Unit 7 the magic word of words（课堂PPT）

1、1Project 4Warm-up 1Reading 2Language in Use3Culture Tips 5Homework 6Can you can a can as a canner can can a can ?A: Who can bear such a fool?B: Your mother can.Professor: You missed my class yesterday, didnt you?Student: Not in the least, no, not in the least. There is even a “lie” in believe. Barbe

2、r: Your hair needs cutting badly.Customer: No, it needs cutting nicely. You cut it badly last time.A: Whats the difference between a prize fighter and a man whos got a cold?B: Well, thats one knows his blows and one blows his nose. Once a man went to a post office to post a letter. He bought a stamp

3、 and handed it with the letter to the girl behind the counter. “You must stamp it on yourself!” said the girl. “Must I stamp it on myself? I want to post the letter.” The puzzled man said. Lewis Carroll(1832-1898)的名作艾丽丝漫游奇境记中艾丽丝与女王的对话： “How is bread made?” “I know that!” Alice cried eagerly. “You ta

4、ke some flour” “Where do you pick flower?” the White Queen asked. “In a garden， or in the hedges?” “Well, it isnt picked at all,” Alice explained: “its ground ” “How many acres of ground?” said the White Queen. Mr. See owned a saw and Mr.Soar owned a seesaw. Now Sees saw sawed Soars seesaw before So

5、ar saw See.listen to a speech about how to improve skills in listening , and decide whether the following statements are true (T) or (false).( ) 1. It is easy to identify English words in print.( ) 2. In speech, students can easily identify the words if they know them.( ) 3. It is difficult to ident

6、ify the places where one word finishes and the next one begins in speech.( ) 4. In speech, only the speakers tone can cause difficulty for students to recognise every word.( ) 5. It is not difficult to remember what has been said because it can usually be heard more than once.( ) 6. Often listening

7、to English radio and watching English films or programmes can help students improve their listening ability because they can learn more new words.1.T 2.F 3.T 4.F 5.F 6.TPre-reading TasksReading ComprehensionAfter-reading TasksBefore you read, discuss the following question in groups:Language is very

8、 important for human beings. We use language to communicate with others and express our feelings. People may wonder how language came into being. Actually, the origin of language is still a mystery .How do you think language was created?Why does the author think the world of words is magical? Is the

9、 magic of how we created words is still unknown to us? The world of words is truly a magical place, and not only for the reason that we humans can protect ourselves, create images, entertain, court and perform so many other tasks without using any other organs than our mouths. (Can you show some mor

10、e examples? ） The magic of how we create words is just as fascinating and countless. This applies equally well to almost all languages in the world. It also applies to the wonderful ability of humans, even very young ones, to form their own words, based on applying the rules of words they already kn

11、ow. A common test performed on pre-schoolers tells them there is one “wug”and now there are two of them. A child who has never heard of a “wug” will be able to determine that there are two “wugs”, (why?) based on his store of mental rules for forming plurals. IS there difference in rules for forming

12、 plurals between adults and children? 1. We can do a lot of things only by using languages. We still dont know how we create languages. This question is very interesting and there are many guesses about it.2. Do modern men have their own language? How about early men? In what ways did early men use

13、to record things? And what were those things? Did the early men have a sense of humor? What are the limitations of image drawing? Modern man has developed a word usage system and a corresponding vocabulary to serve just about any purpose, without using his hands. Using his hands, he has also created

14、 another languagesign language. Prehistoric man had to point to danger, prey, or food sources. Now we have words, either spoken or written, that advise us to “Watch Out” or to buy “Steak on Sale”. Early mans expressive side was primarily satisfied by cave drawings or notches to indicate passage of t

15、ime or number of conquests. Though of course we continue to use visual arts, we also write lyrical poetry, exciting stories and have calendars and mathematical symbols to keep track of things. Whether early man had or felt the need for a sense of humour is not known, but the limitations of image dra

16、wing would have deprived him of the unlimited use of language that serves all purposes.deprived of ones civil rights 剥夺某人剥夺某人的公民权的公民权 Sonnet 18th Shall I compare thee to a summers day? 我想将你比作迷人的夏日， Thou art more lovely and more temperate: 但汝却更显可爱和温存： Rough winds do shake the darling buds of May, 狂野之

17、风摧残着五月蓓蕾的柔媚， And summers lease hath all too short a date: 也一天天消逝着夏日的归期： Sometime too hot the eye of heaven shines, 苍天的明眸偶然泻出璀璨， And often is his gold complexion dimmd; 却难以辉映他暗淡的容颜； And every fair from fair sometime declines, 一切明媚的色彩渐已消褪， By chance or natures changing course untrimmd; 过程是如此苍白； But th

18、y eternal summer shall not fade 然而你却如永恒之夏， Nor lose possession of that fair thou owest; 所有的美好永远也不会改变； Nor shall Death brag thou wanderst in his shade, 就连死神也不敢对你嚣张， When in eternal lines to time thou growest: 因你将永生于不朽的诗篇： So long as men can breathe or eyes can see, 只要世人一息尚存， So long lives this and th

19、is gives life to thee. 你将和这诗篇永驻人间。 人文主义思想：人文主义思想：爱征服一切，美常驻人间。爱征服一切，美常驻人间。2. Image drawing has many shortcomings. It cannot satisfy human beings various purposes which language serves.3. Did the written forms of words come into being before the spoken forms? Language has been developed before prehist

20、oric men learnt to make tools. (T/F) A word is a symbol of an image or an idea. In language use, we assume that the other people we communicate with recognise the same symbols for the same images or ideas. As Shakespeare said: “Whats in a name? A rose by any other name would smell as sweet.” But we

21、have arbitrarily used a string of letters to represent a flower of a particular look and fragrance. How did this happen? Obviously, the spoken word came before the written word. And it is easy to understand the depiction of a bison on a cave wall: it looks like a bison. But how did our ancestors dec

22、ide upon a sound that would represent a given object or concept? These symbolisms were probably initiated by some babble sounds that were uttered while an object was being held, or an animal was being pursued. But it is generally recognised that more definitive words must have been created by the ti

23、me of the arrival of Neanderthal man(尼安德特人，于石器时代生活于欧洲）, who was a tool maker. It is unlikely that tools could have been developed in the absence of a set of cognitive skills that included language.friendfriendlyfriendshipfriendlessnessfriendlesslifelifelikelifelesslifeboatlifelongLife-saverLife-guar

24、dLifebeltLife cycleLifelesslyLifelessnessLiferlifetimeHow did the different forms of words come into being?Does English have a more powerful ability of derivation than many other languages? How different forms of words happen is another unanswered question. We know many different forms of words came

25、 into being through derivation, the creation of one word from another. In this aspect, English is the weaker sister to many other languages. German is famous for its long words in common use. Of course, many long words exist in English for scientific and medical terminology. German grammar calls for

26、 nouns to be used together to form complex nouns, whereas English can use separated or hyphenated nouns. But the richness of the English language is still evident in the prefixes and suffixes that can create new words with just the addition of a few letters. Suffixes such as -able, -ment, -ly change

27、 love to loveable, confine to confinement and cold to coldly. Sometimes the morphology even takes over the word, as in the case of ugly. The Middle English “ugga”, to fear, became an adjective with the addition of -ly and the original word disappeared as a verb. Interestingly, the expletive “ug” per

28、sisted in the language to portray disgust.Color-blindpneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis The longest words in the Oxford English DictionaryLlanfairpwllgwyngyllgogerychwyrndrobwllllantysiliogogogoch The longest word in Britain 3. In English, there are many words formed through derivation. B

29、ut these words are less than those in many other languages.4. The prefixes or suffixes of some words persist in language, while the original words have already disappeared. The word “ugly” is an example. 5. How we created words, how we use them and how we change them is a fascinating realm of the hu

30、man mind that continues in thepresent day evolution of words.1. 语言的世界真的非常神奇,这不仅仅是因为我们人类能够通过语言来保护自己、构建形象、娱乐自己、追求所好，以及完成许多其他任务。这些任务除了嘴之外不需要任何其他器官的参与。语言诞生的神奇之处也同样令人神往，多得数也数不清。世界上所有语言的诞生皆是如此。人类的某些能力亦是这样神奇，一些很小的孩子，能够根据已知的语法规则，形成自己的表达。曾经有这样一个测试：首先告诉学龄前儿童，一个东西叫做“wug”,如果现在有两个,应该怎么表示?一个小孩可能从来没有听说过“wug”,但是他知道

31、如果有两个应该用“wugs”表示,因为在他的头脑中已经有了单复数变化的规则。2. 现代人类已经发展出了一整套语言使用体系和相应的词汇库，这样不需要打手势就能表达任何意思。当然，也有用手表达的语言，那是另外一种语言手语。史前人类在遇到危险、追逐猎物或发现食物的时候，都只能用手去指。现在我们有了语言，包括书面和口头两种。这样我们能提醒自己“小心”，或者直奔标有“降价牛肉”的地方去采购。早期人类主要通过在岩洞里画画或者刻记号来记录时间或战利品的数量。当然，现在我们也还会使用形象直观的艺术，但我们也会撰写抒情诗歌，创造激动人心的故事，并使用日历和数学符号去记录一些事情。不知道早期人类是否拥有或能感受到

32、幽默，但是仅凭岩洞里的那些画，他们很难表达出许多语言能够表达的内容。3. 一个单词通常就代表了一个形象或一个想法。与其他人交流的时候，我们会假定对方也知道每个单词所代表的形象或想法。莎士比亚说过：“名字的意义是什么呢？玫瑰换个名字也芳香依旧。”我们只是任意地用了一串字母来表示某种特定的花，它拥有自己独特的外形和芳香。为什么会这样呢？显然，口头语的出现早于书面语。我们很容易明白岩壁上画的是一只野牛：因为它看上去就像只野牛。但是我们的祖先是如何决定用声音来代表某种事物或某种概念的呢？也许这种声音记号来源于他们把某种物体拿在手里时，或者追赶某种猎物时，发出的咿咿呀呀的声音。但人们公认成形的语言是在尼

33、安德特人来到之后才创造出来的。他们会制造工具。在缺乏如语言等一系列认知技能的情况下制造出工具是不太可能的。4. 另外一个未解之谜就是词的不同形式是如何形成的。我们知道很多不同形式的词都是派生出来的，在一个单词的基础上创造另一个单词。但是说到单词的派生，英语远远比不上其他很多语言。德语就以普遍使用长单词而出名。当然英语里面也有一些长单词，但主要是科学术语或医学术语。德语的语法要求把几个名词构成复杂的名词来使用，但在英语里面可以使用分开的或带有连字符的名词。尽管如此，英语仍旧是一种丰富多变的语言。因为它有很多的前缀和后缀，只需要在一个单词前面或后面加几个字母就能构成一个新单词。例如加上-able,

34、 -ment, -ly 这几个后缀就能把单词love（爱）变成loveable（可爱的），把动词confine（限制）变成名词confinement（限制），把cold（冷的)变成coldly（冷淡地）。有时，词法结构会把单词本身取而代之，比如单词ugly（丑陋的）。中世纪有一个英语单词“ugga”，意为“害怕”，本是一个动词。把这个单词加上-ly 之后就能形成一个形容词，而原来的动词就不再使用了。但有趣的是，词根“ug”保留了下来，在语言里表示“丑陋”的意思。5. 我们如何创造语言，如何使用和改变语言是人类思想中一个非常吸引人的领域，它现在还在继续推动着语言的进化和发展。1. n. a pe

35、rson from whom one is descended, especially one who lived a long time ago 祖先，祖宗祖先，祖宗 e.g. 1. Lions and house cats evolved from a common ancestor. 2. My ancestors originally came from Ireland. 3.他的祖先来到英国的时候是难民. His ancestors had come to England as refugees. descendant 后裔后裔2. arbitrarily adv. decided

36、or arranged without any reason or plan 任意地任意地 e.g. 1. The symbol and its meaning correspond to each other arbitrarily. 2. Power must be prevented from being used arbitrarily.3. babble v. to speak quickly in a way that is difficult to understand or sounds silly 含糊不清地说含糊不清地说 e.g. 1. I have no idea wha

37、t he was babbling about. 2. She always babbles about trifles.4. cognitive adj. related to the process of knowing, understanding, and learning something 认知的认知的 e.g. 1. cognitive psychology 2. the cognitive elements of perception5. conquest n. defeat; something conquered； 征服；征服；掠取物、战利品掠取物、战利品 e.g. the

38、 Norman conquest 诺曼人的征服（即1066年诺曼人征服英国） the Roman conquests in Africa 罗马人在非洲的征服所得. 6. corresponding adj. caused by or connected with something that has already been mentioned 相应的相应的 e.g. 1. A big fall in steel productivity caused a corresponding decrease in profits. 2. The war, and the corresponding

39、fall in trade, have had a devastating effect on the country.7. countless adj. too many to be counted 无数的，数不尽的无数的，数不尽的 e.g. 1. There are countless hiking trails near the lake and in the surrounding mountains. 2. Travel agents can help with arrangements and suggest countless more. 3.我告诉她无数次了我告诉她无数次了.

40、. Ive told her countless times. 8. court v. to try hard to please someone in writing or speech奉承；奉承； 讨好讨好 e.g. 1. The girl he courted was the only child of a wealthy farmer 2.他一直在讨好导演, 想在剧中扮演主角. He has been courting the director, hoping to get the leading role in the play. 9. fragrance n. a pleasant

41、 smell 芳香，香气芳香，香气 e.g. 1. The fragrance became even sweeter, pervading the church and immediate neighbourhood. 2. The flower has a light and fresh fragrance. 10. lyrical adj. beautifully expressed in words, poetry, or music抒情诗般的抒情诗般的 e.g. 1. the dancers lyrical performance 2. She reminds us of those

42、 lyrical tree nymphs in Greek mythology.11. persist v. to continue to exist 坚持坚持 e.g. 1. She persisted with her studies in spite of financial problems. 2. He persisted in his refusal to admit responsibility.12. portray v. to describe or represent something or someone 描绘；描描绘；描 述述 e.g. 1. Romantic art

43、ists portrayed nature as wild and powerful. 2. Who will portray King Lear?13. prehistoric adj. of a time before recorded history 史前的史前的 e.g. 1. prehistoric animals 2. They have looked upon the bones of the prehistoric dead and seen evidence of the Stone Age.14. prey n. 1. an animal hunted or caught

44、for food 猎物猎物 e.g. 1. Snakes sometimes caught their prey here by dropping from above. 2.老鼠以及其他小动物都是猫头鹰的捕食物. Mice and other small creatures are the owls prey. 2. (fig 比喻比喻) person who is exploited or harmed by another; 被剥削者被剥削者; 受损害者受损害者: e.g. 她很容易地让奸商敲了竹杠. She was easy prey for dishonest salesmen. 1

45、5. realm n. a general area of knowledge, activity, or thought( (活动，活动，研究等的研究等的) )领域，范围领域，范围 e.g. 1. One possible source of change lies in the political realm. 2. I suppose its not beyond the realms of possibility.16. utter v. to send forth with the voice 发出声音发出声音 e.g. 1. No one had ever heard Thomas

46、 utter an unkind word. 2. When he did utter a word or two, rarely, his voice was coarse.Im not in the gouty, though in the rheumatic，Nor yet in the kitchen , though Im in the attic；Im not in the light, though I blaze in the candle，Im not in the knife, though found in the handle； Youll not find me at

47、 dinner, though always at table，Displeased with the idle, though friend to the able；Im not with the clock, though found with the case， And not in your nose, though Im close in your faceRead and GuessThe letter A 1. Whether early man had or felt the need for a sense of humor is not known. 2. How diff

48、erent forms of words happen is another unanswered question. 3. How we created words, how we use them and how we change them is a fascinating realm of the human mind. 名词性从句，即指性质相当于名词的从句，它包括主语从句、宾名词性从句，即指性质相当于名词的从句，它包括主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句。语从句、表语从句和同位语从句。 1. 1. 连接词连接词 that 只起连接作用，没有任何意思，也不充当句子成分，只起连接作用

49、，没有任何意思，也不充当句子成分，在宾语从句中可省略，但引导其他名词性从句时通常在宾语从句中可省略，但引导其他名词性从句时通常不省略不省略。e.g. hope (that) you enjoy your holiday. 希望你假期过得好。 That he likes you is very obvious. 很显然他喜欢你。2. 2. 连接词连接词 whether 也不充当句子成分，但有自己的意思，表示也不充当句子成分，但有自己的意思，表示“是否是否”；引导；引导宾语从句宾语从句时，时，可可换成换成 if，但引导其他，但引导其他名词性从句名词性从句时时不能换成不能换成 if.e.g. He

50、asked whether if I would show him the way. 他问我是否可以给他带路。 Whether it will do us harm remains to be seen. 是否对我们有害还要看一看。( (引导主语从句，不能用引导主语从句，不能用 if 代代 替替 whether)3. 连接代词 who(m), whose, which, what 等，均有各自的意义，在从句中作主语、宾语、定语等。e.g. Thats why she wanted to leave. 这就是她想离开的原因。 When we arrive doesnt matter. 什么时候到

51、没有关系。Tell me which one you like best. 告诉我你最喜欢哪一个。4. 连接副词 when, where, why, how 等，也各自有自己的意义，在从句中作状语。e.g. The question is how we should carry out the plan. 问题是怎样执行这个计划。 When shell be back depends much on the weather. 她什么时候回来在很大程度上要看天气。 Why he did it will remain a puzzle forever. 他为什么这样做将永远是一个谜。名词性从句的重

52、要引导词名词性从句的重要引导词1. what 用于引导名词性从句是一个十分重要的引导词，它可引导主语从句、宾语从句和表语从句，但不用于引导同位语从句。它引导的名词性从句有两个意思是：一是表示“什么”，带有疑问意味；二是表示“所的”，相当于一个先行词后接一个关系代词。 e.g. I dont know what you want. 我不知道你想要什么。 I dont know what you want is this. 我不知道你所想要的是这个。2. what 引导名词性从句时可用作限定词，其后修饰名词。e.g. I gave him what books I had. 我把我所有的书都给他了

53、。 He gave me what money he had about him. 他把身边带有的钱全给了我。注：what 后的名词可以是复数名词或不可数名词，但通常不能是单数可数名词，并且后接不可数名词时，有时可有little修饰，两者的区别是：what+不可数名词=所有的都，what little+不可数名词=虽少但全部。e.g. What friends she has are out of the country. 她有的那些朋友全在国外。 We gave him what (little) help we could. 我们给了他我们力所能及的帮助。3. whoever, whate

54、ver, whichever 等也可引导名词性从句，其意分别为“所的一切事或东西”、“任何的人”、“的任可人或物”等。e.g. Whoever wants the book may have it. 任何人要这书都可拿去。 Ill do whatever I can to help him. 我们将尽我们所能来挽救他。 Buy whichever is cheapest. 买最便宜的。注意以下受汉语意思影响而弄错的句子：误：Who comes will be welcome. / Anyone comes will be welcome.正：Whoever comes will be welc

55、ome. / Anyone who comes will be welcome.另外，它们也可引导让步状语从句，其意为“无论”、“不管”，其意相当于 no matter who what, which。e.g. Whatever happens, you must be calm. 不管发生什么情况，你都必须镇静。 (whatever = no matter what) He wont eat you, whoever he is. 不管他是谁，他也不能把你吃掉。 (whoever = no matter who)注：whoever 既用作主格也用作宾语；作宾语时不宜用 whomever，因为

56、在现代英语中 whomever 这个已几乎废弃不用。名词性从句的语序名词性从句的语序 名词性从句的词序与陈述句语序相同，尤其注意那些由连接代词who(m), whose, which, what 和连接副词 when, where, why 等引导的名词性从句，不要受它们在特殊疑问句中用法的影响而误用疑问句词序。e.g. Why was she crying? 她为什么在哭？ I dont know why he was crying. 我不知道她为什么哭。名词性从句的时态问题名词性从句的时态问题1. 当主句的谓语动词是过去式时，宾语从句若不是一个客观事实或真理，其谓语动词也必须用某种过去时态

57、。She said that she didnt want to know. 她说她不想知道。I asked her whether she would agree. 我问她是否会同意。2. when, if 这两个词既可引导名词性从句，也可引导状语从句。当它们引导名词性从句且表示将来意义时，要直接使用将来时态；但当它们引导状语从句且表示将来意义时，则必须用一般现在时表示将来意义。e.g. I dont know when he will come, but when he comes, Ill call you. 我不知道他什么时候来，但当他来的时候，我会打电话给你。句中第一个when 引导

58、的是宾语从句，故用将来时态表示将来意义；第二个when 引导的是时间状语从句，故用一般现在时表示将来意义。 A homonym is a word that shares the same spelling and the same pronunciation with another word, but differs in meaning. Examples of homonyms are bear (animal) and bear (carry), left (opposite of right) and left (past tense of leave). A homophone

59、is a word that is pronounced the same as another word, but differs in meaning and spelling. Examples of homophones are to, two and too.choose the correct word to fill in the blanks1. I have blond hair and _ eyes. a. blew b. blue1. b 2. a 3. b 4. b 5. a 2. I dont even have one _ with me. a. cent b. s

60、ent3. An island is a piece of land surrounded by the _. a. see b. sea4. My boat has two _. a. sales b. sails5. Is there any _ in the soup? a. meat b. meetFind out the homonyms or homophones in the following sentences and explain their meanings.Marriage is not a word. It is a sentence, a life sentenc