Chapter 4 Tourism Planning and Development

1、vExplain the reasons & purposes for tourism planning.vIdentify the barriers to tourism planning.vDescribe the steps in the tourism planning process.vDescribe and differentiate among tourism position statements, vision statements, goals, strategies, and objectives.Explain the concept and principl

2、es of sustainable tourism development.Describe the main forms of tourism development.Discuss government and private-sector roles in tourism development. Describe the role and types of government incentives for tourism development and the criteria for government financial assistance.Describe the obje

3、ctives and steps in completing a pre-feasibility study and an economic feasibility study. Identify the two main groups concerned with the results of economic feasibility studies and discuss the questions they typically want answered.Explain the purposes of preparing an environmental impact assessmen

4、t.vThe destination area with and without tourism planning vBarriers to tourism planningvPurposes of tourism planningvTourism planning processvBuilding a sustainable future for tourismvThe link between tourism planning and tourism developmentvGovernment and private-sector participation in tourism dev

5、elopmentvAnalysis of individual project development opportunitiesvPlanning is a process of selection from among alternative courses of action. vFive basic reasons for tourism planning: Tourism development has both positive and negative impacts; (destination life cycle) More competitive situation; Mo

6、re complicated phenomenon; Tourism has damaged natural and cultural resources; Community involved.Source: http:/ Like most products, destinations have a product lifecycle. Butler proposed a widely-accepted tourism destination lifecycle model which has 7 distinct stages: Exploration A destination beg

7、ins as a relatively unknown and adventurous visitors initially come in small numbers restricted by lack of access, facilities, and local knowledge. Involvement Local investment in tourism and tourism advertising start. Visitor number begin to increase and government agencies start to develop the inf

8、rastructure. Development There is a rapid growth in visitor numbers as the destination becomes heavily advertised. The amenities are increased and improved. Visitors change to less adventurous.Consolidation Growth in visitor numbers will decline, although total numbers will still increase. Tourism b

9、ecomes “mass market”Stagnation The peak numbers of visitors will have been reached. Capacity levels for many variables will have been reached or exceeded. The area will have a well-established image but it will no longer be in fashion. There will be heavy reliance on repeat visitation and on convent

10、ions and similar forms of traffic. Decline Visitor number decrease. External investors begin to pull out. Rejuvenation New attractions are developed or new natural resources are used to reverse the negative trends in visitor arrivals.Consequences of unplanned development: Physical Human Marketing Or

11、ganizational OthervThe objections to the principle of tourism planning;vCost of this process is high;vThe complexity (ownership) of tourism and the large number of government agencies involved;vThe diversity of tourism business (sector, size);vThe seasonality vThe high ownership turnover in tourism

12、businesses. vFive basic purposes Identifying alternative approaches; Adapting to the unexpected; Maintaining uniqueness; Creating the desirable; Avoiding the undesirable.Seven stepsBackground analysisDetailed research and analysisSynthesis and visioningGoal-setting, strategy selection, and objective

13、-settingPlan developmentPlan implementation and monitoring1. Plan evaluationnGovernment policies, goals, objectives, and programsnExisting destination mix elements and componentsnExisting tourism demandnTourism strengths, weaknesses, problems, and issuesnResource analysisnActivity analysisnMarket an

14、alysisnCompetitive analysisPosition statementsqDescribe the existing situations in tourism development, marketing, organization, community awareness, and support services and activities.Vision statementsqReflect the desired future states in tourism development, marketing, organization, community awa

15、reness, and support services and activities.GoalsqResults or outcomes that the destination area tries to achieve within three to five years.StrategiesqBroad approaches selected to achieve tourism goals that help to translate existing conditions into desired future situations.ObjectivesqResults or ou

16、tcomes that the destination area tries to achieve within one to two years.nDescription of programs, activities, roles, and fundingnWriting of tourism plan reportsnPlan implementation: The tourism plan is put into action by a governmental tourism agency.nPlan monitoring: As the plan is being implemen

17、ted, the coordinating agency checks to ensure that progress is made as originally intended.nPlan evaluation: The performance on goals and objectives is measured and recommendations made for future tourism planningnThe performance on goals and objectives is measured. nRecommendations are made for fut

18、ure tourism planning based on the results and outcomes of this plan.“Tourism which is developed and maintained in an area in such a manner and at such a scale that it remains viable over an indefinite period and does not degrade or alter the environment (human and physical) in which it exists to suc

19、h a degree that it prohibits the successful development and well-being of other activities and processes.”Butler, R. W. (1993)nTo improve the quality of life of the host communitynTo provide a high quality experience for visitorsnTo maintain the quality of the environment on which both the host comm

20、unity and the visitors dependDing, P., & Pigram, J. (1995)nLow-impact to high-impact tourismnEcologically sustainable tourism development (ESTD)nAlternative tourismnMass tourismnResort tourismnIdea generationnEntrepreneurial rolenSpecialized technical skillsnFinancingnOperating attractionsnCreat

21、ing and running events and special mealsnProviding travel information servicesnFinancing the development of community-oriented facilitiesn Stimulator or catalyst for developmentn Developern Operatorn Social tourism providern Regulator of tourism developmentsFISCAL INCENTIVESn Tax holidays or deferra

22、lsn Remission of tariffsn Tax reductionsDIRECT AND INDIRECT INCENTIVESn Nonrefundable grantsn Low-interest loansn Interest rebatesn Forgivable loansn Loan guaranteesn Working capital loansDIRECT AND INDIRECT INCENTIVESn Equity participationn Training grantsn Infrastructure assistancen Lease backsn Land donationsn Competitive impactn Compliance with policies and plansn Developer and operator capabilitiesn Economic contributionsn Environmental impactn Equity contributionsn Feasibilityn Social-cultural impac