Unit 2 Language语言点一知识梳理

1、Unit 2 Language语言点（一）目标认知重点词汇occupy, mixture, contribution, defeat, replace, process, inform, develop, rule, end, sometimes及形近词, common, latter, include, certain重点短语be made up of, consist of, name after, aside from, take control of, lead to, stand for, “in+名词”, bring with, such as, instead of重点句型过去分

2、词作定语While.知识讲解重点词汇occupy【原句回放】Then Two Germanic groups from the European mainlandthe Angles and the Saxons occupied Britain. 然后，来自欧洲大陆的两伙人-盎格鲁一撒克逊人占领了英国。【点拨】occupy vt. 占据(时间空间)；处于(某种地位)；使忙碌；从事于常用结构：occupy oneself in doing sth.with sth忙于做某事be occupied within sth忙于某事，专心于某事(be busy in doing sth.with st

3、h.，be absorbed in doing sth)They occupy the house next door他们住在隔壁。His speech occupied only 3 minutes他的演讲仅占用了三分钟。The president occupies the position for four years总统任期四年。She occupied herself in preparing dinner她忙于准备晚餐。I'm fully occupied with my office work and have little time for housework.我一直忙着

4、办公室的工作，几乎没有时间做家务。 知识拓展occupied adj. 在使用中；已占有，不空闲occupation n. 职业；专业；占有常用结构in occupation of.占用mixture【原句回放】Old English consisted of a mixture of their languages. 古老的英语由混合语言组成。【点拨】mixture n. 混合，混合体It is a mixture of all kinds of people这是一个含有各种各样人的混合群体。【拓展1】mix (1) (事物或人的)混合，结合The town offers a fascina

5、ting mix of old and new这个小镇新旧结合，很有魅力。 (2)v. 使一物与另一物混合，搅和常用搭配：mix A with B把A与B混淆mix up混合，搅和；混淆，搞混beget mixed up有牵连或有关联Dont try to mix pleasure with business不要把娱乐与正事混在一起。Dont mix up his books with mine别把他的书和我的书混在一起。She had already mixed the stuffing for the dumplings她已经把饺子馅和好了。【拓展2】mixed adj. 混合的，混杂的m

6、ixer n. 混合器，搅拌器contribution 【原句回放】The most important contribution was from the Normans, a French-speaking people who defeated England and took control of the country in 1066.最重要的贡献来自于说法语的诺曼人，他们打败了英国并且在1066年开始统治这个国家。【点拨】contribution n. 贡献；促成因素；捐赠Everyone should make contributions to his motherland每一个

7、人都应对自己的祖国做出贡献。拓展contribute v. 捐助，贡献；出力；投稿常用搭配：contribute to 有助于，促成，捐献给The scandal certainly contributed to their defeat at the last election丑闻当然也导致了他们在上次选举中的失败。We contributed food and clothing to the poor. 我们捐助了食物和衣物救济贫民。She seldom contributes to the discussion她在讨论中很少发言。defeat 【原句回放】The most importa

8、nt contribution was from the Normans, a French-speaking people who defeated England and took control of the country in 1066. 最重要的贡献来自于说法语的诺曼人，他们打败了英国并且在1066年开始同志这个国家。【点拨】defeatv. & n. 击败，战胜，使失败，挫折；击败，战胜，失败He was defeated in his purpose他的计划失败了。Internal strife defeats the purpose of teamwork内部争斗挫伤

9、了团队合作的目的。The failure resulted in the defeat of his lifelong dream那次失败导致了他毕生梦想的破灭。 辨析defeat，win与beat三个词都有“战胜”、“赢得”的意思。 (1)defeat作名词，作“战胜，击败，失败”等之意。作及物动词，作“击败，挫败”之意。defeat的宾语是竞争对手。 (2)win可作及物和不及物动词，作“赢得，获胜，打胜，博得，获得”等之意。win的宾语不能是竞争对手，而是war，prize，game，match，battle，competition之类名词。 (3)beat通常用于游戏或比赛中，表示“击

10、败对手”。defeat和win多用于正式的场合，beat较口语化，后接比赛、辩论或战斗中的对手。The Chinese team won the football match中国队赢得了这场足球比赛。Whether we defeat the enemy in one battle，or by degrees，the consequences will be the same无论我们是在一次战斗中击败敌人，还是逐步地击败他们，结果都会是一样的。replace【原句回放】 which led to Old English replacing Celtic. 这导致了英语取代塞尔特语。【点拨】re

11、placevt. 替换，代替，取代；把放回原处 (1)替换，代替，取代Well have to replace all the furniture that was damaged in the flood我们得更换在洪水中损坏的所有家具。Have you found anyone to replace me yet?你们找到人来代替我了吗?E-mail has largely replaced the traditional business letter电子邮件已在很大程度上取代了传统的商务书信。 (2)把放回原处She carefully replaced the china plate

12、 on the shelf她小心翼翼地把瓷盘放回到架子上。I replaced the cup carefully in the saucer我小心地将杯子放回茶碟。 知识拓展replaceable adj可替换的，可代替的replacement n替换，更换，替代品take the place of代替，取代take ones place代替；就座in place of代替(介词短语)process 【原句回放】1t is certain that this process will continue，and people will keep inventing new words and

13、new ways of saying things可以肯定的是，这样的变化过程还会持续，人们还会不断发明新的词义和新的表达法。【点拨】process n. v. (1)n. C过程，进程，程序常用结构：in process在进行中in the process of doing sth在做某事的过程中We use drugs to speed up the healing process我们用药物来加快康复过程。Learning a language is a slow process学习一门语言是一个缓慢的过程。This is an industrial process这是一道工业程序。 (2

14、)vt. 加工(食品等)；显影，冲印(相片、胶卷)；用电脑处理(资料)The workers are studying how to process leather工人们正在学习如何加工皮革。We must process the film at once我们必须立刻冲洗这些胶卷。We usually use a computer to process data and pictures我们通常用电脑来处理数据和图像。inform【原句回放】Bees fly in circles to inform their partners about food or danger蜜蜂用环形飞行来告诉它们

15、的同伴有关食物或危险方面的信息。【点拨】 inform v. (1)to give sb. knowledge(of sth.)，to tell sb通知或报告某人(某事)，告诉某人Keep me informed ofabout what happens有事随时通知我。He informed the police that some money was missing他向警方报案说有些钱不见了。 (2)to give evidence or make an accusation against sb. 告发，检举One of the criminals informed againston

16、the rest of the gang有一罪犯告发了同党。常用结构：inform sbofabout sth把某事告知某人，通知某人某事inform onagainst sb告发、检举某人inform thatwh-clause通知，告知be(well)informed ofabout sth对某事(十分)了解 单词积累informed adj. 有知识的，见闻广的；了解情况的information n. 通知，告知，情报informative adj. 提供资料的，使人长见识的informal adj. (反)formal非正式的，随便的，不拘礼节的 温馨提示 类似用法的动词 “通知某人某

17、事”通常使用inform sb. of sth.。具有类似用法的动词还有：rob，remind，convince，warn，suspect，cure等。develop【原句回放】Read about how English developed and why it has some strange rules阅读英语是怎样发展的和为什么它有一些奇怪的规则。【点拨】develop v. 发展，开发，形成，生长，冲洗（胶片）He developed an interest in collecting stamps他形成了集邮的兴趣。Can these films be developed by t

18、omorrow noon?这些底片明天中午之前能冲洗出来吗?We should try to develop the western part of our country我们应该大力开发我们国家的西部地区。Plants develop from seeds植物由种子生长而成。He developed a cold the other day几天前他患了感冒。 rule【原句回放】Read about how English developed and why it has some strange rules阅读英语是怎样发展的和为什么它有一些奇怪的规则。【点拨】rule vt. n. 统治

19、 C规则，规章常用搭配break the rule(s)违反规定obeykeep the rule遵守规则carry out a rule执行规则work out a rule制定规则Anyone who breaks the rule is punished谁要是破坏了这条规则，谁就会受到惩罚。We must obey the school rule我们必须遵守校规。In the following weeks, Sally worked out 10 class rules and posted them on the walls of the classroom. 在接下去的几周里，萨利

20、定出10条班规，贴在教室的墙上。We live in a society where we are ruled by the clock.我们生活在一个人人都围着时间转的社会。end 【原句回放】At the end of the 9th century，the Vikings，people from Northern European countries such as Denmark and Norway，began to move to Britain公元9世纪末，来自北欧国家包括丹麦和挪威的维京人开始侵略不列颠。【点拨】end n. vt. & vi.1. end n. 结束；

21、末端；目标；死亡；部分；终点站；端点；残余常用搭配：the end of. 的结尾 cigarette ends 烟头at the end (of.) （在）末端，结束 by the end of 到末为止（常用完成时）in the end 最后，终于，终究 on end 竖着，连续地to no end 徒劳 to the end 到最后bring.to an end 使终止 come to an end 完毕，结束put an end to 终止 no end(ofto) 非常，无穷Li Ming came across a few new words at the end of the a

22、rticle.这篇文章的最后，李明碰到了一些生词。By the end of last month, I had planted thousands of trees.到上个月末，我已经种了数千棵树了。2. end vt. & vi. 完毕，结束，终止end in 以告终(不可用于被动语态)Their project ended in failure 他们的计划以失败告终。end off 完成，结束(可分开用)I dont know how to end off the letter我不知道这封信的结尾该怎样写。end up 结局，结束If you go on stealing you

23、ll end up in prison你若是继续偷，(结果)会蹲监狱。end up with 以结束，以作为最后的结果The concert ended(up)with the singing of the National Song音乐会以唱国歌而结束。sometimes及形近词【原句回放】When we speak English today，we sometimes feel puzzled about which words or phrases to use如今，我们在说英语时，有时候发现很难确定到底该选用哪些单词或词组。【点拨】 some time，sometime，sometim

24、es及some times的用法口诀：分开为一段，相连为某时。分开s为倍次，相连s为有时。说明：(1)sometimes是一个表示频率的副词，其语法特点相当于often，always等。Sometimes were busy and sometimes were not有时候我们很忙，有时候我们不忙。(2)sometime(合写)adv指一个不明确的时间，(过去或将来)某时。I bought it sometime last spring我在去年春天某个时候买了它。(3)some time(分写)是名词短语，表示一段时间。Itll take some time to finish readin

25、g the novel读完这本小说需要一段时间。(4)some times(分写)表示“次数，倍数，回数”，其中的time是可数名词。I cant remember it if you dont repeat it some times more如果你不多重复几遍我就记不住。common【原句回放】After the Norman Conquest，high-class people spoke French while common people spoke English诺曼征服后，高级阶层人说法语。而普通人说英语。【点拨】common adj. 经常发生的，普遍的，常见的Pine tre

26、es are common throughout the world松树在世界各地都常见。The most common criticism was that he was always late对他最多的批评就是他总是迟到。It was common for children to play in the street孩子们在街上玩是很常见的事。共用的，共同的，共享的We share a common purpose我们有共同的目标。He and I have a common interest：we both collect stamps我和他有共同的爱好，我们都集邮。He is Fren

27、ch and she is German，but they have English as a common language他是法国人，她是德国人，但他们以英语作为共同的语言。普通的，一般的，平常的。Hes not all officer，but a common soldier他不是军官而是普通士兵。This is true both for the philosopher and the common man这对于哲学家和普通人而言都是正确的。In the fifteenth century the common people could neither read nor write在1

28、5世纪，普通人一般都不识字。常用搭配：have sthin common有共同的利益、特点等in common共同(的)，共有(的)，共用(的)in common with sb. sth像某人某事物一样辨析common，general，usual与ordinary1. common是“许多事物共用的，普通的，常见的，时时发生的”，侧重其普遍性；2. general指“普遍存在的，很少有例外的”；3. usual意为“通常的，平常的”，侧重规律性，指从时间上或频度上讲通常发生某事或已形成了某种习惯；4. ordinary是指“平凡的，普通的”，侧重没有特色，不特殊。Rabbits and fo

29、xes are common in Britain兔子和狐狸在英国很常见。As a general rule，shorter sentences are easier to understand一般来讲，较短的句子更易理解。She gave us her usual polite smile她像平常一样礼貌地对我们笑笑。It was just an ordinary Saturday morning那只是一个平常的星期六的上午。latter【原句回放】However，by the latter half of the 14th century，English had come into wid

30、espread use among all classes in England可是到14世纪后半叶，英国各阶层都使用了英语。【点拨】latter adj. (两者中)后者的，较后的n. (两者中的)后者 Of the two, the latter wins my favor. 两个（方法）中，后者赢得了我的好感。I prefer the former design to the latter.比起后者的设计方案，我更喜欢前者的。拓展形近词late adj. 迟的，晚的，已做的 adv. 迟later adv. 后来 adj. 后期的，晚年的later on过后，以后 sooner or l

31、ater迟早，早晚latest adj. 最近的，最新的at the latest 最迟lately adv. 近来，最近include 【原句回放】Because of this，Modern English includes many Latin and Greek words由于这个原因，现代英语中包含了许多拉丁词汇和希腊词汇。【点拨】include辨析include，including与included三者均有“包含、包括”之意。但是，include为及物动词；including为介词，后常接一个解释性的短语，该短语与被解释的人或事物之间存在一种逻辑上的主谓关系；included为in

32、clude的过去分词形式，也可接一个解释性的短语，指某人或事物被包括在内，它和including后接的短语含义相同，但要注意词序不同。You may also include a short message(two sentences)in any language in the box你也可以在盒子里放一张用任何一种语言写的简短便条(两句话)。The list includes many new names这个名单包括很多新名字。Does the price include tax? 这价钱包括税钱了吗?Ten people died in this car accident，includi

33、ng two childrentwo children included有十人在这次车祸中丧生，其中包括两个孩子。This atlas contains 50 maps，including 6 of North American6 of Noah American included这本地图集含有50幅地图，包括6幅北美地图。 辨析include和contain二者均有“包含、包括”之意。但是，include表示所含之物中的一部分；contain指所含之物的全部或部分，也可表示某一种物质中含有什么成分。The price includes the postage价钱包括邮费在内。Your wor

34、k will include putting children to bed你的工作将包括安置孩子们睡觉。The schoolbag contains 12 books，including one dictionary书包里装了十二本书，包括一本字典。certain【原句回放】1t is certain that this process will continue，and people will keep inventing new words and new ways of saying things可以肯定的是。这样的变化过程还会持续，人们还会不断发明新的词义和新的表达法。【点拨】cer

35、tain adj.(1)certain adj. 某种常用搭配：a certain某个（=some）I have read this article in a certain magazine (=some magazine). 我在某本杂志上读过这篇文章。There was a certain coldness in her attitude towards me. 她对我的态度有点冷淡.A certain Mr. Smith is waiting for you. 有位史密斯先生在等你。He didnt attend the party for a certain reason由于某种原因

36、他未参加晚会。(2)certain确信的常用句型：It is certain that. 是确定的。be certain to do sth. 一定会做某事be certain of (doing)sth. 对(做)某事有把握make certain 弄清楚，弄明白for certain 确定；无疑We are certain of his honesty and loyalty我们毫不怀疑他的诚实和忠诚。She is certain to do well in the coming mid-exam她确定这次期中考试能考好。It is certain that two plus two ma

37、kes four2加2等于4是确定无疑的。【拓展】形近词：sure注意：sure意为“确信”，主语多为人，不能说It is sure that。The public are sure that anyone who commits a crime will be punished by law人民大众深信任何犯罪分子都将受到法律的严惩。重点短语be made up of 【原句回放】The English language is made up of the grammar and vocabulary thee people brought to Britain.英语由语法和词汇组成，那些人

38、带到了英国。【点拨】be made up of 由组成；由构成Water is made up of hydrogen and oxygen水由氢和氧组成。The medical team is made up of three doctors and four nurses这支医疗队由三名医生和四名护士组成。拓展1 make up 组成 （be made up of的主动语态）三十位男生和二十位女生组成了我们的班级。Thirty boys and twenty girls make up our class（主动语态）Our class is made up of thirty boys a

39、nd twenty girls（被动语态）拓展2易混短语：be made of，be made from，与be made into(1)be made of 由制成（成品表面看得出原来的材料）This desk is made of wood这个桌子是木制的。(2)be made from 由制成”（制作过程中改变了原料的本质，不易辨出原材料了）The paper is made from rice straw这种纸是由稻草做的。(3)be made into 被制成，被做成（指把材料制成成品）Cotton can be made into cloth棉花可以制成布。consist of【原

40、句回放】Old English consisted of a mixture of their languages. 古英语是由他们的混合语组成。【点拨】consist of 由组成，由构成（一般不用于进行时，只用主动语态）The House of Commons consists of 658 members下议院由658名议员组成。A university consists of teachers，administrators and students大学由教师、行政人员和学生组成。His breakfast consists of dry bread and a cup of tea他的

41、早餐由不涂黄油的面包和一杯茶组成。His job consists of helping old people who live alone他的工作包括帮助那些独居的老人。【拓展1】同义短语：be made up of（可互换）【拓展2】相关短语consist in在于 consist with一致，符合name after 【原句回放】 and the English people are named after the Angles 英国人以安格鲁命名。【点拨】name after 以名字命名The street was named after a great writer这条街是以一位伟

42、大的作家而命名的。This child will be named after his grandfather这个快出生的宝宝将会与祖父同名。知识拓展name names指名道姓，公开点名name sb. for提名某人担任(某职务)，美(为纪念某人)以其名字为命名be named for被指定作in the name of以的名义call sb. names辱骂某人by name凭名字aside from 【原句回放】Aside from places names such as London ,very few Celtic words became part of Old English

43、. （P22）【点拨】aside from 除之外(别无)；除之外(尚有)（相当于apart from）Everything was quiet, aside from the occasional sound of a car in the distance.除了远处偶尔有汽车的声响外, 四周一片寂静。Aside from being fun and good exercise，swimming is a very useful skill游泳很有趣，是项很好的运动，而且还是个很有用的技能。Aside from John，there will be five of us for dinner

44、.除了约翰外，还有我们五个人要一起吃饭。【拓展】近义词：besides，except，but，except for(1)besides 除了(还，也)（追加关系，整体中包括“除了”的部分）Five other representatives arrived late besides me除了我还有五位代表来晚了。(晚到的代表中包括“我”)Besides his wife，his daughter also went to see him除他妻子外，他女儿也去看过他。(2)except 除了，(其余的都)（剔除关系，整体中不包括“除了”的部分）All the other five represe

45、ntatives arrived late except me除了我，其他的五位代表都来晚了。(晚到的代表中不包括“我”)He rarely went anywhere except to his office除了办公室，他很少去别的地方。(3)except for表示在整体上给以定论后，再从局部上加以修正。与except不同的是：except所“排除”的部分与前面所述整体词属于同类，是部分与整体的关系；而except for所“排除”的部分与前面所述的整体词往往不是同类。Your essay is well written except for one or two grammatical

46、mistakes你的作文除了一两处语法错误外，写得很好。(“作文”与语法错误”不是同类事物)注意：若用于句首，except for与except同义，但except和but通常不用于句首。Except for me，everyone passed the exam除了我之外，大家都通过了考试。(4)but与except的用法基本相同，但but多与no，nothing，not anything，nobody，nowhere，all，anything，who等词连用。I never saw him reading anything but the newspaper除了报纸，我从没见他读过别的东西

47、。take control of 【原句回放】The most important contribution was from the Normans, a French-speaking people who defeated England and took control of the country in 1066. 最重要的贡献来自于说法语的诺曼人，他们打败了英国并且在1066年开始统治这个国家。【点拨】take control of 控制、接管.It's no easy task to take control of a class of young children.管住

48、一个班的小孩子可不是件容易的事。The party is expecting to take control of the council in the next election该党期待着在下次选举中获得对地方议会的控制权。【拓展】相关短语gain control of. 获得对的控制 lose control of. 失去对的控制beyond ones control 无法控制 bring sthunder control控制某事物keep control of. 控制 have control of 支配under (ones) control 在（）控制中 out of control

49、 不受控制支配get out of control 失去控制They managed to bring the fire under control in the end他们最终设法控制住了火势。The Car was out of control and knocked into a tree轿车失控，撞上了一棵树。The who1e company was under the control of Mr. Brian整个公司都在布赖恩先生的掌控之中。lead to 【原句回放】 which led to Old English replacing Celtic. 这导致了英语取代塞尔特语。

50、【点拨】lead to 引起；导致；通向（to为介词） (1)The path leads to the village这条小路通到那村庄。 (2)His carelessness led to the great fire他的粗心引起了这场大火。 (3)Blindly copying others might lead to losses盲目搬用别人的东西可能会造成损失。【拓展】下面短语中to也是介词：look forward to 盼望，期望 get used to 习惯于stick to 坚持 object to 反对make contributions to 对做贡献 devote o

51、neself to 献身于stand for 【原句回放】This stands for a big smile这代表着灿烂的笑容【点拨】stand for(1)to represent代表；象征What does the WHO stand for? WHO代表什么?(2)to allow to continue忍受，容忍I wont stand for being treated like a child我不会容忍被别人当孩子一样对待。Nobody will stand for this insolence没有人能容忍这种傲慢无礼的行为。(3)to support支持，主张；拥护I wan

52、t to know what she stands for before I vote for her在我投她的票之前，我想知道她主张什么。【拓展】相关短语stand by支持 stand out显眼；突出stand up站立；经得起 stand up for支持；拥护stand back后退 stand in(for sb.) 代替(某人)，代表(某人)“in+名词”【原句回放】In fact，we would not be able to understand it if we heard it today事实上，如果我们现在听到它也肯定不知其所云。【点拨】in+名词 （此结构中in表示“

53、处于状态”，短语意思多与in后的名词有关）常用“in + 名词”短语小结in use 使用中 in prison 在监狱(服刑)in order 井然有序 in doubt 感到怀疑in debt 负债 in hospital 在住院in danger 在危险中 in common 共有in trouble 处于不幸(苦恼或困境)中 in practice 在实践中in store 储藏着；准备着 in peace 平安地，安静地(peacefully)in secret 秘密地(secretly) in surprise惊奇地(surprisedly)in public公开地(publicl

54、y) in person亲自(personally)in silence无声地(silently) in detail详细地in particular特别地(particularly) in general大体上(generally)in place在适当的位置；在通常的位置in battle在战斗中in sight在视线之内in.way【原句回放】In what way is English still changing? 英语仍在以什么方式变化?【点拨】in.way 以方式I cooked this in the way you showed me. 我就是用你告诉我的方法煮的这个。The crowd left the square in an orderly way. 群众井然有序地离开了广场。【拓展】相关短语in a way 在某种程度上 in any way 在任何方面in no way 怎么也不，决不 in theones way 碍事，妨碍on ones way to + n. 在去的路上 on the way 在途中by the way 顺便问一下 by wa