英语会考复习资料

1、冠词1.难点：1）弄清使用不定冠词或使用冠词的场合和语境。 2）用与不用冠词的区别。2.a和an的选择： 1）以元音音素开头的字母以及元音音素开头（a, e, f, h, i, l, m, ,n, o, r, s, x, SOS, MBA)前若用不定冠词，则用anEg：You miss an “I” in the word “skiing”2）有些单词虽然以元音字母开头，但其读音为辅音，若其前要使用不定冠词，用a;反之，用anEg：He is an honest man.She has a one-year-old son.3.表示类别的情况：不定冠词和定冠词均可连用单数可数名词表示类别，但前

2、者通常强调个体，表示泛指作用，其用法相当于any；后者既可强调个体（可与不定冠词互换），也可强调整体（不可与不定冠词互换）Eg：The monkey is a clever animal. A monkey is a clever animal.The tiger is in danger of dying out.(不可互换）4. 1）表示世界上独一无二的事物时用定冠词the，但名词前如有形容词修饰，则用不定冠词a/anEg： the sun a rising sun 2）一日三餐的名词前一般不用冠词，但如果前边有定语修饰，就需加冠词Eg：I often have lunch at home

3、. We had a wonderful supper. 3）表示乐器的名词前，一般要加定冠词the，但如果名词前加了定语修饰，则用不定冠词Eg：He practises playing the violin everyday.He is playing a borrowed violin.4）在某些词组，成语或习语中不用冠词Eg：by train/bus/taxi/sea/car5）试比较：Eg：He went there by sea.He used to live by the sea.Eg：He goes to work by car.He goes to work in a blac

4、k car.6）下列词组中，有无冠词意义不同go to school 上学 go to the school 去学校take place 发生 take the place of 代替in front of 在的前面 in the front of 在的前部7）系动词turn（变成）后做表语的名词前不加冠词，但become 后坐表语的名词需加冠词Eg：My brother turned teacher three years ago.My brother become a teacher three years ago.8）抽象名词和物质名词表示一般概念时，前面不用加冠词。但特指时，则要用th

5、e.Eg：I am fond of music. (泛指)Do you like the music of the TV play?（特指） 9）定冠词the有时可以用于单数名词前，表示一类人或物Eg：The powder was invented in ancient China. 10）定冠词the可用于表示姓氏的复数前，表示全家人或夫妇Eg：None of us here like the Smiths.The Greens are too poor to send their son to school.名词1.可数名词与不可数名词： 1）可数名词的数： A复数形式: 一般在词尾加-s

6、，以-s, -x, -sh, -ss, -ch结尾的加-esEg：glass- glasses box- boxes以y结尾的，以辅音字母加y结尾的词，把y变成i，再加-es；以元音字母加y结尾的词直接加-s以f 或fe结尾的，一般将f或fe改为v，再加es ：Eg：knife knives leaf leaves 但有些以f 结尾的名词，是在f后加s，构成复数形式：Eg：belief beliefs roof roofs safe（保险箱） safes proof（证据） proofs, chief chiefs, handkerchief handkerchiefs在大写字母及大写字母的缩

7、写形式的复数中，应加-s,Eg：three UFOs注：A, I这两个大写字母后应加s,Eg：There are two As in this word. 以-o结尾的词加-es变复数的有，negro, hero,potato, tomato，其余加-sB有些名词，不按上述规则构成其复数形式，有以下几种情况： 单复数形式相同：Chinese, Japanese, deer, Sheep,fish 不规则变化：man men, woman women, goose geese, foot feet, tooth teeth, child children, mouse mice, ox oxen

8、注：German Germans复合名词的复数形式：editor-in-chiefeditors-in-chief,daughter-in-law daughters-in-law, grown-up grown-ups, woman teacher women teachers, man driver men driversC注意以下几个名词单复数问题： 物质名词一般不用复数形式,但有些物质名词要用复数形式来表示不同的类别Eg：fishes各种鱼，fruits各种水果，steels各种钢材 物质名词表示数量时，一般用表示数量的短语来表示Eg：a cup of tea, three bags

9、of apples,our pieces of bread 有些抽象名词的复数形式表示不同的含义Eg：work（工作） works（著作），arm（手臂） arms（军火），glass glasses（眼镜）. 定冠词加上姓氏的复数形式，表示全家人或夫妇二人；姓氏的复数形式前不加冠词，则表示若干个姓的人Eg：the Wangs王家，three Wangs三个姓王的 只用作单数的复数形式的名词Eg：physics, mathematics, news, the United States 有些名词形似单数，但实为复数Eg：police, people, cattle（复数名词） 有些名词如被看作

10、整体时就作单数用，如被看作组成该集体的各个成员时就作复数用Eg：class, family, couple, audience, government, 有些抽象名词在具体化时，可以复数形式出现。表示特指时，可和定冠词连用；表示“某种”或“一次”意义时，可和不定冠词连用Eg：How did you smooth away the difficulties?（指各种具体困难）It is a great pleasure to talk with you.；What a surprise!2）不可数名词的数： 不可数名词需要计量时，用“数词或冠词+ 量词 + of + 不可数名词”Eg：a pie

11、ce of apple pie two cups of tea = two teas a fit of anger 一阵怒火 three head of cattle2. 名词的所有格名词的所有格在句中表示所有关系，作定语用1）有生命名词的所有格一般在词尾加上“”或“s”Eg：Toms bike, Engless (Engles) works, a works school, Womens Day, the editor-in-chiefs office2）如果一个事物为两个人所有，只在后一个名词的词尾加“s”，如果不是共有，就要在两个名词的词尾都加上“s”Eg：Tom and Mikes r

12、oom.（共有）Toms and Mikes books.（不共有）3）表示时间、距离、国家、城市的无生命名词，可以在词尾加“s”或“”表示所有格，Eg：todays papers, ten minutes walk4）表示店铺或某人的家时，常在名词所有格之后省去shop, house, homeEg：the tailors5）无生命名词的所在格通常用of短语来表示Eg：the window of the room6）表示有生命的名词有时也可用of短语来表示所有关系，而且当该名词带有较长的定语时Eg：the teachers of the No. 1 Middle School.7）双重所有格

13、结构前的被修饰名词通常指整体中的部分或一个，即“of + Ns”当被修饰的名词前有a(n), two, several, some, any, no, what, which, every, such, this, that, these, those等词修饰时，常用这种双重所有格。（这个修饰一般不是one和the ) of前面的名词不能是专有名词Eg：the Tom of his fathers of后面的名词必须是指人的词Eg：the house of Mr. Smiths代词1.概要表格：中文主格宾格所有格名词性物代反身代词我Imemyminemyself我们weusouroursour

14、selves你youyouyouryoursyourself你们youyouyouryoursyourselves他hehimhishishimself她sheherherherherself它itititsitsItself他们theythemtheirtheristhemselves相互代词each other, one another指示代词this, that, these, those,same, such, so不定代词one,another,other,both,either,neither,none,anybody, anything, each, every, all, an

15、y疑问代词what, who, which, whom, whose连接代词that关系代词who, that, which, whom, whose, as2.人称代词的用法： 1）主格作主语和表语Eg：She and I are good friends. Oh, its you.表语在正式文体中要用主格，但在口语中却常用宾格。Eg：Its me. 2）宾格作宾语Eg：I saw her at the meeting.3）“to be + 人称代词”作补语。作主语的补语时，人称代词用主格；作宾语的补语时，人称代词用宾格。Eg：I was thought to be she. He look

16、ed upon me as her.4）比较状语中的人称代词（比较成分需相同）Eg：His wife likes the dog better than he (likes it).His wife likes the dog better than (she likes) him. He loves you more than I.He loves you more than me. 5）人称代词的词序：单数：you she/he - I 复数：we you they 第三人称男女两性并用时，男先女后。承认过失，表示不吉祥的事或有不好的意思时，单数：I he/she you, 复数：we y

17、outhey6）物主代词形容词性物主代词相当于形容词，放在名词前作定语Eg：This is my school.名词性物主代词相当于名词，也相当于“形容词性物主代词+名词”，可以作主语、表语和宾语。Eg：Those new books are not yours, but theirs.“形容词性物主代词+own+名词”结构表示强调，另外，还可以在own前加very表示进一步的强调。Eg：I want to have my very own room. 7）反身代词作宾语Eg：He is teaching himself English. Make yourself at home.作表语Eg

18、: Im not quite myself today.作同位语Eg：Youd better ask the girl herself.3.相互代词：1）作宾语Eg：We should help each other.2）用其所有格作定语Eg：They pointed out each others weak points.4.指示代词：指示代词在句子中可作主语、宾语及定语。1）this, that, these, those的用法： this和these一般指时间或空间上较近的事物，that和those一般指时间或空间上较远的事物。 this和these 常指后面将要讲到的事物，that和t

19、hose多指前面讲过的事物。 在打电话时，this表示“我”，that表示“你”。Eg： Hello! This is Mike. Whos that? that和those可代替前面提到的名词，以避免重复。（同名异物）Eg：This story is more interesting than that you read a few days ago.2）same的用法： same必须和定冠词the连用，在句中可作主语、表语、宾语和定语。Eg：The same has happened once. What I want to do is the same. Ill do the same.

20、 He stays in the same city. 3）so的用法： so用作代词可代替前面的句子，这时它作think, tell,say, believe, hope, except, suppose, guess, Im afraid,seem等词的宾语，但不能与know,doubt, Im sure,ask连用（think, believe, suppose有两中否定结构）。Eg：I dont think so./ I think not.5.不定代词1）oneone可代替可数的人或物的单数，复数用ones.the one 和the ones表示特定的人或物。Eg：No film i

21、s as good as the one I saw last week.one或ones带后置定语时，前面要加定冠词。Eg：Is this the one you want?it指代同名同物，one与that则指代同名异物。one为泛指，相当于a/an+名词，that为特指，相当于the+名词。one只能代替可数名词单数，代替可数名词复数时用ones;that既可代替不可数名词也可代替可数名词单数，复数用those。one既可代替事物，也可代替人，that只能代替事物而不能代替人。有时可以用the one或the ones代替that或those。it与that均可以替代上文全句的内容或部分

22、内容，而one/ones则不可以。Eg： He has saved my life,Ill never forget it. Tom is painting his house. I am told he does it everyfour years.2）some和anysome一般用于肯定句中，any多用于疑问句、否定句和条件句中。some用于单数可数名词前，表示“一（个）”Eg：Ive read the story in some book.some与数字连用，意为“大概”， “大约”Eg：The country has exported some two million bikes t

23、his year.some用于疑问句，表示说话人希望得到肯定的回答或表示请求、建议。Eg：Would you like some apples?any可用于肯定句，表示“任何的”，修饰单数可数名词。Eg：You may choose any student.3）each与everyeach强调个体，在句中充当定语、主语、宾语和同位语；every强调整体，在句中只能作定语。Eg：Each of the students will get a new book. Every one has strong and weak points.each指两者或两者以上的人或事物中的每一个，every指三者

24、或三者以上的人或事物中的每一个。Eg：There are trees on each side of the street.every可以表示“每隔”，each没有这种用法。Eg：every few days every及every组成的复合词，后面不接of短语，但every one可以接of短语，each也可以。each不与not连用，若要表示each的全部否定，可用no one或none;every与not连用表示部分否定。every other意为“每隔一个”；each other意为“互相”、“彼此”。4）both与allboth表示“两者都”，all表示“三者或三者以上的、全体”。a

25、ll除了指人外，还可指物，表示“所有，一切”，作主语时，谓语动词用单数。Eg：All is over with him.both和all同否定次连用，表示部分否定，如要表示全部否定，分别用neither和none.Eg：Not all books are good. None of the books are good.注：all, both, each的位置安排:“两前三后”A.两前即:a.行为动词前Eg：They all attended the meeting.b.半系动词前，如become, get, grow等Eg：We both became college students.B.

26、三后即：a.连系动词be后Eg：They are both doctors.b.情态动词can, may, must等后Eg：We can both answer the question.c.助动词be, do, have, will等后Eg：The men will each get a gun.当all, both和each在what和how引导的感叹句中作主语的同位语时， 他们的位置应紧跟在主语之后。Eg：How friendly they all are!5）Other系列不定代词One the other00oneotherOne another00000oneanotherSom

27、e others00000000someothersSome the others0000000someThe others 6）much和manymuch和many多用于疑问句或否定句，在肯定句中常用a lot of, lots of, plenty of, a large quantityof, quantities of代替，much还可用a great deal of代替，many还可用a (large) number of代替。Much和many在句中可作主语、宾语或定语，Many作主语时，谓语动词用复数，much作主语时，谓语动词用单数。在名词前如果有冠词或指示代词等词时，要用ma

28、ny of或much of结构。Eg：Many of my books are English.7）No 和noneno表示“不”，“无”，只能作定语，修饰不可数名词或可数名词单、复数，相当于not any或not a。None表示“没有人，任何人也不”，用作名词，相当于no one或not any.None常与of连用，构成none of结构，none作主语时，谓语单复数均可数词1.注意几个数词的拼写：onefirst twosecond threethird fourfourth fivefifth nineninth twelvetwelfth fifteenfifteenth twen

29、tytwentieth twenty-onetwenty-first thirtythirtieth fortyfortieth eightyeightieth ninety-nineninety-ninth one hundredone hundredth one hundred and oneone hundred and first2.序数词的构成和用法：1）序数词除first, second, third以外，其余序数词一般用与之相应的基数词加词尾-th构成。其中有几个序数词加th时拼法不规则，分别是fifth, eighth, ninth, twelfth。其余二位数和多位数，只将后

30、面的个位数改为序数词，其间的十位数，百位数仍用基数词表示。Eg：twenty- twentieth forty- fortieth thirty- thirtieth 2）score表确数多半加ofEg：three score of books注：其后接时间名词一般不加of,Eg：four score years ago被修饰名词前有the ,your, these等限定词或被修饰词是人称代词时，一般要带of。Eg：six dozen of your books; two score of the pens. one hundred of them表示约数“许多”用复数形式带of等介词短语Eg

31、：thousands of books/ tens of thousands of trees dozens of students / scores of eggs3）倍数的句型：倍数+as+形容词（副词）+asEg：This room is twice as that one. Tom runs three times as fast as I.倍数+形容词（副词）比较级+thanEg：This room is twice larger than that one.倍数+the size(length) ofEg：This rope is three times the length of

32、 that one.4）“许多”的表达：修饰可数名词的有：many, many a, a great many, a number of, a large (great)，number of, numbers ofEg：Many a student has gone to Beijing.修饰不可数名词的有：much, a great deal of, a large amount of可修饰可数名词与不可数名词的有：a lot of, lots of, plenty of, a large quantity of, large quantities of注：否定句中不用a lot of,而用

33、many, much5）小数以基数词加小数点表示，小数点读作point,小数点以前的数按基数词规则读，小数点后的数按一个个基数词读。Eg：0.4: zero point four 12.06: twelve point zero six6）分子为基数词，分母为序数词，分子超过一时，分母序数词要加“s”Eg：1/3: one third/ a third/ one-third 3/5: three fifths/ three-fifths 1/4 :a quarter/ a fourth/ one quarter7）百分数用基数词+percent(per cent),即基数词+%Eg：1%: o

34、ne percent 16%: sixteen percent8）一年半：a year and a half/ one and (a) half years9）常用表达数目的说法： 多于-over, more than, above, or more, at least 少于- below, less than, or less, at most, no more than, not more than 大约- about, or so, more or less, almost, around 两数之间- to, fromto, between and 正好-exactly, clearly

35、 ( clear) 总共-add up to, in all, total10）年、月、日、时的表示法：Eg：at 3 oclock at half past twoat ten past four a quarter to six在1999年- in nineteen ninety-nine 在7月- in July 在8月1日-on August 1在1999年10月1日- on October 1, 1999 在19世纪70年代-in the 1870s11)编号表示法：Eg：第三中学：Number 3 Middle School 二年级六班：Class Six, Grade Two第4

36、05房间：Room 405 第18路公共汽车：Bus No. 18a No. 2 bus: 一辆二路车 the No. 2 bus：这辆二路车 Bus Number Two：二路车12）年龄的表示法Eg：她12岁She is 12./She is twelve years old./She is a twelve-year-old girl.十几岁in ones teens/in ones early teens/teenage children/teenagers13）数学算式表示法：Eg：2+4=6- two and/ plus/ added four is six 8-3=5- eigh

37、t minus/ less three is five2*4=8- two times four is /makes eight 6/2=3- six divided by two equals three14）Every “每隔”与数词few, other连用，表示时间或空间的间隔。Eg：“每隔一天” every two days/every other day/every second day“每隔几天” every few days形容词和副词1. 形容词及其用法：形容词修饰名词，说明事物或人的性质或特征。通常，可将形容词分成性质形容词和叙述形容词两类，其位置不一定都放在名词前面。1）直

38、接说明事物的性质或特征的形容词是性质形容词，它有级的变化，可以用程度副词修饰，在句中可作定语、表语和补语。2）叙述形容词只能作表语，所以又称为表语形容词。这类形容词没有级的变化，也不可用程度副词修饰。大多数以a开头的形容词都属于这一类。Eg：afraid 害怕的（错）He is an ill man. （对）The man is ill.（错）She is an afraid girl. （对）The girl is afraid.2.以-ly结尾的形容词： 1） 大部分形容词加-ly可构成副词，但friendly，deadly，lovely，lonely，likely，lively，ugly

39、，brotherly，仍为形容词。2）有些以-ly 结尾既为形容词，也为副词，如daily，weekly，monthly，yearly，early等。Eg：The Times is a weekly paper. 时代周刊为周刊The Times is published weekly. 时代周刊每周发行一期3.用形容词表示类别和整体： 1）某些形容词加上定冠词可以泛指一类人，与谓语动词的复数连接，如the dead，the living，the rich，the poor，the blind，the hungry等Eg：The poor are losing hope. 穷人行将失去希望。2

40、）有关国家和民族的形容词加上定冠词指这个民族的整体，与动词的复数连用 Eg：the British，the English，the French，the Chinese The English have wonderful sense of humor. 英国人颇有幽默感。4.几个并列的形容词作定语语序（县官行令识国材）：限定语（The、A）+ 描绘性形容词 + size（大小）+ shape（形状）+ age（年龄、时间）+ color（颜色）+ origin（国籍、来源）+ material（材料）+ purpose（目的）+ 名词 5.副词及其基本用法： 1）副词主要用来修饰动词，形容词

41、，副词或其他结构。2）副词的位置：在动词之前在be动词、助动词之后多个助动词时，副词一般放在第一个助动词后注：a.大多数方式副词位于句尾，但宾语过长，副词可以提前，以使句子平衡： Eg：We could see very clearly a strange light ahead of us. 我们清楚地看到前面有奇怪的光。b.方式副词well，badly，hard等只放在句尾Eg：He speaks English well. 他英语说得好。6.副词的排列顺序：1）时间，地点副词，小单位的在前，大单位在后2）方式副词，短的在前，长的在后，并用and或but等连词连接。Eg：Please wr

42、ite slowly and carefully. 请写得慢一些，仔细一些3）多个不同副词排列：程度+地点+方式+时间副词注：副词enough要放在形容词的后面，形容词enough放在名词前Eg：I don't know him well enough. 他我不熟悉There is enough food for everyone to eat. 有足够的食物供每个人吃7.兼有两种形式的副词：1）close与closely：close意思是"近"；closely 意思是"仔细地"Eg：He is sitting close to me. 他就坐在

43、我边上 Watch him closely. 盯着他2）late 与lately：late意思是"晚"；lately 意思是"最近"Eg：You have come too late. 你来得太晚了 What have you been doing lately? 近来好吗？3）deep与deeply：deep意思是"深"，表示空间深度；deeply时常表示感情上的深度，"深深地"Eg：He pushed the stick deep into the mud. 他把棍子深深插进泥里Even father was

44、deeply moved by the film. 老爸也被电影深深打动了4）high与highly：high表示空间高度；highly表示程度，相当于muchEg：The plane was flying high. 这架飞机飞得很高 I think highly of your opinion. 你的看法很有道理5）wide与widely：wide表示空间宽度；widely意思是"广泛地"，"在许多地方"Eg：opened the door wide. 他把门开得大大的English is widely used in the world.英语在世界

45、范围内广泛使用6）free与freely：ree的意思是"免费"；freely 的意思是"无限制地"Eg：You can eat free in my restaurant whenever you like. 论什么时候，我这饭铺免费对你开放You may speak freely; say what you like. 可以畅所欲言，想说什么就说什么8.形容词与副词的比较级 ：注：1）复使用比较级Eg：（错） He is more cleverer than his brother.（对） He is more clever than hi

46、s brother.（对） He is clever than his brother. 2）主语含在比较对象中Eg：（错） China is larger than any country in Asia.（对） China is larger than any other countries in Asia.3）要注意对应句型，遵循前后一致的原则Eg：The population of Shanghai is larger than that of Beijing.It is easier to make a plan than to carry it out. 4）定冠词在比较级中的使用

47、Eg：Which is larger, Canada or Australia?Which is the larger country, Canada or Australia?She is taller than her two sisters.She is the taller of the two sisters.5） more +不可数名词，many more +可数名词复数9. 和more有关的词组：1）the morethe more越就越2）more B than A=less A than B    与其说A不如说BEg：He is more lazy than slow at his work. = He is less slow than lazy at his work. 他工作时，与其说是反应慢不如说是懒。3）no more than 与一样