作形式主语和宾语

1、 “It”作形式主语和宾语  It作形式主语和形式宾语用法，是中学阶段英语学习的主要语法项目之一。纵观历届高考题，无论是单项选择，还是完行填空，it用法始终是反复考查的重、热点之一。现将it在特殊句型中作形式主语和形式宾语用法，进行如下归纳分析，以供学习参考。 一、 It 用作形式主语 当不定式（短语）、动名词（短语）或从句在某个句子中作主语时，为保持句子结构前后平衡，避免头重脚轻，因此常用it作形式主语置于句首，而将真正的主语放在句尾。此时it只起先行引导作用，本身无词义。 e.g. It is wrong to tell a lie. &#

2、160;(说谎是错误的。) It为to tell a lie的形式主语 It is no use arguing about it.  (争吵是没用的。) It为arguing about it的形式主语 It is uncertain who will come.  (谁要来还不确定。) It为who will come的形式主语 It 作形式主语的常见句型：  It + be + 形容词 + to do sth. / doing / that . e.g. It is very important to learn a

3、foreign language.  (学一门外语非常重要。) It is useless crying over the spilt milk.  (覆水难收。) It was really surprising that she married a man like that. (她嫁给那样的男士真让人惊讶。)  It + be +名词词组 + doing / that . e.g. It is no good telling lies.  (撒谎没好处。) It is a pity that you

4、 didnt go to see the film yesterday.  (你昨天没看成那部电影真遗憾。) It is a truth that there would be no new China without the Communist Party. (没有共产党就没有新中国，这是毋庸质疑的。)  It + be + 过去分词 + that . 该句型常见动词有：say, hope, think, suppose, expect, report, know, believe, decide, etc. e.g. It is

5、said that they have invented a new type of computer.  (据说他们发明了一种新型电脑。) It is believed that China will become one of the strongest countries in the world. (大家都相信中国将会步入世界强国之列。) It was reported that more than 170 thousand people died in the 2004 tsunami. (据报道，至少有十七万人在2004年那场海啸中

6、丧生。)  It + seems / appears / happens等不及物动词 + that . e.g. It seems that he enjoys pop songs very much. (似乎他非常喜欢流行歌曲。) It appears that Tom might change his mind.  (看来汤姆可能会改变主意。)  若句子是疑问形式，就只能用it作形式主语。 e.g. Does it matter much that they wont come tomorrow?  (他们明天

7、不来很重要吗？) Is it true that he will go abroad next week?  (他下周出国是真的吗？)  It + takes + (sb.) + some time + to do sth. 这是一个表示“（某人）花多少时间干某事”的句型，其中it是形式主语，代替后面的不定式（to do sth.），句型中的sb.也可以省略。 e.g. It took me some time to read the reading materials. (我花了一些时间才读完那段阅读材料。) It too

8、k him fourteen hours to go to New Zealand from Shanghai by plane. (从上海乘飞机去新西兰花了他14小时。) How long does it take you to go to Beijing from Qingdao by train?  (从青岛坐火车到北京一般要花多久时间？) I am not sure, but I think it takes at least nine hours to get there. (我不能肯定，但估计至少要九个钟头才能到那儿。) 

9、二、It 用作形式宾语 当不定式（短语）、动名词（短语）或从句在某个句子中作宾语时，为保持句子结构平衡，避免句式结构的混乱，常用it作形式宾语，而将真正的宾语放在句尾。此时it仍只起先行引导作用，本身无词义。 下列四种情况须用it 作形式宾语：  当不定式（短语）、动名词（短语）或从句在复合宾语结构中作某些动词的宾语时（如think, make, find, consider, feel, suppose等）； e.g. They found it pleasant that they worked with us Chinese. （他们发现

10、与我们中国人一起工作很愉快。） I dont feel it difficult to understand the Special English.  （我觉得理解英语特别节目并不难。） He makes it a rule never to borrow money.  （他立志决不向别人借钱。） I think it no need talking about it with them.  （我认为没必要跟他们谈。）  某些表示“喜、怒、哀、乐”的动词，如like, enjoy, love, hate等，往往不能直接接

11、宾语从句； e.g. I dont like it that hes so lazy.  （我不喜欢他那么懒惰。） I hate it when my mother asks me to eat eggs.  （我讨厌母亲要我吃鸡蛋。）  that引导的宾语从句不能直接作介词的宾语； e.g. You may depend on it that we shall always help you. （尽管放心，我们会随时帮你的。） Would you see to it that she gets home earl

12、y?  （你负责保证她早到家，好吗？） He insisted on it that he was innocent.  （他坚持说自己是无辜的。）  由及物动词与介词组成的固定搭配中，宾语从句若作该动词的宾语时，须借用it。 e.g. I leave it to your own judgement whether you should do it. （我让你自己判断这事是否该做。） We owe it to you that there wasnt a serious accident. （多亏了你才没有发生严

13、重事故。）  试比较下列高考题，选出最佳答案： 1. Is _ necessary to complete the design before National Day? (MET89) A. this B. that C. it D. he 2. I dont think _ possible to master a foreign language without much memory work. (MET90) A. this B. that C. its D. it 3. Does _ matter if he c

14、ant finish the job on time? (MET91) A. this B. that C. he D. it 4. Toms mother kept telling him that he should work harder, but _ didnt help. (MET93) A. he B. which C. she   D. it 5. _ is a fact that English is being accepted as an international language. (MET95) A. The

15、re B. This C. That D. It 6. I hate _ when people talk with their mouths full. (MET98) A. it B. that C. these D. them 7. Dont _ that all those who get good grades in the entrance examination will prove to be the most successful. (上海98) A. take as granted B. take this for granted&#

16、160;C. take that for granted D. take it for granted 8. I like _ in the autumn when the weather is clear and bright. (MET2004) A. this B. that C. it D. one  模拟练习： 1. _ happened _ he is unfit for the office. A. This; that B. That; that C. It; that D. He; that 2. We t

17、ook _ for granted that they would accept our advice. A. that B. this C. it D. them 3. _ that the scientist will give us a talk next month? A. Is true B. Is it true C. Its true D. Its truly 4. _ doesnt matter much _ dress you are going to wear. A. This; that B. That; who C. I

18、t; which D. It; who 5. _ is going to America for further study. A. He is said that B. People said that he C. It was said he D. It is said that he 6. They are good friends. _ is no wonder that they know each other so well. A. This B. That C. There D. It 7. Is _ possible

19、to fly to the moon in a spaceship? A. this B. there C. that D. it 8. She liked _ when he kissed her. A. him B. that C. one D. it 9. _ will do you good to do some exercise every morning. A. It B. There C. Those D. One 10. We think _ our duty to pay taxes to our governmen

20、t. A. that B. this C. its D. it  Key: 高考真题: 1-8 CDDDDADC  模拟练习: 1-5 CCBCD 6-10 DDDAD一、 作为正确项的it1. I like _ in the autumn when the weather is clear and bright. (2004, 全国卷I) A. thisB. thatC. itD. one2. I hate _ when people talk with their mouths full. (NMET 1998) A. it B. thatC. th

21、eseD. them【解析】 在I like / love / hate it when.这个结构中,it 是形式宾语,真正的宾语是when从句所描述的某种情形。句意分别是:1. 我喜欢秋天晴朗的天气。2. 我讨厌人们一边吃饭一边说话。又如:I hate it when I have to speak in French on the phone. 有时非得用法语去打电话,我真感到讨厌。值得注意的是,这种情况与我们所熟悉的it 作形式宾语的复合结构是不同的,因为在它之后没有形容词或名词作宾语补足语。如: I thought it strange that she hadnt written.

22、她没有写信,我感到很奇怪。3. The Foreign Minister said, “_ our hope that the two sides will work towards peace.” (2004, 北京卷) A. This is B. There isC. That is D. It is4. _ is a fact that English is being accepted as an international language. (NMET 1995) A. ThereB. ThisC. ThatD. It【解析】 it作形式主语, that从句作真正主语,常见的句型有

23、: It + be + 形容词(obvious, natural, surprising, good, wonderful, funny, possible, likely, certain, probable, etc.) + that从句 It + be + 名词词组(no wonder, an honor, a good thing, a pity, no surprise, etc.)+ that从句 It + be + 过去分词(said, reported, thought, expected, decided, announced, arranged, etc.) + that从

24、句5. Do you like _ here? Oh, yes. The air, the weather, the way of life. Everything is so nice. (2004, 全国卷 II)A. thisB. theseC. thatD. it【解析】 it可以指代“未指明,但谈话双方心里都明白的那件事或那种情况”, 在本题情景中it指“这儿的情况(the situation here)”。 又如: I cant stand it (= this situation) any longer!我再也不能忍受这种情况了!Hows it (= your life, wor

25、k, etc.) going? 近况如何? The worst of it is that well have to get the repairs done again. 最糟糕的是我们还得再次修理。If its convenient I can see you tomorrow. 要是方便的话,我明天可以见你。6. The Parkers bought a new house but _ will need a lot of work before they can move in. (NMET 2001) A. theyB. itC. oneD. which【解析】 it可以指“已知的或

26、暗含的事实或情况”,在此指“买房之后的情况”。又如:She was frightened, but tried not to show it. 她非常恐惧,但竭力没有表现出来。7. Bills aim is to inform the viewers that cigarette advertising on TV is illegal, _? (2004, 上海卷)A. isnt it B. is it C. isnt he D. is he【解析】 答案为A。it指代Bills aim。二、 作为干扰项的it(一) it对替代词one的干扰8. We needed a new cupboa

27、rd for the kitchen. So Peter made _ from some wood we had. (2004全国卷III) A. itB. oneC. himself D. another9. Meeting my uncle after all these years was an unforgettable moment, _ I will always treasure. (NMET 2002)A. thatB. oneC. itD. what【解析】 第8、9题都选B。第8题中的one指代“a new cupboard”。第9题里的one(= a moment)作a

28、n unforgettable moment的同位语,它的后面是一个省略了that的定语从句。对比下句中it的用法:Meeting my uncle after all these years was an unforgettable moment, and I will always treasure it (=the unforgettable moment).10. Why dont we take a little break? Didnt we just have _? (NMET 2000)A. itB. thatC. oneD. this11. I hope there are

29、enough glasses for each guest to have _. (NMET 1995)A. it B. thoseC. themD. one【解析】 第10、11题分别选C和D。替代词one和人称代词it极易混淆,其不同之处在于:one替代的是一个用不定冠词限定的单数可数名词(如:a cupboard, a break),而it不能用作替代词,它指代的是确定的、具体的某事物。比较下面句子中的one和it:Your story is very interesting, but I dont like it (=your story). 你的故事很有意思,但我不喜欢它。This

30、story is an interesting one(=story).这是一个有趣的故事。She has no watch, so I want to buy one (=a watch) for her. 她没有手表,所以我想给她买一块(手表)。There is only one watch of the type in the shop, so I want to buy it (=the only watch) for her. 这款手表商店只有一块,所以我想把它买给她。(二) it对关系代词as的干扰12. _ is reported in the newspapers, talks

31、 between the two countries are making progress. (2004北京卷)A. ItB. AsC. ThatD. What13. _ is known to everybody, the moon travels round the earth once every month. (NMET 2001) A. ItB. AsC. ThatD. What【解析】第12、13题的答案都是B。这两道题中的as引导的是定语从句,指代整个主句的内容。将第12、13题的题干分别改写成下面两句,试比较it用作形式主语的用法:It is reported in the

32、newspapers that talks between the two countries are making progress. It is known to everybody that the moon travels round the earth once every month.这种用法的as多见于这些习惯用语中:as anybody can see;as is well known;as we had expected;as often happens; as has been said before;as is mentioned above等。(三) it对关系代词wh

33、ich的干扰14. Carol said the work would be done by October, _ personally I doubt very much. (NMET 1999)A. it B. that C. when D. which【解析】 此题选D。which引导非限制性定语从句,代指主句的整个内容。对比it的用法:Carol said the work would be done by October, but personally I doubt it very much.(四) it对其他代词的干扰15. I intended to compare notes

34、 with a friend, but unfortunately _ couldnt spare me even one minute. (2004重庆卷)A. theyB. oneC. whoD. it【解析】 此题选A,they泛指“我”的朋友。16. Theres coffee and tea; you can have _.Thanks. (NMET 2003)A. eitherB. eachC. oneD. it【解析】 此题选A。either指两者之中的任何一个,这里相当于说:You can have either coffee or tea.17. It is the abil

35、ity to do the job _ matters not where you come from or what you are. (NMET 2000)A. oneB. thatC. whatD. it【解析】 此题选B,that是强调句型的结构词。18. Tom felt that he knew everybodys business better than they knew it _ . (NMET 1996)A. themselves B. oneself C. itself D. himself【解析】 此题选A。句意:汤姆认为,他对大家事情的了解胜过他们对自己事情的了解。

36、英语中，常用“it”作形式宾语代替宾语从句，把真正的宾语从句后置，特别是在带复合宾语的句子中。请看高考题： I like _ in the autumn when the weather is clear and bright. 【NMET 2004全国I】 A. this B. that C. it D. one I hate _ when people talk with their mouths full. 【NMET1998】 A. it B. that C. those D. them “it”充当形式宾语，宾语从句后置的情况有下列几种： 一、在believe, consider, declare, estimate, fancy, feel, find, guess, hear, imagine, know, make, prove, reckon, think, understand 等动词接复合宾语(宾语宾补)时，要用it作形式宾语。在这种结构中that不可省略。例如： We find it difficult that we should finish t