高考英语大二轮：语篇部分+专题一阅读理解+第3讲+

1、英语学习讲义好好努力梦想终会实现-18 -第3讲主旨大意类题型概述上皆大宜即要求考工在理解仝文的M牌上.从文中枇取3畋信息进fi慨括归晌出文章的主官费工.此维试题 没有明显的解题侬据*是对文量深乂次的理髀.因此成为考生最易失分的目.正嗫特征L浦釜性强：坨盖全文或至段的中心ES.鼻抽闱恰当，吃不大也不小.，韩淮度麻：不该变通育表的S度R色彩*干扰响特征L以倜既金：只阐述了局部信息或上旨的部分内容.2,主题过大：慨恬过于宽泛+超出文有曳际付论的内容.工断就取义门次要事案或蒯节代瞥条文主要观点或绪论.LMW*（扰项中的美健词酒夙在女中仃所淡独.但文泰内容 几处.考查南度L主牌奘文章大比卸种鼠第大位聘

2、”慨括文审或鼠落的主斤大相打丸林虢类:悚膻判新8K选择最佳懈建题型破解1寻找主题句确定文章大意解题指导 文章由段落组成，段落的中心思想服务于文章的中心思想，因此 找到每个段落的主题句，总结概括后便不难得出文章的主旨大意。一般情况下， 段落的主题句通常在该逻辑段落的首尾，但也有些难度较大的试题会隐含在段落 之中，此时要理解全文结构，找到支撑性细节内容。考生速读文首文尾、段首段 尾，搜索主题线索及信息便可快速找到主题句，以下为找到主题句的5个小窍门:1 .段落中出现表转折的词语 （however, but, in fact, actually, while, on the contrary, in

3、 contrast等）时，其后的句子通常为主题句；2.首段出现疑问句时，对该句的回答很 可能就是主题句；3.作者有意识地反复强调的观点，通常是主旨；反复出现的词语， 一般为体现文章主旨的关键词（主旨句通常包含关键词）；4.首段出现具体例子或假 设时，例子或假设后的内容通常为主题句；5.表示总结或结论的句子常包含therefore, in short, conclude, conclusion, thu野词。典例(2019全国卷H C篇)Marian Bechtel sits at West Palm Beachs Bar Louie counter by herself, quietly re

4、ading her e book as she waits for her salad. What is she reading? None of your business! Lunch is Bechtelsme time. And like more Americans, shes not alone.A new report found 46 percent of meals are eaten alone in America. More than half (53 percent) have breakfast alone and nearly half (46 percent)

5、have lunch by themselves. Only at dinnertime are we eating together anymore, 74 percent, according to statistics from the report.“I prefer to go out and be out. Alone, but together, you know/? ” Bechtel said, looking up from her book. Bechtel, who works in downtown West Palm Beach, has lunch with co

6、workers sometimes, but like many of us, too often works through lunch at her desk. A lunchtime escape allows her to keep a boss from tapping her on the shoulder. She returns to work feeling energized. Today, I just wanted some time to myself, “ she said.Just two seats over, Andrew Mazoleny, a local

7、video grapher, is finishing his lunch at the bar. He likes that he can sit and check his phone in peace or chat up the barkeeper with whom hes on a first name basis if he wants to have a little interaction （交流）.“I reflect on how my days gone and think about the rest of the week , he said. Its a chan

8、ce for self reflection. You return to work recharged and with a plan.”That freedom to choose is one reason more people like to eat alone. There was a time when people may have felt awkward about asking for a table for one, but those days are over. Now, we have our smartphones to keep us company at t

9、he table. It doesnt feel as alone as it may have before all the advances in technology said Laurie Demeritt, whose company provided the statistics for the report.31. What is the text mainly about?A. The trend of having meals alone.B. The importance of self reflection.C. The stress from working overt

10、ime.D. The advantage of wireless technology.解析 A 第一段最后一句，第五段第一句分别是第一段和第五段的主题句， 结合全文尤其是第二段的描述及其中反复出现的关键词eaten alone， havebreakfast alone have lunch by themselves（一般与主旨相关），由此可知，本文主要 说了独自用餐已经逐渐成为一种趋势，故答案为A o2通过结构或暗示概括段落大意解题指导1.根据逻辑结构概括段落大意：要准确概括段落大意，务必知道该 段落的逻辑结构。如该段为总分顺序组织，则主题句在段首；如该段为分总顺序 组织，则主题句在段尾；

11、如该段为分总分顺序组织，则主题句在段中；如该段对 比各事物，则其异同点即为该段大意。2.通过暗示揣摩段落大意：有时，作者不直 接写出主题句，而是通过情感态度等方法暗示性地体现主题，此时要根据文中所叙述的事实和线索综合判断去揣摩并概括出段落大意。典例（2019全国卷I D篇）During the rosy years of elementary school 仆学），I enjoyed sharing my dolls and jokes, which allowed me to keep my high social status. I was the queen of the playgro

12、und. Then came my tweens and teens, and mean girls and cool kids. They rose in the ranks not by being friendly but by smoking cigarettes, breaking rules and playing jokes on others, among whom I soon found myself.Popularity is a well explored subject in social psychology. Mitch Prinstein, a professo

13、r of clinical psychology sorts the popular into two categories : the likable and the status seekers. The likables plays well with others qualities strengthen schoolyard friendships, jump-start interpersonal skills and, when tapped early, are employed ever after in life and work. Then theres the kind

14、 of popularity that appears in adolescence status born of power and even dishonorable behavior. .33. What is the second paragraph mainly about?A. The classification of the popular.B. The characteristics of adolescents.C. The importance of interpersonal skills.D. The causes of dishonorable behavior.解

15、析 A 根据第二段第二句可知 Dr Prinstein, 一位临床心理学教授将受欢迎 的人分为两类，第三句和第四句分别用The likables . ”和Then theres the kind ofpopularity that appears in adolescence;引出后文内容，恰恰就是介绍了受欢迎的两 类人：讨人喜欢型和追求地位型。同时本段第二句中的关键词 sort . into .。巴分成）与人项中的classfication相呼应,所以A项可以概括本段大意。3三大方法定标题解题指导1.最佳标题应具备以下三大特征：概括精准而简洁；针对性强, 标题外延与文章内容恰好相符；醒目，能

16、引发读者阅读欲望。2.三大方法：正面肯定法：在理解文章主旨的基础上，揣摩哪个选项能准确概括主旨；方面否 定法：撇开原文，设想各选项写出来应是什么样的文章，然后和原文比对，逐一 排除不符项；研读备选项：认真研读备选项里的中心词、结构、概括性、修饰 词的变化，查看与中心思想是否相符。典例（2019全国卷H D篇）Bacteria are an annoying problem for astronauts. The microorganisms （微生物） from our bodies grow uncontrollably on surfaces of the International Sp

17、ace Station, so astronauts spend hours cleaning them up each week. How is NASA overcoming this very tiny big problem? Its turning to a bunch of high school kids. But not just any kids. It is depending on NASA HUNCH high school classrooms, like the one science teachers Gene Gordon and Donna Himmelber

18、g lead at Fairport High School in Fairport, New York.HUNCH is designed to connect high school class-rooms with NASA engineers. For the past two years, Gordons studentshave been studying ways to kill bacteria in zero gravity, and they think theyre close to a solution （解决方案）.“We dont give the students

19、 any breaks. They have to do it just like NASA engineers, says Florence Gold, a project manager.“There are no tests, Gordon says. “There is no graded homework. There almost are no grades, other than Are you working towards your goal ? Basically, its Ive got to produce this product and then, at the e

20、nd of the year, present it to NASA. Engineers come and really do an in-person review, and . its not a very nice thing at times. Its a hard business review of your product.Gordon says the HUNCH program has an impact （影响）on college admissions and practical life skills.These kids are so absorbed in the

21、ir studies that I just sit back.I dont teach. And that annoying bacteria? Gordon says histstude emailing daily with NASA engineers about the problem, readying a workable solution to test in space.35. What is the best title for the text?A. NASA: The Home of AstronautsB. Space: The Final Homework Fron

22、tierC. Nature: An Outdoor ClassroomD. HUNCH: A College Admission Reform解析 B本文主要介绍了一个项目：把高中的教室教学与太空的研究联系起 来，使学生们得到NASA工程师们的指导。因此在选标题时既要有太空，还要有 学生，分析选项可知，只有 B能将其完美地结合起来，故答案选 Bo过关检测（限时：35分钟）Next time you go shopping, keep in mind that there may be hidden cameras analyzing your habits. According to a 20

23、15 survey of 150 managers from Computer Services Corporation, a quarter of British shops use facial recognition software to collect data on shopper behavior.With concerns that face recognition cameras “are kind of invasive （侵3U 的）” , British analysis firm Hoxton Analytics has come up with a new way

24、of measuring footfall （客流量）一by filming peoples shoes. The technology can collect a large amount of personal information. “We have cameras at 50 cm off the ground and they point down so they are less invasive than facial recognition, Duncan Mann, Hoxtons officer said.As modern cities get fuller 70 pe

25、rcent of the population will live in urban areas by 2050cameras and other technologies are taking over public spaces and collecting our data. Their purpose is to keep people safe, provide efficient services and prevent disasters and crimes.But some are not happy with the cameras as far as their priv

26、acy （隐私）is concerned. Very few of us have any real concept of what data smart cities are gathering, “ said Renate Samson.We begin giving away data as soon as we wake up. When we enter the transport system, we are giving away even more details about ourselves through smart cards, mobile phones or cre

27、dit cards.Nick Millman, director at a consulting firm thinks statistics are the key to thetraffic in Stockholm. He explained,privacy concern. He used the example of Google Maps, which is to monitor the flow ofIn this case, Google gets enougc ally jsdbarsg privacy controls to statisticsso that you on

28、ly see the data you need to know about.data to improve traffic but not so much that it shows individual journey patterns.篇章导读：本文是一篇说明文，主要讨论了在现代生活中，人们对于个人信 息以科技途径泄漏的状况的担忧和可能的解决方法。1. What is the article mainly about?A. An introduction to collecting shoppers data.B. The concerns about giving away perso

29、nal data.C. The problems caused by imbalanced distribution of population.D. An invention recording and collecting customers information.答案：B 主旨大意题。第二段第一句中的“With concerns that face recognition cameras are kind of invasive （侵犯的）”，第四段首句中 But 后的内 容以及第五段关键词giving away data”并结合全文内容可知，本文主要讲的是对于 泄露个人信息这一问题的

30、担忧，故选 Bo2. The new technology invented by Hoxton Analytics.A. can gather a lot of peoples personal data from their shoesB. uses cameras fitted on the ground to collect customers dataC. has improved the accuracy of facial recognition softwareD. offers a perfect solution to customers privacy concerns答

31、案：A 细节理解题。根据第二段前三句可知，Hoxton Analytics公司所发明的新技术通过分析客人的鞋子而收集有关他们的大量个人信息，故选Ao3. According to the author, cameras in modern cities.A. cause a huge waste of public spacesB. help reduce the size of population in urban areasC. are likely to help improve traffic conditionsD. are to avoid crimes and disaster

32、s and provide efficient services答案：D 细节理解题。根据第三段最后一句Their purpose is to keep peoplesafe, provide efficient services and prevent disasters and crimes可知，作者认为摄像 头在现代城市应用是为了避免犯罪、灾难并提供有效服务，故选 Do4. What is Renate Samsons attitude toward the rise of smart cities?A. Worried.B. Optimistic.C. Confused.D. Unin

33、terested.答案：A推理判断题。根据第四段内容可推知，Renate Samson对于智能城 市的出现是很担忧的，这与本段最后一句 “ Very few of us have any real concept of what data smart cities are gathering said Renate SamsoH 呼应，故选 A。（2019 华中师大附中高三模拟）Those who claim bananas are fattening argue that bananas cause the body to make lots of insulin岛素），and insuli

34、n causes fat growth.How much insulin we produce is related to how fast food becomes sugar in our bloodstream. How can you know if food makes a lot of sugar quickly? The glycemic index （血糖指数），or GI rating tells us. Foods with GI scores above 75 are considered high GI foods, leading to faster sugar de

35、velopment. Bananas have a GI of 62, which is considered low.Weight loss can be a struggle for anyone, but it is especially hard for diabetics 彼 尿病患者）.A study looked at how the starch from unripe bananas affected the weight of a group of obese diabetics. After four weeks of a diet high in bananas,dia

36、betics lost significantly more weight than on a control diet. They also saw improvements in insulin sensitivity from the banana diet.Whats more, bananas have been shown to cut risks of strokes, diabetes and cancers （Bananas are the most powerful fruit for lowering the risk of kidney cancer.）. Banana

37、s are also a rich source of fiber, which has been shown to help weight loss. Bananas that still have some green on the skin are even higher in fiber.Skins from green bananas can be taken and, after removing the stem and dark tip, cut into small pieces 2 3 inches long and 1/2 inch wide. These pieces

38、can be made into a tea or added to a dish. When you eat the skins, be sure you are eating organic bananas. The flesh of regular bananas is low in pesticides, but the skins are not.篇章导读：本文是一篇说明文。文章反驳了“吃香蕉会使人发胖”这一错误观点，告诉大家香蕉不会使身体分泌很多胰岛素而导致脂肪增加，相反，香蕉对 身体健康有着诸多好处。5. What conclusion can we draw from Para

39、graphs 1 & 2?A. Bananas are likely to make people fat.B. Insulin determines the amount of sugar.C. Low GI foods can turn into sugar more slowly.D. The faster the food becomes sugar, the less insulin.答案：C 推理判断题。根据第二段中的“ How can you know if food makes a lot of sugar quickly? The glycemic index （血糖指数）.

40、 faster sugar development. Bananas have a GI of 62, which is considered low:可知，血糖指数高的食物往往能更快地转 化成糖分，反之，血糖指数低的食物转化成糖分的速度较慢。故选Co6. What does the author say about bananas?A. Including bananas in diets is good for health.B. Bananas can cure people suffering kidney cancer.C. Eating organic bananas protec

41、t people from strokes.D. Bananas abundant fiber improves insulin sensitivity.答案：A 推理判断题。根据文章第三段中的After four weeks of a diet high inbananas, diabetics lost significantly more weight than on a control diet. They also saw improvements in insulin sensitivity from the banana diet ”及第四段中的 bananas have bee

42、n shown to cut risks of strokes, diabetes and cancers . weight loss知，香蕉可以 帮助人们减肥，也能降低人们患中风、糖尿病及癌症的风险，由此可得出这样的 结论：将香蕉列入日常饮食对人们的健康有益，故选 Ao7. What is discussed in the last paragraph?A. The use of banana skins.B. The benefits of banana skins.C. The importance of banana skins.D. The ways of choosing orga

43、nic bananas.答案：A 段落大意题。根据最后一段的内容尤其是：:.can be made into a tea oradded to a dish可知，本段主要讲的是香蕉皮的用途。故选 A。8. In which section of a newspaper can we read this passage?A. Education.B. Health.C. Culture.D. Science.答案：B推理判断题。纵观全文可知，香蕉不仅有助于减肥，还能降低人们患中风、糖尿病及癌症的风险，而且香蕉皮也有用处。由此可知，本文最有可能出现在报纸的健康专栏。故选 Bo（2019 d匕京高考

44、）By the end of the century, if not sooner, the worlds oceans will be bluer and greener thanks to a warming climate, according to a new study.At the heart of the phenomenon lie tiny marine microorganisms （海洋微生物） called phytoplankton. Because of the way light reflects off the organisms, these phytopla

45、nkton create colourful patterns at the ocean surface. Ocean colour varies from green to blue, depending on the type and concentration of phytoplankton. Climate change will fuel the growth of phytoplankton in some areas, while reducing it in other spots, leading to changes in the oceans appearance.Ph

46、ytoplankton live at the ocean surface, where they pull carbon dioxide氧化碳） into the ocean while giving off oxygen. When these organisms die, they bury carbon in the deep ocean, an important process that helps to regulate the global climate. But phytoplankton are vulnerable to the oceans warming trend

47、. Warming changes key characteristics of the ocean and can affect phytoplankton growth, since they need not only sunlight and carbon dioxide to grow, but also nutrients.Stephanie Dutkiewicz, a scientist in MITs Center for Global Change Science, built a climate model that projects changes to the ocea

48、ns throughout the century. In a world that warms up by 3c , it found that multiple changes to the colour of the oceans would occur. The model projects that currently blue areas with little phytoplankton could become even bluer. But in some waters, such as those of the Arctic, a warming will make con

49、ditions riper for phytoplankton, and these areas will turn greener. Not only are the quantities of phytoplankton in the ocean changin g she said, “ but the type of phytoplankton is changing. ”And why does that matter? Phytoplankton are the base of the food web. If certain kinds begin to disappear fr

50、om the ocean, Dutkiewicz said, “it will change the type of fish that will be able to survive. Those kinds of changes could affect the food chain.Whatever colour changes the ocean experiences in the coming decades will probably be too gradual and unnoticeable, but they could mean significant changes.

51、 “Itll be a while before we can statistically show that the changes are happening because of climate change, Dutkiewicz said, “ buthe change in the colour of the ocean will be one of the early warning signals that we really have changed our planet.篇章导读：本文是一篇说明文。调查表明，由于气候变暖，全球的海洋将会变得更蓝、更绿。9. What are

52、 the first two paragraphs mainly about?A. The various patterns at the ocean surface.B. The cause of the changes in ocean colour.C. The way light reflects off marine organisms.D. The efforts to fuel the growth of phytoplankton.答案：B段落大意题。文章第一段点题：由于气候变暖，全球的海洋将会变得更蓝、更绿。第二段介绍由于光从生物体反射的方式，这些浮游植物在海洋表 面形成了五

53、颜六色的图案；气候变化又使得这些浮游植物在某些区域加速生长而在其他地方有所减少，导致海洋表面的颜色变化。由此可知前两段讲了海洋颜色变化的原因，故B项正确。10. What does the underlined wordvulnerable in Paragraph 3 probably mean?A. Sensitive.B. Beneficial.C. Significant.D. Unnoticeable.答案：A 词义猜测题。画线词后一句提到，气候变暖改变了海洋的主要特点并能影响浮游植物的生长，因为它们要生长不仅仅需要阳光和二氧化碳，也需要营养。由此可知，这些浮游植物对海洋变暖很敏感，

54、故A项正确。11. What can we learn from the passage?A. Phytoplankton play a declining role in the marine ecosystem.B. Dutkiewiczs model aims to project phytoplankton changes.C. Phytoplankton have been used to control global climate.D. Oceans with more phytoplankton may appear greener.答案：D推理判断题。文章倒数第二段提到这些浮

55、游植物是海洋食物链的基础，如果某些种类的浮游植物消失了，会影响能存活的鱼的类型，从而影响海洋 食物链，并结合文章第四段倒数第二句可知浮游植物多的区域海水会变得更绿， 故D项正确。12. What is the main purpose of the passage?A. To assess the consequences of ocean colour changes.B. To analyse the composition of the ocean food chain.C. To explain the effects of climate change on oceans.D. To

56、 introduce a new method to study phytoplankton.答案：C 主旨大意题。通读全文并由第二段最后一句，第四段第一句及最后 一段第二句（主旨句及关键词）可知，文章主要论述了随着气候变暖，全球的海洋将 会变得更蓝、更绿，即气候变化对海洋有影响，故 C项正确。3D printing is becoming more and more popular. We are now able to create things we need very quickly and easily using 3D prinlers. But can you imagine p

57、rinting food?Some scientists are trying to revolutionize the dining experience by doing this. They hope that having a 3D printer in the kitchen will be as common as the microwave oven or blender.Scientists say that itll be quite easy: you simply have to sclect a recipe and put the raw food inks into

58、 the printer. You can also modify the instructions to make the food exactly how you want it. This means that it would be very quick and easy to create tasty and nutritious meals.Using 3D printers to create your meals would also be saving the environment. There would be less need for traditional growing, transporting and p