非谓语动词精讲及专项练习打印版

1、专题06 非谓语动词定义：在英语中，不作句子谓语，而具有除谓语外其他语法功能的动词，叫做非谓语动词。分类：非谓语动词有动词不定式（the Infinitive）；动名词（the Gerund）；现在分词（the Present Participle）；过去分词（the Past Participle）一、动词不定式不定式由“to+动词原形”构成，其否定形式是“not to+动词原形”。不定式可以带宾语或状语构成不定式短语，没有人称和数的变化，但有时态和语态的变化。不定式可作主语、宾语、状语、表语和定语，但不能单独作谓语。1.不定式的时态及语态时态主动被动意义例句语态一般to doto be d

2、one与谓语动词同时发生或以后发生Im glad to see you.当不定式逻辑上的主语是这个不定式所表示的动作的承受者时，不定式须用被动形式。如：He asked to be sent to work in Tibet.This book is said to have been translated into many languages.进行to be doing表示谓语的动作（情况）发生时，不定式表示的动作正在进行He pretended to be reading a book when I came in.完成to have doneto have been done先于谓语动

3、作发生We seem to have met each other before.完成进行to have been doing先于谓语动作发生而又延续到谓语动作发生后He is said to have been studying abroad，but I dont know which country he is studying in.2.不定式的句法功能1）作主语：To finish the work in ten minutes is very hard.在十分钟内完成这项工作很难。动词不定式短语作主语时，常用it作形式主语，例如上面一句可用如下形式：It is very hard t

4、o finish the work in ten minutes.2）作表语：Her job is to clean the hall.她的工作就是打扫大厅。3）作宾语：常与不定式作宾语连用的动词有：want, hope, wish, offer, fail, plan, learn, pretend, refuse, manage, help, agree, promise, prefer，afford，ask，decide，expect，intend，等。如果不定式（宾语）后面有宾语补足语，则用it作形式宾语，真正的宾语（不定式）后置，放在宾语补足语后面，如：Marx found it i

5、mportant to study the situation in Russia.马克思认为研究俄国的形势很重要。动词不定式在介词but后面时，如果介词之前有行为动词do的各种形式，那么这些介词后的不定式不带to；否则就要带to。另外在cant choose but和cant help but等后面的不定式也省略to。如：I have no choice but to stay here.我别无选择只有待在这儿。动词不定式作动词tell，show，understand，explain，teach，learn，advise，discuss等词的宾语时，前面常带疑问词。即：疑问词(how，whe

6、n，where，what，who).+to do。如：He gave us some advice on how to learn English. 他给了我们一些就如何学英语的建议。 4）作宾语补足语：动词不定式作动词feel,hear，see，watch，notice，observe等感官动词以及have,let，make等使役动词后面的宾语补足语时，不定式符号to要省略。但如果这些句子变成被动结构时，就必须带to符号。如：I saw him cross the road.我看到他过了街道。He was seen to cross the road.他被看到过了街道。5）作定语：作定语的不

7、定式如果是不及物动词，或者不定式修饰的名词或代词是不定式动作的地点、工具等，不定式后面须有相应的介词。如：There is nothing to worry about.没有什么可担心的。如果不定式修饰time, place, way，可以省略介词：He has no place to live.他没有住的地方。This is the best way to work out this problem.这是解决这个问题的最好的办法。动词不定式作定语，放在所修饰的名词或代词后。与所修饰名词有如下关系：当作定语的不定式所修饰的名词或代词是不定式动作的承受者时，不定式既可以用主动语态，也可用被动语态

8、，但其含义有所不同。试比较：Have you got anything to send （你有什么东西要寄吗？不定式to send的动作执行者是“你”）Have you got anything to be sent （你有什么要（我或别人）寄的东西吗？不定式to be sent的动作执行者是“我”或“别人”）用不定式作定语的几种情况不定式表将来I borrowed some books to read during my holiday.我借了几本书在假期里读。用来修饰被序数词、最高级或no,all，any等限定的中心词。如：He was the best man to do the job

9、.他是做这项工作的最佳人选。She was the first woman to win the gold medal in the Olympic Games.她是在奥运会上获得金牌的第一个女人。用于修饰的词是抽象名词时，常见的有：ability，chance，idea，fact，excuse，promise，answer，reply，attempt，belief，way，reason，moment，time等。如：Do you have the ability to read and write English 你具备读、写英语的能力吗？6）作状语表目的He worked day and

10、night to get the money.为了挣钱，他日日夜夜的工作。注意不定式放句首时，逻辑主语与句子主语要一致：为了省钱，能用的方法都用上了。（×)To save money, every means has been tried.()To save money, he has tried every means.表结果He arrived late to find the train gone.他来晚了，结果发现火车开走了。常用only放在不定式前表示强调：I visited him only to find him out.我来拜访他，结果发现他出去了。表原因They w

11、ere very sad to hear the news.听到这个消息他们非常伤心。表程度Its too dark for us to see anything.天太黑了，我们什么也看不清。The question is simple for him to answer.这道问题对他来说太容易回答了。作独立成分To tell you the truth, I dont like the way he talked.说实话，我不喜欢他说话的方式。3.不定式符号to的保留问题有时为了避免重复，可以用to来代替前面的不定式，这种情况常出现在下列动词后：expect，hope，wish，mean，p

12、refer，care，forget，want，try以及be glad/happy；would like/love等后面。如：I havent been to Hong Kong，but I wish to. 我没去过香港，但我想去。I didnt tell him the news. 我没有告诉他那消息。Oh，you ought to have.你应该告诉他的。4.动词不定式的几种特殊结构1）for sb.to do 还是of sb.to do “for+逻辑主语+不定式”结构称为不定式复合结构，介词可用for或of。当形式主语句型中的表语是形容词，来描述不定式动作时，逻辑主语之前使用for

13、；当它描述不定式的逻辑主语，说明其品质、特征或属性时，要用of，常见形容词有good，nice，clever，wise，foolish，stupid，honest，kind，polite，careful，cruel，brave，crazy等。2)too . to结构在英语中，“too+adj./adv.+to do sth.”结构表示否定意义，意为“太而不能”。也可用so.that句型来表示，但that从句必须用否定形式。如：Youre too young to understand such things.你太小了，还不能理解那些事情。=Youre so yong that you cant

14、 understand such things.注意：在下列场合下，too. to结构表示肯定意义：某些形容词与too.to 连用表示肯定意义，too相当于very much。这些形容词多是表示心情的词和描述性的形容词。如：ready，glad，pleased，surprised，delighted，happy，easy，eager，thankful，anxious，willing，good，kind，true等。 在too前加上only，but，all，simply或just时，too.to结构表示肯定意义。如：Im only too glad to meet you here again.

15、再次见到你我太高兴了。二、动名词动名词既具有动词的一些特征，又具有名词的句法功能。1.动名词的形式：否定式：not+动名词1）一般式：Seeing is believing.眼见为实。2）被动式：He came to the party without being invited.他未被邀请就来到了晚会。3）完成式：We remembered having seen the film. 我们记得看过这部电影。4）完成被动式：He forgot having been taken to Guangzhou when he was five years old.他忘记五岁时曾被带到广州去过。5）否

16、定式：not+动名词I regret not following his advice.我后悔没听他的劝告。6）复合结构：物主代词（或名词所有格）+动名词He suggested our trying it once again.他建议我们再试一次。His not knowing English troubled him a lot.他不懂英语给他带来许多麻烦。2.动名词的句法功能：1）作主语：Reading aloud is very helpful.朗读是很有好处的。Collecting stamps is interesting.集邮很有趣。当动名词短语作主语时常用it作形式主语。Its

17、 no use quarrelling.争吵是没用的。2）作表语：In the ant city, the queens job is laying eggs.在蚂蚁王国，蚁后的工作是产卵。3）作宾语：They havent finished building the dam.他们还没有建好大坝。We have to prevent the air from being polluted.我们必须阻止空气被污染。注意：动名词既可作动词宾语也可作介词宾语，如上面两个例句。此外，动名词作宾语时，若跟有宾语补足语，则常用形式宾语it，如：We found it no good making fun

18、of others. 我们发现取笑他人不好。要记住如下动词及短语只跟动名词作宾语：enjoy, finish, suggest, avoid， excuse ,delay, imagine, keep, miss, consider, admit（承认），deny, mind, permit, forbid, practise, risk（冒险）, appreciate, be busy, be worth, feel like, cant stand, cant help, think of, dream of, be fond of, prevent.(from),keep .from,

19、stop.(from）,protect.from, set about, be engaged in, spend.(in), succeed in, be used to, look forward to, object to, pay attention to, insist on, feel like4）作定语：He cant walk without a walkingstick.他没有拐杖不能走路。Is there a swimming pool in your school?你们学校有游泳池吗？5）作同位语：The cave, his hidingplace is secret.那

20、个山洞，他藏身的地方很秘密。His habit, listening to the news on the radio remains unchanged.他收听收音机新闻节目的习惯仍未改变。三、现在分词现在分词既具有动词的一些特征，又具有形容词和副词的句法功能。1.现在分词的形式否定式：not+现在分词1）现在分词的主动语态：现在分词主动语态的一般式表示与谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生，完成式表示的动作在谓语动词所表示的动作之前发生，常作状语。如：They went to the park, singing and talking. 他们边唱边说向公园走去。Having done his ho

21、mework, he played basketball.做完作业，他开始打篮球。2）现在分词的被动语态：一般式表示与谓语动词同时发生的被动的动作，完成式表示发生在谓语动词之前的被动的动作。The problem being discussed is very important.正在被讨论的问题很重要。Having been told many times, the naughty boy made the same mistake.被告诉了好几遍，这个淘气的孩子又犯了同一个错误。2.现在分词的句法功能：1）作定语：现在分词作定语，当分词单独作定语时，放在所修饰的名词前；如果是分词短语作定语

22、放在名词后。In the following years he worked even harder.在后来的几年中，他学习更努力了。The man speaking to the teacher is our monitors father.正与老师谈话的那个人是我们班长的父亲。现在分词作定语相当于一个定语从句的句法功能，如：in the following years 也可用in the years that followed;the man speaking to the teacher可改为the man who is speaking to the teacher.2）现在分词作表语

23、：The film being shown in the cinema is exciting.正在这家上演的电影很棒。The present situation is inspiring.当前的形势鼓舞人心。be+doing既可能表示现在进行时，也可能是现在分词作表语，它们的区别在于be+doing表示进行的动作是进行时，而表示特征时是系动词be与现在分词构成系表结构。3）作宾语补足语：如下动词后可跟现在分词作宾语补足语：see, watch, hear, feel, find, get, keep, notice, observe, listen to, look at, leave, c

24、atch等。如：Can you hear her singing the song in the next room？你能听见她在隔壁唱歌吗？He kept the car waiting at the gate. 他让小汽车在门口等着。4）现在分词作状语 作时间状语(While)Working in the factory, he was an advanced worker.在工厂工作时，他是一名先进工人。作原因状语Being a League member, he is always helping others.由于是共青团员，他经常帮助他人。作方式状语，表示伴随He stayed a

25、t home, cleaning and washing. 他待在家里，又擦又洗。作条件状语(If)Playing all day, you will waste your valuable time.要是整天玩，你就会浪费宝贵的时间。作结果状语He dropped the glass, breaking it into pieces.他把杯子掉了，结果摔得粉碎。作目的状语 He went swimming the other day. 几天前他去游泳了。作让步状语Though raining heavily, it cleared up very soon.虽然雨下得很大，但不久天就晴了。与

26、逻辑主语构成独立主格 I waiting for the bus, a bird fell on my heard.我等汽车时，一只鸟落到我头上。All the tickets having been sold out, they went away disappointedly.所有的票已经卖光了，他们失望地离开了。Time permitting, well do another two exercises.如果时间允许，我们将做另两个练习。有时也可用with (without)+名词（代词宾格）+分词形式With the lights burning, he fell asleep.他点着

27、灯睡着了。作独立成分 Judging from(by)his appearance, he must be an actor. 从外表看，他一定是个演员。Generally speaking, girls are more careful.一般说来，女孩子更细心。四、过去分词过去分词只有一种形式：规则动词由动词原形加词尾ed构成。不规则动词的过去分词没有统一的规则要求，要一一记住。过去分词的句法功能：1.过去分词作定语Our class went on an organized trip last Monday.上周一我们班开展了一次有组织的旅行。Those elected as commit

28、tee members will attend the meeting.当选为委员的人将出席这次会。注意当过去分词是单词时，一般用于名词前，如果是过去分词短语，就放在名词的后面。过去分词作定语相当于一个被动语态的定语从句。2.过去分词作表语The window is broken.窗户破了。They were frightened at the sad sight.他们对眼前悲惨的景象感到很害怕。注意：be+过去分词，如果表示状态是系表结构，如果表示被动的动作是被动语态。区别：The window is broken.（系表）The window was broken by the boy.（

29、被动）有些过去分词是不及物动词构成的，不表示被动，只表示完成。如：boiled water（开水）fallen leaves（落叶）newly arrived goods（新到的货）the risen sun（升起的太阳）the changed world（变了的世界）这类过去分词有：gone, come, fallen, risen, changed, arrived, returned, passed等。3.过去分词作宾语补足语 I heard the song sung several times last week.上周我听见这首歌被唱了好几次。有时过去分词作with短语中的宾语补足语

30、：With the work done, they went out to play.工作做完了，他们出去玩去了。4.过去分词作状语1）表示原因Praised by the neighbours, he became the pride of his parents. 受到邻居们的表扬，他成为父母的骄傲。2）表示时间Once seen, it can never be forgotten.一旦它被看见，人们就忘不了。3）表示条件Given more time, Ill be able to do it better.如果给予更多的时间，我能做得更好。4）表示让步Though told of t

31、he danger, he still risked his life to save the boy.虽然被告之有危险，他仍然冒生命危险去救那个孩子。Filled with hopes and fears, he entered the cave.心中充满了希望与恐惧，他走进山洞。【考点诠释】考点一、考查谓语动词与非谓语动词的识别 英语句子至少应该包括主语与谓语两部分, 而多数情况下谓语都由动词来充当。如果对句子成分划分不清，把谓语动词与非谓语动词混淆, 做题效果可想而知。要克服这一毛病，关键在于正确判断、识别动词在句中是否充当谓语。如： 1. The children (play) _ t

32、he violin over there will go on the stage next week. 考点二、考查作状语的非谓语动词的辨析 作状语的非谓语动词主要考查其各种形式的辨析，即是选择动词不定式、现在分词还是过去分词作状语, 不同的状语对非谓语动词的要求不同。 动词不定式主要作目的、结果和原因状语；现在分词和过去分词主要作时间、原因、条件、让步、方式和伴随状语，两者不同之处在于：现在分词作状语时，现在分词的动作就是句子主语的动作,即它的逻辑主语就是句子的主语，它们之间的关系是主动关系，而过去分词作状语时，虽然它的逻辑主语也是句子的主语，但过去分词表示的动作是句子主语承受的动作，它们

33、之间的关系是被动关系。请看下面例题： 1._tired of Toms all-talk-no-action attitude, Julia decided to do the job all by herself. A) To get B) To have got C) Getting D) Have got 考点三、考查非谓语动词逻辑主语的分辨 非谓语动词虽然在句中不作谓语，但仍然有自己逻辑上的主语。历年各种考试的重点在于正确分辨非谓语动词的逻辑主语是什么，两者之间是主动关系还是被动关系，特别是非谓语动词作状语的时候。我们知道，当非谓语动词放在句首作状语的时候，一般来说，它的逻辑主语就是句

34、子的主语，那么，当它的逻辑主语不是句子的主语时，又会出现什么现象呢？请看下面例题： 1. The last bus (go)_, we had to walk home. 2. Weather (permit)_, the spaceship will be launched tomorrow evening. 3. The work (finish) _, they may go home. 4. The problem (discuss) _ at the meeting- room now, the workers had to wait outdoors. 考点四、考查非谓语动词时态与

35、语态的把握 非谓语动词虽然在句中不作谓语，但它仍然具有动词的特征，即可以有自己的主语(逻辑主语),也可以有时态和语态的变化。非谓语动词的各种时态形式都是依据句子的谓语动词的时态形式而变化的。一般情况下，如果非谓语动词所表示的动作在谓语动词所表示的动作同时或之后发生, 就用非谓语动词的一般式或进行式(侧重强调动作正在进行)；如果非谓语动词所表示的动作在谓语动词所表示的动作之前发生，就用非谓语动词的完成式(特别强调动作发生的先后)。非谓语动词的语态在于正确把握非谓语动词与其逻辑主语之间是主动关系还是被动关系。例如： _ that Bob had got promoted, his friends

36、came to congratulate him. A) Heard B) Having heard C) Hear D) To hear 考点五、考查非谓语动词作主语时句式的转变 非谓语动词（动词不定式或动名词）作主语主要考查其句式的转变，习惯上通常把it作为形式主语放在句首，作题时要善于分辨这种形式上的转变。请看下面例题： 1. It is an honour for me (be) _ your English teacher. 2. It is no use of us (wait) _ at home like this. 六、考查作定语的非谓语动词的判断 非谓语动词作定语主要考查非

37、谓语动词作后置定语的情况，这里关键要把握住非谓语动词与其逻辑主语之间是主动行为还是被动行为,以及非谓语动词表示的动作发生的时间性，即是正在进行或已经完成还是将要发生。一般来说，用现在分词一般式作定语往往表示动作是主动行为且正在进行当中，如果动作是被动行为且正在进行当中，就用现在分词一般式的被动语态；用过去分词作定语往往表示动作是被动行为且已经完成; 用动词不定式作定语表示将要发生的动作，如果是被动行为，就用动词不定式一般式的被动语态。 例如： 1. The boy (cry)_ over there is my younger brother. 【试题放送】1Having finished h

38、er project, she was invited by the school to the new students.AspeakingBhaving spokenCto speakDto have spoken2John has really got the job because he showed me the official letter him it.AofferedBofferingCto offerDto be offered3. The lecture, _ at 7:00 pm last night, was followed by an observation of

39、 the moon with telescopes. A. startingB. being startedC. to startD. to be started4. Time, _ correctly, is money in the bank. A. to useB. usedC. usingD. use5. We've had a good start, but next, more work needs _ to achieve the final success. A. being doneB. doC. to be doneD. to do6. Before you qui

40、t your job, _how your family would feel about your decision.A. consider B. considering C. to consider D. considered7. Were having a meeting in half an hour. The decision _ at the meeting will in the future of our company.A. to be made B. being made C. made D. having been made8._to work overtime that

41、 evening, I missed a wonderful film. A. Having been asked B. To ask C. Having asked D. To be asked【答案】A9. This machine is very easy . Anybody can learn to use it in a few minutes. A. operating B. to be operating C. operated D. to operate10. The old couple often take a walk after supper in the park w

42、ith their pet dog them. A. to follow B. following C. followed D. follows11. Tom took a taxi to the airport, only _ his plane high up in the sky.A. finding B. to find C. being found D. to have found12. I looked up and noticed a snake _ its way up the tree to catch its breakfast.A. to wind B. wind C.

43、winding D. wound13. Before driving into the city, you are required to get your car _.A. washed B. wash C. washing D. to wash14. I make $2,000 a week, 60 surely wont make _ difference to me.A. that a big B. a that big C. big a that D. that big a 15._ in a long queue, we waited for the store to open t

44、o buy a New iPad .A. Standing B. To stand C. StoodD. Stand16.If he takes on this work, he will have no choice but _ an even greater challenge.A. meets B. meeting C. meet D. to meet17. One learns a language by making mistakes and _ them.A. corrects B. correct C.to correct D. correcting18. _ with care

45、, one tin will last for six weeks.A. Use B. Using C. Used D. To use19. The old man sat in front of the television every evening, happy _ anything that happened to be on.A. to watch B. watching C. watched D. to have watched20. Tony lent me the money, _that Id do as much for him.A. hoping B. to hope C

46、. hoped D. having hoped21. Birds singing is sometimes a warning to other birds _ away.A. to stay B. staying C. stayed D. stay22.He got up late and hurried to his office, _the breakfast untouched. A. left B. to leave C. leaving D. having left23. Film has a much shorter history, especially when_ such

47、art forms as music and painting.A. having compared to B. comparing toC. compare to D. compared to24. The party will be held in the garden, weather .A. permitting B. to permit C. permitted D. permit25. After completing and signing it, please return the form to us in the envelope _. A. providing B. pr

48、ovided C. having provided D. provide26. George returned after the war, only _ that his wife had left him. A. to be told B. telling C. being toldD. told 27.一 Have you figured out how much the trip will cost?$4,000, or like that.A. anything B. everything C. something D. nothing28. China recently tight

49、ened its waters controls near the Huangyan Island to prevent Chinese fishing boats from in the South China Sea.A. attacking B. having attacked C. being attacked D. having been attacked29. Pressed from his parents, and _that he has wasted too much time , the boy is determined to stop playing video ga

50、mes.A. realizingB. realized C. to realize D. being realized30. "It's a such nice place," Mother said as she sat at the table_ for customs.A. to be reserved B. Living reserved C. reservingD. reserved31. I think Tom, as the head of a big department, should either study regularly or_his j

51、ob.A. quitsB. to quitC. quittingD. quit32. No matter how bright a talker you are, there are times when it's bettersilent.A. remainB. be remainingC. having remained D. to remain33.an important decision more on emotion than on reason, you will regret it sooner or later.A. BasedB. BasingC. BaseD. T

52、o base34. When for his views about his teaching job, Philip said he found it very interesting and rewarding. A. asking B. asked C. having asked D. to be asked35. I remembered the door before I left the office, but forgot to turn off the lights. A. locking B. to lock C. having locked D. to have locke

53、d 36The 30th Olympic Games，officially_as“London 2012 Olympic Games”，will take place from July 27 to August 12 A. know B. to know C. known D. knowing37. Prices began to climb noticeably last year，_a historical high in November.A. hit B. to hit C. hitting D. being hit38. Some seemingly harmless blogs might become harmful when _ on the Internet by millions of people.A. to read B. reading C. read D. being re