovereigntoapprovecertaingovernmentdecrees.3 .CivilServiceImplementationoftheMinistersdecisionsiscarriedoutbyapermanentpoliticallyneutralorganizationknownasthecivilservice.Thecivilserviceisnon-political.Changesofgovernmentdonotinvolvechangesindepartmentalstaff

3、.Civilservantsarerecruitedmainlybyopencompetition.4 .NormanConquestIn1066,Edwarddiedchildless.Harold,Edwardsbrother-in-law,andWilliam,DukeofNormandy,EdwardsNormancousin,bothclaimedthethrone.William,DukeofNormandy,crossedtheChannel,killedHaroldanddefeatedtheEnglisharmyatthebattleofHastings.AfterNorma

4、nConquest,feudalismwasestablishedinEngland.5 .GreatCharterRichardIdemandedmorefeudaltaxesandarmyservice.Thelordsbecameangry,marchedtoLondonandforcedhimtosignalongdocumentonJune17th.TheGreatChartercontained3setsofprovisions.Itwasmadeintheinterestsofthefeudallords.6.BourgeoisieRevolutionCharlesIascend

5、edthethronein1625.Likehisfather,hewasconstantlyatloggerheadswithParliament.AtthebeginningoftheCivilWar,twocampswereformed;theking'smenwerecalled"Cavaliers"andthesupportersofparliamentwerecalled"Roundheads".TheKingranawaytojointherevoltin1648.Thearmy,undertheleadershipofCromwe

6、ll,defeatedtherevoltinafewmonths.Thekingwasrecapturedon1649.EnglishthencalleditselfaCommonwealth.7. RestorationoftheStuartThebourgeoisiecompromisedwiththerightistsandinvitedCharlesIItocomebackfromHollandtothethronein1660.TheexpansionofJamesIIspowersoonclashedwiththeinterestsofthebourgeoisie,andin168

7、8,the2partiesofthebourgeoisieunitedandstagedabloodlesscoupdetat.8. WhatweretheconsequencesoftheBritishIndustrialRevolution?First,theindustrialbourgeoisiegainedsupremacyinthe1840s.Second,productivitywasgreatlyincreased.Third,populationwasmoreandmoreconcentratedintownsandcities.Fourth,therapidgrowthof

8、capitalismcausedmiseriesanddisastersamongtheworkingpeople.9. WhyistheUnitedStatesameltingpot?TheUnitedStateshaslongbeenknownasa“meltingpot”,becauseitisacountryofmanyethnicgroupsfromdifferentpartsoftheworld.TherearemanydifferentAmericans,whohavebeendissipatingtheirdifferentethnicculturestowardsome“st

9、andard”bylivingandworkingtogetherinthe“meltingpot”oftheUnitedStatesandgraduallyforminganewnation.10. Whatarethe2principlesfollowedbytheconstitution?Explaineach.TheConstitutionfollowstwoprinciples:thefederalsystemandthe“separationofpowers”.Thefederalsystemmeansthatthestateshavetherighttoself-governme

10、nt.Thereisalsoadivisionofpowersamongthethreebranchesofthefederalgovernment:thelegislativebranch,theexecutivebranchandthejudicialbranch.Theyaresupposedtobeindependentofeachother,buteachcheckstheothertwowhichcallsfor“checksandbalances”.11. Usetheprocessoflaw-makingtoillustratetherelationshipbetweenthe

11、presidentandcongress.Afterbothhouseshavepassedthebill,itissenttothePresident,whoshouldsignitorvetoitwithintendays.Ifhevetoesthebill,itgoesbacktoCongress;hisvetomaybeoverruledbyatwo-thirdsvoteofbothhousesofCongressandthebillthenbecomesalaw.12. Usetheprocessofimpeachmenttoexplaintherelationshipbetween

12、thepresidentandcongress.UndertheConstitution,asittingPresidentmayberemovedfromofficebeforehistermexpiresonlybyanimpeachmentprocesswherebytheHouseofRepresentatives,uponsufficientevidence,bringsa“billofimpeachment”approvedbytwo-thirdsofitsmembership.NexttherecomesatrialintheSenate,withtheChiefJusticeo

13、ftheSupremeCourtasthejudgeandtheSenatorsasthejury.In1868,CongresstriedtoimpeachPresidentAndrewJohnsonandBillClinton,butbothfailed.13. Whenthefirst13colonieswereestablishedhowweretheydivided?Whatweretheirdistinctivefeaturesintermsofeconomy?Firstly,theNewEnglandColoniesbecameacenterforlumbering,shippi

14、ngandfishing.Secondly,theCentralColoniesbecamearegionofsmallfarms.Thirdly,theSouthernColoniesdevelopedaplantationsystemwiththeexploitationofslavelabor.14. theStampActTheBritishParliamentpassedtheStampActof1765,whichrequiredthatastamp,purchasedfromtheBritishgovernment,beplacedonalllegaldocuments,news

15、paperandotherprintedmaterials.ThereactionfromthecolonieswassoviolentthattheBritishgovernmentwasforcedtorepealtheAct.15.BostonTeaPartyIn1773,theBritishgovernmentpassedtheTeaAct,whichpermittedtheBritishEastIndiaCompanytosellteadirectlytoitsagentsinthecolonies.AgroupofBostoncitizens,whodisguisedthemsel

16、vesasIndians,boardedthreeBritishshipsinthelaborandtossedacargoofteaworth17000overboard.16.MonroeDoctrineIn1823,PresidentJamesMonroeannouncedhis"MonroeDoctrine",whichwarnedtheEuropeanpowersagainstanyattemptatinterventioninLatinAmericanaffairswiththeaimofkeepingLatinAmericancountriesfortheUnitedStatesitself.17.CubanMissileCrisisIn1962afterthediscoveryofSovietnuclearmissilebasesinCuba,theUSimposednavalaswellasairblockadeonCubawhilePres.KennedydemandedthattheSovietUniondismantlethemissiles.Forseveraldaystheworldstoodonthebrinkofitsfirstnuclearwar,however,theUSSRla