全国高等学校英语应用能力考试语法与结构

1、精选优质文档-倾情为你奉上全国高等学校英语应用能力考试语法与结构教程词类、句子成分与基本句型掌握五种基本句型是学习英语语法最根本的要求。在词汇结构题答题中，正确判断所填单词的词性是关键，要具备这样的能力，首先必须判断句中所缺部分的成分，因为不同词性的词担任的句子成分是不同的。平时还应注意积累并掌握单词前缀及后缀的变化等构词法方面的知识。1. 词类词汇在语言学习中占十分重要的地位。英语的词按照词义、词形特征和句法功能，通常分为十类：词类：名词 词类：代词英语名称 (缩写): Noun (n.) 英语名称 (缩写): Pronun (pron.)作用: 表示名词、数词等 作用: 代替名词、数词等词

2、类：数词词类： 冠词英语名称 (缩写): Numeral (num.) 英语名称 (缩写): Article (art.)作用: 表示数目或顺序 作用: 限定名词、词类：动词 词类：形容词英语名称 (缩写): Verb (v.) 英语名称 (缩写): Adjective (a., adj.)作用: 表示动作或状态 作用: 表示人或事物的特征词类：副词 词类：介词英语名称 (缩写): Adverb 英语名称 (缩写): Preposition (prep.)作用: 表示动作或性状的特征 作用: 用在名词或代词等之前，说明它与别的词之间的关系词类：连词 词类：感叹词英语名称 (缩写): Conju

3、nction (conj.) 英语名称 (缩写): Interjection (int.)作用: 用来连接词、短语或句子 作用: 表示说话时的感情或口气在词汇结构题答题中，正确判断所填单词的词性是关键，要具备这样的能力，首先必须判断句中所缺部分的成分，因为不同词性的词所担任的句子成分是不同的。平时还应注意积累并掌握前、后缀变化等构词法方面的知识 (详情可参考译林出版社出版的高等学校通用英语词汇学习手册一书)。1.1. 名词在句中主要担任主语、表语、宾语、宾补、介词宾语和同位语等成分。Libraries form an important part of education. (主语、宾语、介词

4、宾语)The parents named their baby John. (主语、宾语、宾补)Football, my favorite hobby, is a hard game. (主语、同位语、表语)名词可在其后加上“'S”，或在“of”后面以介词的宾语形式表示属格。We are going to visit Tom and Mary's new house. (“'S”属格表示共有所属关系)The doctor checked both Li Lei's and his brother's hearts. (“'S”属格表示各自所属关系

5、)The flowers were sent by a friend of my mother's. (双重属格)1.2 代词代词在英语中的句法功能与名词基本相同。如：This is your bike and that is mine. (this 和 that，主语；your，定语；mine，表语)I have something to tell you. (I，主语；something，动词宾语；you，不定式宾语)The doctor himself treated the boy. (himself，同位语)Professor Wang has great concern f

6、or us. (us，介词宾语)1.3. 形容词在句中可作定语修饰名词或代词，还可作表语或补语。He was a very practical man. (定语)He was practical. (表语)They consider him practical. (宾补)有些形容词前面加上定冠词 the，起名词作用，表示某一类人或物。如：The young are quick in learning how to operate computers.1.4. 副词在句中主要作状语，可修饰动词、形容词、副词、介词短语和句子。 Franklin is most famous today for h

7、is inventions. (修饰形容词 famous)Tom worked very hard last term. (very 修饰副词 hard, hard 修饰动词 worked)Soon after graduation, he went to the South. (修饰介词短语)Surely, they will win the game. (修饰句子)1.5. 动词在句中作谓语，是句子的核心。根据五种基本句型动词的连接方式，动词可分为连系动词和实义动词。实义动词又可分为及物动词和不及物动词。1.5.1. 系动词常见的连系动词有：be, appear, get, seem, b

8、ecome, look, sound, remain, taste, smell 等。After long hours of journey, he looked very tired. (SVCs)1.5.2. 实义动词1) 及物动词People discovered that dried food kept longer. (SVO)His parents told him to do the washing. (SVOC)He showed us how well his grandson could draw. (SVOiOd)2) 不及物动词The cotton in the fie

9、ld grows quite well. (SV)5.3. 短语动词动词可加介词、副词或其他词构成短语动词，在意义上相当于一个实义动词。1. 动词 + 介词：believe in, amount to, care for, listen to, wait for等。2. 动词 + 副词：bring up, find out, give up, point out, take off, break down, come to, give in, grow up等。3. 动词 + 其他词：catch up with, date back to, catch sight of, make fun o

10、f, take part in等。1.6 连词连词的作用是连接词、短语或句子。连词有两大类：并列连词和从属连词。并列连词连接两个相同的句子成分，从属连词连接主句和从句。John and his brother both enjoy football. (and 连接两个做主语的名词)The sofa is old, but comfortable. (but 连接两个做表语的形容词)Get up, or you will be late. (or 连接两个并列句)He came here neither to help me nor to ask me for help. (关联连词 neit

11、her.nor 连接两个不定式短语)I wonder whether he can come on time. (从属连词 whether 连接主句和宾语从句) 2. 句子成分英语句子成分主要有六种：主语、谓语、表语、宾语、定语和状语，其中最主要的是主语和谓语。2.1 主语和谓语主语和谓语是构成句子所不可缺少的两个最重要的成分。主语表明句子要说明的对象，一般由名词、代词或其他可以起名词作用的词类、短语或句子担任。谓语说明主语的情况（动作或状态），主要由动词或动词短语担任。His father works in a big factory. (名词 father 担任主语，动词 wor

12、ds 担任谓语。)He is our new teacher. (代词 He 担任主语，系动词 is 和名词 teacher 共同构成复合谓语。)2.2 表语和宾语放在系动词之后，表达主语的身份、特征或状态等的名词、代词、形容词及其他类似的结构称为表语。表语和系动词一起构成复合谓语。表语又称为主语补足语。Einstein is a famous scientist. (名词充当表语)His car is new. (形容词充当表语)My father is not in. (副词充当表语)Wang Ming is in the classroom. (介词短语充当表语)放在及物动词之后，表示行

13、为对象或结果的名词、代词及其他类似的结构称为宾语。根据不同动词的需要，宾语还可有双宾语（直接宾语和间接宾语）和复合宾语（宾语和宾语补足语）的形式。另外，在介词后面与之构成介词短语的称为介词的宾语。He loves his mother. (动词宾语)My father bought me a new bike. (双宾语)The news made her heart-broken. (复合宾语)They died for their motherland. (介词宾语)表语和宾语（包括双宾语和复合宾语）都是英语基本句型所不可缺少的成分。2.3 定语和状语定语和状语对于句子就像服饰对于人体一样

14、，是修饰成分，它们不是英语基本句型中必不可少的成分。定语和状语的主要区别在于它们所修饰的对象不同。定语由形容词或与之相当的其他词类、短语或从句担任，修饰或限定句中的名词或代词。 He bought a new house with a beautiful garden. (new, beautiful 分别修饰 house 和 garden。介词短语 with a beautiful garden 修饰 house。)I have nothing to say. (不定式 to say 修饰代词 nothing。)状语由副词或与之相当的其他词类、短语或从句担任，修饰句中的动词、形容词、副词或整

15、个句子。He studies extremely hard. (extremely 修饰副词 hard，extremely hard 修饰动词 studies。)Her mother is very enthusiastic. (修饰形容词)He is lucky indeed. (修饰整个句子)3. 基本句型英语的基本句型主要有五种，分别涉及主语、谓语、表语、宾语、补语等句子成分，定语和状语为非必要成分。在理解、翻译句子时，认真分析句子的基本句型，弄清其主要成分，对提高正确率是十分有益的。Pattern 1:S + V (主 + 动词)Pattern 2:S + V + Cs (主 + 系动

16、词 + 表，或：主 + 动 + 主补)Pattern 3:S + V + O (主 + 动词 + 宾语)Pattern 4:S + V + Oi + 0d (主 + 动词 + 间宾 + 直宾)Pattern 5:S + V + 0d + Co (主 + 动词 + 直宾 + 宾补)He runs very fast. (SV)His sister is a nurse. (SVCs)He often has his lunch at school. (SVO)Mary's mother made her a new skirt. (SVOiOd)We made him our monit

17、or. (SVOCo)形容词和副词 形容词和副词及其原级、比较级和最高级在使用时应注意下列问题。1) 前缀 a-构成的形容词称为表语或补语形容词，在句中作表语或补语。如：Is he still alive? (表语)He was buried alive. (主语补足语)如果这类形容词作定语，需放在所修饰词后面。如：The passengers alive felt very lucky.2) 形容词作主语补足语和宾语补足语的情况应区别于副词作状语修饰动词的情况。如：“How about him?”“He came home safe.” (safe 作 he 的补语，此时不用 sa

18、fely; safely 作状语，修饰谓语动词)比较：The ship came safely into the harbour.All men are created equal. (而不是 equally)比较：The money was divided equally among them.3) 形容词及形容词短语做后置定语时，其作用相当于一个定语从句。如：Is there anything (that is) interesting?An artist is a person (who is) sensitive to beauty.It is a problem (which is)

19、 difficult to solve.Lincoln is a person (who is) as famous as George Washington.He can lift a box (which is) heavier than this one.4) 形容词短语做状语，其作用相当一个“being + 形容词”的分词短语做状语。Aware that a storm was coming, we drove the horses into the stable.5) 区分“too + adj. + to V”和“adj. + enough + to V”两种结构“too + adj

20、. + to V”通常表否定意义，意为“太以致于不能”。当此结构之前出现否定词时，表肯定意义。如：He is too young to go to school.One is never too old to learn.“adj. + enough + to V”通常表肯定意义，意为“足够以致于能”。当此结构之前出现否定词时，表否定意义。如：He is old enough to go to school.He is not old enough to go to school.当“too.to”结构前有 only, all, but 等词时无否定意义。如：He is only too gl

21、ad to help us.6) 由分词转化成的形容词、形容词 + ly 构成的副词需加 more 和 most 构成比较级和最高级。如：more relaxed / boring, most relaxed / boring; more friendly / lovely, most friendly / lovely 等。7) 使用比较级时，要注意比较级的逻辑性，即比较对象的对等性。不同类的事物不能构成比较。如：The Korean climate is more pleasant than that of Japan. (比较对象：climate)The photographs of M

22、ars taken from satellite are clearer than those taken from the Earth. (比较对象：photographs)Night falls faster in the tropics than in other latitudes. (状语比较)8) 区分易混淆的一些比较结构的意义及用法。如： “more.than.”作“与其说不如说”解时不同于其比较级用法。试比较：She is more lovely than any other girl. 她比任何一个女孩子都可爱。 (此句 more lovely 为比较级)She is mor

23、e lovely than beautiful. 与其说她漂亮，不如说她可爱。 (此句 lovely 为原级) not 与比较级连用属普通比较结构。如：This problem is not more complicated than that one. (not more = less) no 与比较级连用含有形容词或副词的相反意义。如：This problem is no more complicated than that one. (no more complicated = as easy as)如此句中 more 改为 less，则 no less complicated than

24、 = as complicated as。9) 区分一些常用的、形式上和意义上相近的形容词和副词。如：economic, economical; sleepy, asleep; late, lately 等。10) 注意 superior, inferior 等原级形容词表示比较级意义以及原级形容词 perfect 表示最高级意义的用法。非谓语动词 1. 不定式不定式在句中可担任除谓语以外的所有成分，即主语、宾语、宾补、表语、定语和状语。1) 作主语如果作主语的不定式较长而谓语较短时，常用 it 作形式主语。To finish the work within three days i

25、s impossible.It is impossible to finish the work within three days.2) 作宾语和宾补We have decided to leave next week.She called me to go back home at once. 有些动词只能以不定式作宾语，主要有：afford, agree, arrange, ask, attempt, beg, care, choose, claim, dare, decide, determine, expect, fail, hope, intend, learn, manage,

26、mean, need, offer, plan, prepare, pretend, promise, refuse, seek, tend, volunteer, want, wish 等。I cannot afford to buy such an expensive car. 不定式作宾语其后又接宾补时，常用 it 作形式宾语，而将不定式放到宾补后面。I found it impossible to get everything ready in time. 不带 to 的不定式：在 let, make, have, see, hear, listen to, look at, feel

27、, observe, watch, notice 等动词后，作宾补的不定式不带 to。但是，在被动语态中，不定式要带 to (此时不定式作主补)。He made his son read the text loudly.His son was made to read the text loudly. 2. 动名词动名词主要起名词作用，可在句中作主语、宾语和表语，也可作介词宾语。1) 作主语在“It is no use (good) doing.”句型中，常用 it 作形式主语，而将作主语用的动名词短语放在后面。It is no good leaving today's wo

28、rk for tomorrow.2) 作宾语 有些动词只能以动名词作宾语，常见的有：admit, avoid, consider, deny, enjoy, endure, fancy, finish, forbid, imagine, mind, miss, permit, postpone, practice, require, risk, stop, suggest 等。The hostess would certainly enjoy receiving the item as a gift. 有些动词短语也要求动名词作宾语，常见的有：can't help, feel like

29、, give up, keep on, object to, put off 等。I couldn't help wondering what this was all about.3) 动名词的逻辑主语动名词的逻辑主语通常是句子的主语。动名词的逻辑主语与句子主语不一致时，应有自己的逻辑主语，其形式是：人称代词或名词的所有格 + 动名词。He was annoyed at my interrupting him.Mary's saying this made him angry.4) 动名词的完成形式和被动形式 动名词的完成形式：having + 过去分词，表示动名词的动作发生

30、在谓语动作之前。He regretted not having taken the doctor's advice. 动名词的被动形式：being + 过去分词，表示动名词的动作与其逻辑主语的关系是被动的。They were afraid of being rejected because of their condition.5) 动名词与不定式作宾语的区别有些动词既可以动名词又可以不定式作宾语，且意思差别不大，但有些动词以动名词或不定式作宾语时，意思有较大差别。如： remember to do 记得要做（某事）remember doing 记得曾做过（某事） forget to

31、do 忘记要做（某事）forget doing 忘记曾做过（某事） go on to do （做完某事后）继续做（另一事）go on doing 继续做（某事） regret to do 对要做（某事）感到遗憾regret doing 对已做过（某事）感到后悔 need to do 需要做（某事）need doing 需要（被动） 3. 分词分词有现在分词和过去分词两种。现在分词表示主动、进行的意义；过去分词表示被动、完成的意义。如：boiling water (water which is boiling)，沸水；boiled water (water which has been

32、 boiled)，开水。分词主要起形容词和副词作用，在句中作表语、定语、宾补（主补）和状语等。1) 作定语分词作定语时与被修饰的词有逻辑上的主谓意义。分词短语作定语时，置于被修饰的词之后。Most of the computers are small machines sitting on (= which sit on) the desks.There are all sorts of computers connected to (= which are connected to) the Internet.2) 作宾补（主补）宾语与宾补有逻辑上的主谓意义。常以分词作宾补的动词有：catc

33、h, have, keep, get, see, hear, find, feel, leave, make, want, start, notice, observe, watch, set 等。The policeman caught the young man stealing from the shop.Libraries often have computers connected to the Internet for members of the public to use.3) 作状语 分词表示的动作是主语动作的一部分，两者存在逻辑上的主谓关系。分词（短语）作状语表示时间、原因

34、、条件、方式、伴随、结果等。Looking up to that red flag with stars, I felt that all the blood rushed to my head. 分词作时间状语时，相当于 when 引导的从句，若强调分词动作和谓语动作同时发生，可在分词前加 when 或 while。She stared at him, not knowing what to say.Compared with others, it is quite cheap.When looking back, he saw a car crashing into the wall. 分

35、词带有自己的主语作状语时，称为分词的独立结构。其形式为：名词 (代词) + 现在 (过去) 分词，该结构前有时也可加 with。Weather permitting, we will go sightseeing tomorrow.With a river running through it, a city looks more beautiful4) 现在分词的完成形式和被动形式 现在分词的完成形式：having + 过去分词，表示分词的动作发生在谓语动作之前。Having been there many times, she is quite familiar with the city

36、. 现在分词的被动形式：being + 过去分词，表示分词的动作正在发生，或与谓语动作同时发生，但与主语的关系是被动的，作状语时相当于过去分词。The person being interviewed is my former classmate.(Being) bothered by the noise, he could not concentrate himself on his work. 现在分词的完成被动形式：having + been + 过去分词。Having been rebuilt, the palace looks more splendid.从句 1. 主语从

37、句1) 主语从句可直接位于主语的位置，如果从句较长，谓语又较短，可用 it 作形式主语，而将从句放在句末。常见的句型有： It is a fact / a pity / a question / good news that. It seems / appears / happened / has turned out that. It is clear / important / likely / possible that. It is said / reported / estimated / has been proved that.It is said that comic book

38、s create a connection between people of the same generation.It seems that the performance is very successful.2) what 引导的主语从句表示“的东西”时，一般不用 it 作形式主语。What we lack is experience.3) what, who, when, why, whether 等词含有各自的疑问意义，但它们引导的主语从句（包括其他从句），都用陈述语序。How the plan is to be carried out should be discussed a

39、gain.I did know why I felt like crying.2. 宾语从句1) 宾语从句可位于及物动词、介词和某些形容词后。连词 that 常可省略。介词后一般接疑问词引导的宾语从句。 in that (因为)，except that (除了), but that (只是) 已构成固定搭配，其他介词后一般不接 that 引导的宾语从句。I promised (that) I would change the situation.All this is different from what American young people would say about frien

40、dship.He is certain that watching so much television is not good for children.The article is well-written except that it is a bit too long.2) 宾语从句后如有宾补，要用形式宾语 it 来代替，而把宾语从句移至宾补之后。He has made it clear that he would not change his mind.3) 在 think, believe, suppose, expect 等动词后的宾语从句中，如果谓语是否定的，一般将否定词移至主

41、句谓语上，宾语从句则变为肯定形式。He didn't think that the money was well spent.3. 表语从句表语从句出现在结构为“主语 + 系动词 + 表语从句”的句子中。表语从句除可由 that, what, when, why, whether, how 等引导外，还可由 as if (though), because 等引导。 that 常可省略。如主句主语为 reason，只能用 that 引导表语从句，不可用 because。Perhaps the most important thing to remember is that there i

42、s no one common type of life in America.The reason why so many people died there is that there were not enough food supplies.It looks as if successful international cultural communication will make the world smaller.4. 同位语从句同位语从句用于对前面出现的名词作进一步说明，一般用连词 that 引导，由于先行名词的意义不同，也可用 whether, who, when, wher

43、e, what, why, how 等引导。常见的先行名词有 fact, idea, belief, news, hope, conclusion, evidence, suggestion, order, problem, report, decision 等。有时由于谓语较短，将同位语从句置于谓语之后。She finally made the decision that she would join the fashion show.I had no idea how many books I could borrow at a time.The news came that their

44、team had won the championship. 5. 定语从句定语从句所修饰的先行词可以是名词或代词，也可以是一个句子。定语从句通常位于先行词之后，由关系代词或关系副词引导。5.1. 限制性定语从句限制性定语从句修饰先行词，对先行词起限制作用，紧接先行词之后，无逗号，若省去，原句意思不完整。引导定语从句的关系代词有 who, whom, whose, which, that 等。 who, whom, whose 用于指人，whose 有时也可指物，相当于 of which; which 用于指物；that 既可指人，也可指物，但只用于限制性定语从句中。关系代词除了引导

45、定语从句，替代先行词外，还在从句中担任主语、宾语、定语等。The computers and cables which make up the Internet are owned by people and organizations.Those who live alone or who are sick may have trouble in getting close to other people.The girl whose parents died in an accident is living with her grandmother.1) 当先行词是 all, anythi

46、ng, everything, something, nothing 等不定代词，或先行词前有 first, last, any, few, much, some, no, only 以及形容词最高级修饰时，只能用关系代词 that 引导定语从句。That is all that I have heard from him.He is the first person that I'm going to interview this afternoon.2) 关系代词的省略：在从句中作宾语的关系代词常可省略。关系代词紧跟介词，作介词宾语时不可用 that，只可用 which 或 who

47、m 引导从句，并且不可省略，但当介词位于定语从句句末时，作为介词宾语的关系代词仍可用 that，也可省略。This is one of those things with which we have to put up.This is one of those things (which / that) we have to put up with.3) 引导定语从句的关系副词有 when, where, why 等。关系副词在从句中作状语，意义上相当于一个“介词 + which”的结构。Even in comic books where (= in which) there are no w

48、ords, the stories are fully expressed through the drawings.No one knows the reason why (= for which) he was so angry that day. 5.2. 非限制性定语从句非限制性定语从句既可修饰先行词，也可修饰整个主句，起补充说明作用，与主句之间有逗号隔开，若省去，原句意思不受影响。不可用 that 引导非限制性定语从句。关系词不可省略。Every object has a gravitational pull, which is rather like magnetism.

49、5.3. “介词 + which / whom / whose”引导的定语从句“介词 + which / whom / whose”可引导限制性的定语从句，也可引导非限制性定语从句，该结构中介词的选择取决于从句谓语动词的固定搭配，或先行词的习惯搭配。This is the computer on which he spent all his savings.It is written by a person with whom we are all familiar.5.4. as 引导的定语从句as 引导的定语从句主要用于“such.as”及“the same.as”的结构中，代替先行词是人

50、或物的名词。as 引导非限制性定语从句时，代替整个主句，从句可位于主句之前、之后或中间。 These are not such problems as can be easily solved. (as 代替先行词 problems)As is mentioned above, no single company or group can control what happens on the Internet. (as 代替主语)6. 状语从句6.1. 时间状语从句引导时间状语从句的从属连词和词组有：1) when, whenever, while, as, after, before, s

51、ince, till, until, once 等。We have learned quite a lot about it since we came here.2) as soon as, hardly (scarcely).when, no sooner.than, each (every) time, the moment, immediately (that) 等。As soon as I sent an e-mail message, I received positive responses.The moment he heard the good news, he jumped

52、 with joy.6.2. 地点状语从句引导地点状语从句的连词是：where, wherever。Wherever she went, she took her little daughter with her.6.3. 原因、结果和目的状语从句1) 引导原因状语从句的从属连词有 because, as, since, now (that), seeing that, considering that, in that 等。Considering that he is a freshman, we must say he is doing well.2) 引导结果状语从句的连词有 so.th

53、at, such.that, so that, that, so 等。Micky Mouse is so attractive that the children are reluctant to leave.3) 引导目的状语从句的连词有 so that, in order that, for fear that, lest 等，从句常使用 may, might, can, could, would 等情态动词。We got up early this morning so that we could catch the first bus to the railway station. 6

54、.4. 条件和让步状语从句1) 引导条件状语从句的连词和词组有 if, unless, as (so) long as, on condition that, in case, provided / providing (that), supposing 等。As long as you have the right equipment, you can use a telephone line to transmit computer data.2) 引导让步状语从句的连词和词组有 though, although, whether, even though, even if, no mat

55、ter what (when, how.), whatever (whenever, however.) 等。though, even if 等引导状语从句可转换成含有 as 的部分倒装结构，具有强调意义。其结构为“形容词 (副词，动词，名词) + as + 主语 + 谓语”。No matter what you may say, I would not change my mind.Young as he is, he is quite experienced in this work. (= though he is young)Child as he is, he can speak E

56、nglish fluently. (= though he is a child)6.5. 方式状语从句引导方式状语从句的连词有 as, just as, as if, as though 等。 as if, as though 引导的状语从句中，谓语动词常用虚拟语气，表示与事实相反。The young man made the experiment just as the teacher had taught him.Everything went on as usual as if nothing had happened. 虚拟语气 1. 用于 If 引出的条件句中虚拟语气用于 if 引出的与现在、过去及将来事实相反的条件句中。1) 与现在事实相反的假设从句的谓语动词用过去式，系动词用 were，主句的谓语用“should (would, could, might) + 动词原形”。If he were here, he would be greatly surprised.The spaceship would burn up if it